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Mckenzie Chap 1

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  • 8/4/2019 Mckenzie Chap 1

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    11 NrN l (l l --r L.ne L.rdo. EC4P TlSmulrnn$l ! t)ubisEd I lh. LrSAir, l (;rrnl iz lwosl : is lh Skeel ,N.\LYo'k NY (xx)lH.trtlxlo.) ts t nDlnt ol th. Ltrltr & t.n(r tnaupi, 2(X)1 on M{iKeo/elvrrs(i l i r iBrker s: ns b! M.l t BroL|1] l r ld,I tr l rr andb.!.di .Grc. lFrri l .Dl)v l , l r l rrrf l (nrrlLld. Padsto\!, l lorr\ ' fA riqhls ftisd!--d. No p.rt ot this !nn( [ v lx] rct) fled or reprodu(rl.r rl isrrlin rnv frrrr or r y .v.cdr.fni . N{hiri icr or!turre!ns..owkfownorh(r(irlLH nlefled ncldinlr DhoJ({ltiv rllr r kird r!1. r if ary nldmr I on :Jltrrq-Aor reLri -AV.lvstem.\! i lhoul)drnssirnr rNri l i rq ronr he publshdslr L h LibrrfvCal .ol run.l rr ' |1l ) i i r l ) hhA (i rni rl )s!e e(rrd lor hls book$ i rri r i i , l )!rfnl l r--BnlshLbr.n,Ll trrr! ola;orsressCnlao!tf . l i f r)rrI l . i i r1) )| l r

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    'slco.lsuterntlnorajlrr0, t ssartsstuiroo.lo.rdu.pru lsoursl' 'ttjnoqr'ornttnx Dol,ol i LlDrrt.jorj 'tulq3rans'rurol elt lo osuos sapr^\aql LI rrnltn o sr r.Lr)Lurojro(lturlno leqt oasur::)aro lt Luolt tr'(t ot.xFp puu suolec4qns sooltlppcor (iodo st lsllsrt1 sluoura^our ros pue suorrrlsrLourspP.rlto.r:suo[rDr.rlr tu.os p!eiHtd sp qrns o]rt^pplrd^o ! f'Lrno+ oc[.ci .n.qlsoc :butllot^n4sp(nrsrol)tol to suo4Frr:sDrpuai pu'r saqrodls .)|]qnd r?qcns r)rnt'r.It tosr()rrelord.rs]uLtur0 uP ooueu]]o+radtuuo tuu^u o.u'jlr I'rlus!.rt.r.dxouP'|e3rss'rtr'rFdod rst'r^|solpuD sopurrd s! qcns stL,.u'ureu.lr'a etnclod:sorr'or'J.rtrJ uu spnru:r.lcoqr ptuourrn|la puB |tnro4rpcit aprtrulaso'lL puoMor punorcpolBrt s sour^ .)r?o ^tau0^apr\ ! sapnc! ^rntusrIPq ls'::t r[ r3^o Forouto suq tuql o]oetlxotrad rrnlnr to pf]!l oql's.pcinp o^l tseoaqr o^o urr,LPEreo' to l!ou.roto^.parll puIstopoLr 1:3|l3]oi)ql uu e3!r.rrd slr 's!r0uo ArcuLl.lrosQ r.nr lllu loot h o^r'ar)uocrtc sqt ezuooql lln.ur|lto tulcos o sL"rotpqc lI losrLral rtloq a7 rnrc puu a.'{)urotiod tNrnlt lo ptollstr puu u lilurrcdsotpnls .rLr'rurotroddrtt uo sosnrot rorclu'1. srll o!uDrurcJreds|pn7ltBrldn.uor pur,.' aL obot poraqnrl)aru so|lr^||:)P sro^!t) rtr,rtr$AquoueT.ioua6 lo slLrollra^otrr(1 posodLror su^losurorlt ru srlbllnrrPL]o.u'ruuolod asoql l! osodLror)ol .lpq qtrnt^\ sur'jlperR, ,o qqr(Ltluo.roljlP.t]ruDx o snl o^\'o.!uu!ota(l lo l(nl turoLLoij ti)n4suo. ol

