MECHANISMS OF PERCEPTION: HEARING, TOUCH, SMELL, TASTE & ATTENTION
Feb 23, 2016
MECHANISMS OF PERCEPTION: HEARING, TOUCH, SMELL, TASTE & ATTENTION
5 exteroceptive sensory systems1. Visual2. Auditory (hearing)3. Somatosensory (touch)4. Olfactory (smell)5. Gustatory (taste)
SOMATOSENSORY SYSTEM
Somatosensations: sensations from your body
3 separate but interacting systems1. Exteroceptive system
Senses external stimuli interacting with the skin2. Proprioceptive system
Monitors body position Receptors in the muscles, joints & organs of
balance3. Interoceptive system
General info on the internal body conditions Ex: temp, BP
EXTEROCEPTIVE SYSTEM 3 distinct divisions for perceiving different
types of stimuli1. Mechanical (touch)2. Thermal (temperature)3. Nociceptive (pain)
CUTANEOUS RECEPTORS Receptors in the skin; many types Free nerve endings
Simplest; neuron endings with no specialized structures Sensitive to temperature change & pain
Pacinian corpuscles Largest & deepest Adapt rapidly Respond to sudden displacements of skin, not constant
pressure Merkel’s disks
Adapt slowly Respond to gradual skin indentation
Ruffini endings Adapt slowly Respond to gradual skin stretch
CUTANEOUS RECEPTORS When constant pressure is applied to the
skin, there is a burst of firing in all of the receptors, corresponding to the sensation of touch. But after a bit, only the slowly adapting
receptors stay active & the sensation changes (often becoming unnoticeable)
So to maintain constant input, you move & manipulate objects in your hands
Stereognosis: identification of objects by touch
CUTANEOUS RECEPTORS Each type has its own unique structure, but
they all basically work the same way Stimuli to the skin changes the chemistry of
the receptor, which changes the permeability of the receptor cell membrane to ions, which sends a neural signal
DERMATOMES Nerve fibers from cutaneous receptors come
together and enter the spinal cord at the doral root
The area of the body innervated by the left & right dorsal root at a given spinal segment is a dermatome
2 MAJOR SOMATOSENSORY PATHWAYS1. Dorsal-column medial-lemniscus
system Info about touch & proprioception
2. Anterolateral system Info about pain & temperature
However, there is overlap in the type of info each pathway carries
PG. 176 & 177
1. Dorsal-column medial-lemniscus system
Ipsilateral, decussates at the dorsal column nuclei, contralateral
Neurons of this path that start in the toes are the longest neurons in the human body!
2. Anterolateral system Spinothalamic tract Neurons decussate immediately upon entering
the spinal cord & travel up contralaterally
If both paths are cut by a spinal cord injury, there will be no sensation from below that point.
CORTICAL AREAS OF SOMATOSENSATION The primary somatosensory cortex is
located on the postcentral gyrus Most input is contralateral
It is organized somatotopically; according to a map of the body surface Referred to as the homunculus (“little man”)
*my fave!*
CORTICAL AREAS OF SOMATOSENSATION Secondary somatosensory cortex is just
ventral to the primary Association cortex is in the posterior parietal
lobe
SOMATOSENSORY AGNOSIAS Astereognosia
Inability to recognize objects by touch Rare
Asomatognosia Inability to recognize parts of your own body Usually only affects the left side of the body after
damage to the right posterior parietal lobe
PERCEPTION OF PAIN Pain is the response to any kind of harmful
stimulation Serves as a warning system There is no clear cortical area involved in
pain Although the anterior cingulate cortex is
activated during the emotional reaction to physical pain
Amazingly, we can exhibit a lot of control over our perception of pain Gate-control theory: descending cognitive
signals from the brain can activate neural gate circuits in the spinal cord to block incoming pain signals
DESCENDING PAIN-CONTROL CIRCUIT Activity in the periaqueductal gray has
analgesic (pain blocking) effects Also has specialized receptors for opioids,
including endorphins Potentially involves stimulation of serotonergic
neurons
NEUROPATHIC PAIN Severe chronic pain in the absence of a
recognizable pain stimulus Often after an injury has healed & there
should be no more reason for pain
THE CHEMICAL SENSES: SMELL & TASTE
These senses respond to chemicals in our environment Smell for airborne chemicals Taste for those that dissolve in our oral cavity
Smell & taste are highly integrated Together they produce what we know as flavor
We use these senses primarily to recognize flavor, but many other species use it for communication, via pheromones
OLFACTORY SYSTEM: SMELL Receptor cells are in the upper part of your
nose, within the olfactory mucosa The axons of these neurons actually project
through the cribriform plate in your skull & enter the olfactory bulbs, which go via the olfactory tracts to the brain
Your olfactory receptor neurons can be regenerated throughout your life
Primary olfactory cortex: piriform cortex Medial temporal cortex next to the amygdala
Only sensory system that does not first go through the thalamus!!
GUSTATORY SYSTEM: TASTE Taste receptors are on the tongue & elsewhere in
the oral cavity Occur in clusters of 50 called taste buds So each taste bud sends out many axons and many
individual neural signals The 5 traditional tastes1. Sweet2. Salty3. Sour4. Bitter5. Umami
But not every taste we experience can be made from any combo of those 5…
GUSTATORY PATHWAY Afferent neurons leave the mouth as the
facial, glossopharyngeal & vagus cranial nerves; which terminate in the solitary nucleus of the medulla, to the ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus, to the primary gustatory cortex Primary cortex: near the face area of the
somatosensory homunculus
DAMAGE TO THE CHEMICAL SENSES Anosmia: inability to smell
Caused by blows to the head that rip the olfactory nerves as they pass through the cribriform plate
Symptom along with several other neurological disorders
Ageusia: inability to taste Rare
SELECTIVE ATTENTION
SELECTIVE ATTENTION At any instance, we are receiving a LOT more
sensory input than we consciously perceive Selective attention is the process by which
we are able to “ignore” the rest Works to essentially enhance the signals that
we are focusing on & get rid of interference caused by the signals we’re ignoring
Cocktail-party phenomenon Change blindness