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    efficacv.Pcrformancegives Us an occasion to .onangen some h,aysllhile remainino the samc in olheB;,, [ .prolides a wny lo constitutenreanir\lanLlaltirm Indviduatand cutrlrat va ues.,,To heorize he ways ntwhich perfornranccprodu(;es his efficacy,schotars havc atso clrawnuponspccilicscnrcsof perfon a.ce rrd doptoycd hcmas modeis o lhinkabod lhe lransfonnalivc pobntiat ol culurat perlor,nancc n generalSlch |ll()dclshave hus been iucia ro rhoparucliq]mrnovement f gererBlizali.,r1,o thc thooriz!tbnot ts iekt,and o rhe flio |.ll"rtionl it$choIengechallen0n|(j| n lacr, may be one ot lhe mcl ansistcnr csruresolPcrfonnanceSiudles,and lhus my frarnng ot pertorD or E/sens a chat_lengeh.s bccn rohoarsd many mes.Acrossdiffcro lstes, rhe onatity frhallcngingcarries force of officacv ln the generalarlroductio ro thciranrhology Crlt ?/ Thco! and perfomt.r\a: (t992), Janele r]einel an(tJosophHoa.harrribule,,an hcrcn|y potiilcot ha*der lo rhepcrtonrarccanalysls thaL h.ls onrerqed rom brilic.t thc.,ryi it rovses .*r//-.4]es,rcwnr{rs.nterrognres! nd so.ll(')timirs,ndennN receivedmcrnnlgs.,! Forhis parl. Maruin Ca son, in his perfonna,\b: A Crittu:rt ro.hnttrn (lgg(j),writes hat "almostany conrcmporrryperfornrancetnoj.rcl, nvotvcsm.ny" lur ' r - , L i '1 . lo hrtF l lFc. r , r , . r / , . - . i IUl , r lh t r t l t , . . . . , i r,o.. /rrx-, , F\or.len.pr race, rndcthnie,tv,,r rr,mp,,nt!, ome ot thc Inost vrjibtu.. In .rcloselv clalen houoh sti0hrty tiflcrcnl nunnor,peggy phetanoDensherunnarked: Th.j Polilbs at P(xt(ttnance (1993) with anolh$ ohrlenge'U,xrarko./ examines rhe i pticit ass!mt)tions abour the cofnccriofrsbetween ep.ese tu(ionat isibtlly and poliftcat owerwn|ch havc txren aclomnu||t lorce in cuth]rat heory in rhc tasl bn yec. Among the c/irrrc,U.sthisposes s how to rckh lhc powerof ihe unnrarkod Vs! rvoying N thina lhoo()tio! lrame."/civer lhc ro/o which chnttenging lnys h pcilormanceSndies, onef shr say thar rrlormanca cha{Lw]cs. it provokes, conresls, stakcsa claim And thorc is some uncanny fecdbrck h(xc: not onty .toespodormance hallenele,hattongos ertorm J.L.Austif nctudcs,ohacnq{r,in hrs list of port()rmari@ oeech acls. lvords that,..lo somethi;.J.,,Spmilically,Austin lasrs chatbnqe" .s ll word wirh i ocurionarybre.,Challefoesdo sorixrhinEt:they cie, de und. asscrr,a(xruseanfl oppose.An.l as performanceschoars lrale shnrpenedour cha efqcs ovcr lhepast scvcra/ dinndes, perhaDs we havc w nossed rhe iaunch olsmethlng like "lhc fbrlormanoe Snrdbs cha engo." akin h the one$,hichLawrencecrossberg Cory Nctsof, an.t pala Treicher te in thcintrodLrdlono iheir 1992anltuogy Crhrl?/ Srro,e.,:Ihrouah he ast wod{ades,when hcory as omennes eemeddecohrertual izcdcene f phi to5oph'

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    thesc .iiflcrencNs iroutate n n shnrodctationat nelwork ot .liscourscsWhi le , la-Au, rns, , t inu n gh/. a.gIC\ .h, , thr tu,h or , u ur -p^n4fifirncr rs I. rs vct. r lf,.n xJLtgn li,,. 5tJqc,- sl trchoer rrrthrFsJnrorodetailed ntettrluat istory o, a trit.(cdoed rescarchFr.dism jusrlivcye:r6 latcr In ,.pAJDistorts he BrondSpectrunr,. e writes:

    Theperlo(nan.c rudics aQdighc!mc to the ore n rhe rid .ros.Cregory areson ,A Thco.y f ptaydnd Fanrjsy,. aspubtishedni955.he same ear r L Alst in5 |a.va,d cct l res f rhc perfornatuc lHo|/ ta Da flnes ''ith ||aIls) ?v.e corrnar s rrcPr.entuft,naf setf " Evdtd,r Ly'e rs plbt shcd n r!59: A/bnB.tatd s Ihe sing.tafral., n 196(); id Rogcr , o:tsM.n. ptar a,t16an6 in 96 i My Approach-"so -rh(ory/Cf i t , .sn, ,was !btshdin r966 D.l l Ht rnes Modc ol Lhc . lcracr n of Lr ig!agea.. lsocia lsct r ingjg6/ v ( t \ {net s ha Rir ,a/p&. r$.ameut It9ti9 htsDtuna Fi.lds ndMetdthot! rrl4 Mr onSingeas i/tc,d armt Ttdditiat "4odenri^5ppcrr-pdn r972 hlkta|: pef.nnndandCan,tuni.atianedtr.t..DJ. Bc. A, 05,.rt keni.th (;o dneir)w{ pub sh.d Ln1974 s !rs Errberr "1yohoff,,Ihepcprt Hunt.sealntRnualle.lnedb,/ yertbff.ndSrly Moo,o) ppc,rdn r977.' lh sanptaras Ri.hard aunrn-sVnbatAi ospefo.nun.e.Tf s txmgraph rlds ns a (tr riturgy ot thc parn(tilrm. n expansivcrca.li|lq ol its cilrtionnt nerrork. Thou(,h )l,rtrSchc\jhnerand MacAtrnn.lnlc the tield's orisins ba.k k) ltx: 1Obos Sitr:chner incorpor.tcsMro^loon s 'prep! adomntic, slrq(t i[to ltro para.]igrn.AnLlwilh theoNcopl .n l Burke, o o i les. l tot lheaulhrrrs i rod yMro^toon. lcnr, .ndts{ndorson-.nd thensome..,Thc if iel/ectu.t isror ics. i lcdhu s r) f () qui r .b iot , u i rcdas heV rel,h. l rLdn-,qr. r t ' r r , rr r .^ \ . -L, - ., t , r,r, t , . , r,-j'' ll l ', , lhl na^ , .uL.. ,aJ It ,n,r (: .r, .^. t . , t rnt, t t . - qt-. tu.. t lL t t ' , t t l i t t tt r L- , . , , t t l r. \ . . r\ , \ ir , r ) . " , r t , - , . . , s rt< ia,,Lt. , . ul' r r r \ d ' \c. ,1 Jor, h,ur.J\ Inrr , r iu , r. . . , r. , , , , , ,d:he provkles liscussior)t nlrnosla[ o rfrom.Nee( css to say, o c les al rlnrfulhors we hlve ciredrbovc anct. eyoi| rhis,.tL,)trhe aurhorshey cle()xl, one $spcrts, a[ o, lhe authors h.t /hcy crie) In shorl. Carlson,sR-'d.,rDancc delilcrs thc mosl exlcosive ro:(tirq yet ot thc Frndignrs lornr, ' r i ' r ' d . levulotnrr .nt . r ln .n lost it . t .nt , { t, , , t ) t t r , ri to t r ts. i l ; r t! rnt rFh{{) lk.H! s l . r l ' . sl tul h. nncupt t pa r um.n(, , ,

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    llt. herc.n particular js conceptsol socld dramaand rminalrites f passdgL,_In his essay, 'Lnninrlily and lhe PerfoanativoGenres, rurner llrites rhar timi.rality s a complexphascor mn.lition. t isoftcn he s@neand rameor theenrergencc oi a society's creepcslvaluos in the lorm ot sacred dmmas andobimts. . . . Bul il rnnv also bc lhe venoe and occasion tor the most rddicaltiminalrites ure lirsl heorlzedby Arnoklv.n cennep al the bcsinninqol the last ccntury.' ThroughTurnols ortltc.l datoglc wnh Schechner nirooks such as From Ritual ta Thaalrc aid Bctween lhaatrc andAntlnpL,loa\,,limnal Gs of passagoprovkle.tperfofinancc choars wilhanolher mporlantmo.lol one used lo llrcoizc lhe wiys in whtch thcarerand other arts can help o trnnsforrnndivduals rd sociolvai larlle.peggyPhe.n poses he "fcc!nd collaboraliofi botw(x)rTrmer.nd Schcchner nthis way: ln brinllin! lhe:tcf !nd flnihrohology ogcrhcr, oth mef snw rhccxtraordinarily ecp questi.ns these porspootives n c! tlral exprcssionraised. l the diversilv ol h!nran oulture showed pcrsisrenr heatricatirVooul.J pedormanco be a universoloxprcssbr ot hunran sgnilkrarion.?lf performancecommurrrtics oniinually emadc lhcmsetves Dio nrin-cultwal ensenrblcs. how dkl thei. rulos nnd responses rcftel targercullu'xl rmperalives ''Bbtueen thcalcr .nd anlhropology eme.ges the paradigm olPerlormance tLdies. healcrp(wided.nthropotogisls and erhnographcrswilh a to nnal model or "seeing porlorm.nce, or reco(nizing rs lormsnr sdiie,ty. or co|lccplualizi ng he ways i|| whn]h sociat meanings andvirLiesbecomc .mbodied ,n behaviors nd cvenrs. rr (irnr. trinat rles olprsslqe gave heater scholarsa / rcrior.t/ odcl or theorizing he rrans-lormational otentiaol iheaterand othorpe ornr.tivegcnrcs.Ltke heater,limnality wolld beconroa pervasive rodolot ouhtrat pertormancc set:seprratcd hom socielv bolh l(mpornlly and spatiav timinatactivitesa ow participants o rctioct, tnkc rp rl ancl rcass.rmblesvmbots an.tDehaviors nd, possiblv lo lransk)nn hemselvesa|d soc ety. And evenmore han thentef, minaliiy ,ouklbccorro kov o theoriztng erformanceDrawng upon he rellexivltv ound n riies ot passage, utrurat erior

    |rr.rnoc cholaishavedlso hcorizcdour own activttics n terms ot timina lvarguing that lvc opcrate in lhe ntcrst|ccs ot acndemia as rett as rhemarqinsol socialslructurcs and seek to rellcorupon and transtormbolhthe academy and society at lar0c. Porlormance schotars havc ben inrereslc.l. in other lvords, in thc ollicacy ot our own pcrtormance. and we h:,vcused hnirlal rilc ol passageas a motamoctet f rhe very lomation olPerlorrnance tLdies.MacAloon. or cxsmple, hcorncs its eartydevetop-menl as a brkthroughj a passagcDel NImes as coincdhephEse breakr l foughinroperfofmar.e '

    to descr ibeh passagef human gents to a drnrrct c 'modcol existen.eand rea|luatron. Breakth.oughnto perlorman.e'quallywellonfiguresceftainnitiallt ndependentintell{rualvelopncnts in thc rgtos that hiivc scrvcdas a foundation or thenow rapidly xpand ing nd oalescingntcr.rtl in thc studyofculWhal is PerlonnanceStudies?Casltro llymes "breakthrol{h" within

    th oorbi tot 4acAoon's nao! cal ca dng w0 qc l lh is cspofsc: i l s:Ldra-matic riie and rtualiTed.lrama ot passnge n rehearse.lmovement hatcarries heory brilders nto r distl clive mode olexislence.ncl realization.Thcoryb.conrcs porlomlrfcc (andporfofrnl|ncoJccomcs heorzed)asaf.ssembl.ge ol limnal pro.esses relectbn rnd (leliniti(nr alternativoembodimenL,ransgressi ve rans{ormili!) rl. inrlfal riles of passage hushav(:playod cvinal ! n(ikrns I Podo nfln(x)Studcs. First, s thcorizod yTurner, hey have been an inrlfan l ,b/(x, r)/ r-lody.S{xxrnd. hrolqh lhowork ol SchechnerTLrrner, rrd manv olhers, he .on.ept ol li m na ty hasbccn app cd Lod llcrcnl clltural roliviles, lhcrobyconlributng o the erleralization l the concepl ot pertormailve tro?x)V imrnal iles havo hcrc-lore mclioned as an exernplarol heerlke lieldotobiects,guiding otonlythc dcscriptive nalysis ul also lrc lheorelic.l nd tnacticalconstructionol olher pertomances. Over lhc 6orso ol scvcral dcradcs, Fjrlorrnanccscholnrs have downplayed lhe |x)lenlinl lor riles ol passage to conservesocialslructurcs and cmph.sizcd lhoir transgrcssivc ossibililiesnstead.And lin.lly. as MacAloondemonslrAles,iminal ikrs have bccn usctl lolheorize he veryemergence i Pe ormnnn) Snr.lies. h ery avebemme ancrrb/cm of the paradillm lsef. Tur'rer hmsef wrote thnt the universiiyfunctiond asa " minoi.l" k) in nduskiaz(Xlsocictcs Pcrlormancc chof.rs have not only extended h s iranstornlat na poienial to other culturaacliv ics,wc hrvo Lhcorizcd rr own dclivilicsds nrinally ffcacious.As objcci,oxcmplar,.ndctrrbcm lirn a ity has scrvcd s a pnradismoflhe paradiltm.Even more lhan theakr rtus ol p.ssaqe have providcdPcr lormarrceLudies nreL:nrodelor ls ow n ni l ia ton.s. d iscip l ine,tspassaseo paradigm.Th passagocanb0 u dcrstood n folalion o a scicsot conceptuashfts. shilrsdeliDed n d tlereni errnshy litferent lsc plines,bul now ciled as formalve ol the concept.nd st!.ly oi cuhra pertorrnancc.? Wilh rcspcrt to lhcatcf, thc movollront korn cntcrh ment to efficacy came 4aa shilt n emphasis rom ho physcnpt b the adG's tDdv: ndance.-attention nDved horn fonnal choreography to mo\r'emenlsof everyday il c: and n blh dancc and cxp(xtrnc||talhcalcr, hc rc was a shilt awaylrom thealrical o environmenlal pa(!s. In hr)visualarls,artistsandcrilicshrnerl lrom the an ouecl lo lhc arl-m.kino prcxresslselt lrr anthmrFlogy,cthnographcrs hi{tcd heirrtlcnlion k!'ri nrylhic lruclures o theirembodment n r tlals. Sim arly, n o lk oreslud es, aitentionmovedhom thc tcxt ola lale lo the context of its tellin0. |r lirlouisUcs nd comnnrnic.uotr,

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    researchersurned hoir ocls konr /rngue o prronr,ho r sludvng grammalcalstructffes 10analyz s lho praqmalics f ulter.n()es.And potiticnscienceand s(reralactrvism.herewas an athmpt to rnove ls cuttureBltVkorn se^/ing lhe Establrshnrcnt"nd loward rhe deatron oI nuthenliclorn ol socl l rear ions eiween ondcrs,arrrs fo . rnssesh genffrl, bclNcen 1955and 1975and oross a widc rangeot cr ruralpraclrce and research. herc was an allernpt ro p.ss trom pr(Xtucr oprocess rom nredalod orpressiorl o direci x)nlad. ro l rcpresent.tionop| ( , !sdrt ! l io I l rom clsco! rse io body l ronr nbsence kr prosdrcc.P,)rlonnanceStldies possalc to pl]r3dtgnrNas intrialty rvrs by rhjsllcr|cralmovcnrent. nl by the i)a y 198{+ rl had bccome clidsrl lhatsonreth lt hrd happdrlx|.someth11!had allefe.tthis oovcmentsub y yeir.d{ially. Tlic rcpercussions t this cvcrr \foutd rerorlre he prssaso roparadigm, noen.lerolh(x nrcdclsoI perfonnative itioncy, nd brin! theParadigmlsoll rrto disis.IEE THEOEY EXPLOI'ONA prr..ji.rm is corr nll to pass: lrrherinlr ol subjcctsslaking orr . tiektootrrposed l . q.thoring ot objoot$ P(tr1{)rnr.fce nrcrcres oro rs lheerl cacr,, t cofhirr nclivilcs, octivii )sc.p! bk)ot c|l.l cnu g ol so.ii t normsand symbolic struchtr.$. To col(:q)lunlize this eltnia(:y. ctotnrs sludva verseculirrrfilpractcos,lener. 7ing,d tky(xrtiatnr(rrjd rheorTing h-.nr,s porfoi'Jranoe.his nnvementol gcncr! zolon depen(ls flrn l t)rocossol sclcction, nc thal rul odly delrnits h. ficldot c!I!ri'l pcrt ,inlnce" buldso sclecls D.radiqnrsol th{r paradig|n,$,.rcitic nrdtds ot lho scrlcralnrffle. In its lirst Lwoclocndes, he onnati(nrot thc forf.rrmn|ce Snr.liesprrr |dqnrwa s ! !ded by two domnant rrodos,heaierBnd tu t Thcsow-rrenol rhe )nlvonr)s ,V ny rnoins,but betlleen hq . iI thcn irnen, hechallcnqc ol cllicrcy r(!rk on . rrarlicuhr ornr ttre thealricatbocty, hcphysi..l presoftxj ot aoLorand rdience-.nd . p!rtkxrtar function theif.nsbrn[liofr of socL clv hroL].Jhimina transllfessiorr. hrough his tdmand unction,Perloman(x)Studics ashioned ts tietdand tscttlletlecling back or lhe efficncy attrbut(xl b lhc lrody if rhe 19mslrer ren Blauwrites hai hcrc !!rs i I liber!Ln! enerltv n lhc bntnLr hinking which s()oki a tody lllthout org.ns! or trslilulcd power-srbverre.lUu rcpressiveextand disruplcd,alons vilh rheLiniversaties.hc instilulio sof lirer.hrrennd lhc.tor, which wffe expose(t n thoir rb usjon wirh otherfslfumcnls 0|d agefcles ol po$,(x',/ Tho irrlnedn.V ot Nhar Bh! catts_Ldves tsody oticrcd bolh the oleaos n.l thc cnds. ho p6s..Je .nd theclcslirJatiorJf thoseworkinq o mnnccl rhc arts wilh sociatsl.lqgtcs ovcrcvi l r i !h is, lheVietnat rr ar afd wonren,sber. t ion. t i ts moslpotemicat ,oullLrral orlormanceoDDosedhe phlsica Lvnnd passionot bodv o rhcralionnliTedalienationol modcnr society. ronr lhe Livnrg nrnter lo

    Woodstock r om Birmifgham o the strccts ol Chioaqo, odlesperformod.nd transgftisscdhe Do$,cr fthe tslablishmort, heSysicnr.theMachine.Peno.manceStudicsemergeil as wiln6s and Frlicpanl ot lhis pertoFm ncc and ls mcnrcrystill haunlsus. Commcnlnu on lhe conver0emic fhislory.nd lheorv Suc-F- n Casc remarks, l hale bocomeaware thiisornclhing ik(j a faraiiv'r keeps hljlnLfg my discusson cJl his (xnNerqence. l's ns il somcthiru h.ppcned n thc lgOosand s nErchino hroughSomethir( has happ.jnedaong lhs march, howevor the pfl$sage oD^rodisrn .s been edirectcd.Beg nrn! rn he mid-1970s.hffc has beenr Drotound hill in lhc ways n which perlonnancesrtulnrs adnjulate he.ha d\le ot ethcacv.ls turm and ts htrrclion .vc beennllercd ls modolsmrl0ted, ts iod blownwkle open as neN sit{)$ f culturrlpcrfonnance ndresearctiemerged. chechn e. marked his rnnsiormdl/onn 1989: siocclho orkJ Tos lh('e has bcen an innflensebody ol Derlonr.nce sludieswork. t is noi possibe o n.mc even hacliorl ot tho scholars-somewckr'()wr, somo jlst enr()rging curronty worki'rg the liold.' Blt pcrhapsBelneltand tlo:rchpul ( lBt nt 1992 r,hcr' hey wdc: Therchas been alhqrv explosion . .Docunrcnlsand anrlysis ol ths expbson iran be [(n]fd in noirre anilRo.lchs anfhoog\,,P.lbnnan.e ! td Critk:tl l/,cofy. Ihc c.tegorics inlo

    whhh lhc ediloB slructure lhcir nntholo(ry ndicalc some ol llle na!.pproach* lhat haveem(yscd n tho .rs t wo docades: Cullurn Siud cs,""Scln iotbs fd Dednrsl r lcton, " 'Afler N4arx 'F. rmi f isnr(s) ,'TheaterHislorv.n.l Hislorj.qrnphy, "lIermeDcuti.rs nd Phenomcnoloov"and.Psychoanalysis."Discussing hc consequcnces t lho lheory oxplosion.Itoincltand noach lrile that "the now theoryhas provld(xla rethodoloqvlnd an impclus o spqr fy the mornin.J t aI okl clichdr r text s dilferenlon lhc stale lhan it is on thc r).19e lrc.Jryh.s done so priic4)allv byr.dcnlly qu.slbJinq the nlclrot what r lexl is. .. . Perh ps mosr mporlanl,perlonfance oan bc nrtkxrlatc d n terms ol politios: eDresentalion,deolo!lV, hegemony, esislanoc lf a wav theory giles theatro back lgain lothc bdy poliiic"'" The ihmry explosior-in parlicular, he lronslatidr.publifiton, nnd rea.linltof Oonlinontal hibsophv by nrlisls. divisls. and.cnclemo n:se.rchcfs-t!rther .xpanclod the concopl ot p$kYmaiiv(ltiJlicncywhib nso subioclin0 t lo I rigo(nrs philosolhical exanrinaLion.one whose nerhodolooic.ldius on lexturlilv has had he ettcl ol return-n! lhcater h thc body polilic or, k) put thingsdilfcrenily, o an embodicd, , )c i . l iscursve pol t ics. For lho fa l lout ro m th( i lheory b lasl h. senl.|ilcd raclicdly erelvcd nlerest h ,nlrny of lh.: s ites lcll behind nPerjormanceSludios nri[.] passage o paradigm.cspe.ially lhc lopicsol d scourse rLl ext.The corocDtol culLural erlornEncedevooped n tho 1950s lrd 1900shad dnphasiTed hc presencco{ lhe thcalrical Ddv. The h@ry exploson

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    ot the 1970s and 1980s challenged ho eltica.y of rhs bodv rhroughnradlcalquesiioning ol prcsonce tselt Amonq lhe mosl imporLut lexisn this regnrd arc Jacques Derrda's readingsof Arraud n .The Thenrfcoi Cruoty and lhe Cosure of Fleprescntation"and of Lavisrraussin Structure/S n/Plav n the lliscourscot the Hlinan Scioroos. Betweeniheatef and anthropoolv these deconstruclive readifgs nfque rhatpresen.e an.l alrsonce are irscrbod within a systcm ol c onceptujhicfarchies,an evalurtvc netuork lhat llso inctudes such opposronsas trLrlh/ln ilV science/.rt, sp.cch/wr rrg, renlity/rcpres entation, rdbody/anqu.ge. tn Of cnnnatobgy (1974),DijriLla delines lhis sysremand ts histofvas 'bgocentrsm," lho dominance l rh c spokenor wriLrcnwofd Nhich he charrctixizes as lrorh f.r but rhe mosl oriqina andpowerrul ethfo{rcntr.ism, in thc process of imposfg itsett upof thewod.J. "rTh e crtquo ol presefce,and the reevaluaron l vares reniails, hnvc bccome a sgriatufti evenr oJ Frerch poststrLrclura nr,tscli a slgnpost bcaring righUy or ilfonay the names ol Bata te,BaLrdrllard,Barthes, Bolrdicu Cxous Clemenr, dc Cerr-4u Dct.uzo,Dcri.]!, l'oucault, Girad. GLrattari, rsaray, Krsteva, Lacan Levinas,Lyotrr(1, f.l Setres.In the w.ke of lho th(xt ry xposior,am. lst he dec nc ot 1s6osand'1970s cLivsm n. l he start lnrqis eot 1980sBoaqlnism. . r i tcathcoryqru.lually ook on th. etlicacy h.L artists, .tivisis, and schotarshad tongaltr bulcd to the body.Blau txvds th s sh fl I his essry. ,(Re)cyctinqiheSixlies, argunrq hal when the ra.lic al activismol rhc sxties abated orwe.L urLlcr.rroun.l surfacc.l n rheort as n rroworoticsof d scoursc. . .The testyledesircsand polymoehousp.nverstywhich wcrc.jetebrated lWoodstock n.l seemed o bo s.v.ged alAlLanbntalsowenl undcr rorrearinlt .cross lho Atlanticand e|tcfoLl he high nte ecrlal lradirions f conrinent! thoughi,given ho r./eologfthevwcro charqedwilh ,ot havinq n rhesixies, and nrc bcinq recycled, io.lcqrailably s ar assautr n rhe phn o-oocentic slruclure ol bourqeois powcr, i!th its tnvsible .lcokrqy.,.Th s iheory was not restricLcdo Frcnchsirucluru sm .nd posisirlcturaism, or the worl$ ol thc Fr.nktLtrt chooland he Centre or ConbmporaryCullural Studies al Birnringhamalso conlribul..t to rhe e\posion olne\! appo.ches. Al slakc n lhis recyclingwas not the si'nptohtrodlctionot theoreticaldisrnrrse for slch discoLrrsead obvblsty been emptolcLlby car ler per lonnrnixr theor ists-bul the heighlenodctement ofphilosophcalcrtique Beincltan.l ttoach commcnt rha|the trew, rheoryhas retuned lhc humanties to phik)sophy:performlncc hsrory andcriticism,alonqwirh olher human ies discttincs s uch as Eng sh, modcnrlanquages and hisiorv have returncd lo a tundamerralcxaminationofthe undcrlving ssunptons ,nd their undersland q ot objects of inqu yif' general." In shorl, o lhe criliquc ol dominanl socralnonnsj rhe newtlreofy Llcleda critqle of pstormncercscarch.

    Blaus re.yl ing l the sixtics 'andRenel lnndRoach lheory, . rp loson" hclp us mark an importantsh l here,one I wll call "from l/rcaicr oiheory Over he courseol the past No afd a h: f decades, he mpactotixiiicalthoorv has hclpcd farsfonn he "what and he how" ol perlorma-live efticacy wh!e als o iDntributifq to ts rnov enreft ol ge.eralizaton.This shfl kom lh eaLer o theory however, sell marks an evcr nrore)prolound passage, or there has bdln a passagt iu the passage ts-.ff.'The effcacy th c transformntvepolentia ol cLrltural edormancehas tscllThs translo rmntion .n be siiuared ry knking at thc nDdcls ol pcrformaiive ellicacv the paracligmsof thc Pcfformance Strdies paradigm.Theater,wh ch had sefve d performance cholarsas the most pro.llctivcfonna model or analyzing ut!ral perlormafcc, hls !,raduallv eded hisrole to theory tsell ll thcltcf helpedpedormancescholars see" pedorfiranceas embodiedDra.tices,criti(jal hcory chalcnljed this \risionandindeed, hii v$! licld of iLs Lheorelical is bility. ts lorm as prs.rncc.nposing he chr efge ot how to trame he unmarkcdwilhif theorv Phelanwrites hat "Visib tv s a lrap. . I I sunrmons urveillancend lhe lawi tprovokes oyeurism.etshism, he.xtonia st/impcral appetile or possession. " BccauscpractiLiorrcrs fd reserrchersalike ha.l originall! oc atc.lrhe elfcacv ol performan.e n the presen(xr lpcrlorm ns bodies, he posistructura st criuquof prcsoncccontr buled o a wholenew seriesol on-coptu, shLflswithif the s ludy ot cu hr al pertorm.n.e.Among he most evidentdcvoloprric nls: he nflt]ence f Winncott andPiagels psychoollieshas beeneclipse.lbyL.canianpsychoafalysis h ch,with its slress on the structu! rchton ol desire and angLrage spac-.stho prcscnccof the sublect nlo the insstent deletralol siqniiynrg hanrs.Simibrly, he mpodan.e ot Gotfman'swork rnd. lor lhal mntler,ol socology in gen$al, has slcadily declinedas ihe notionol the soci al has bccnfragmenle.l and disperse.l mong muLtiple nd conpetng voices. Evenanthfopoogy,so cssen ial o lhe ormationot the paradism, ro onlcf physthe same ole l oncedi.l, owincrn larqcp!ft to the criliquesof ts own culntra .Dnstrldcdncss rrd lo lhe increasn! lmportance ol an aray olappronches ssocintedwith c! hrr.lst!dies, including lhnic sitdies,lheorkrs ol gcn.lor rf.l soxualily, fd postcoonial siLrdes Obvbuslv clch ollhese deveopmenls has nvolveddilt$onl ch! cn-clcs osed al dilferentlimes and paccs. bui ! havo also beerr iformed by the poslstruduralistcritiqueol presenceOvei_the ast dccado onc ol the mosi signif ant .hallenqes o pertoFmatve presence has come thrcugh dcconstrlctvc readingsot Austin'sspeeohact thcorv Throlgh lhe work of JLrdithButlerand others,Austif'sanalVsis f pedormative lierances as povid.d scholafsa igorous nreansol siudyinghow pedonnancccmbodies ymbolicsysiems.and more radicallv how such sysiemshelp o constructantl constitute hc body:s such.

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    The body has in no \rvny sappearcd trom periormanijeSrLrdies n.lee.tbodnishile nrultip Xland dtvoft fie.tas nroro nLl morepcqJkrhave nkonup cultural erlorn)ancc s a nlea|ls o chaltenoe @ial norms.A secondand more proloun.t r.nstonnarion t pertoiinalivepreson(x)has rcon he hyp.rnlcdiaton ol $ociatpro(luclio. via .omp|lcr !nd in,ornraln)nnelllorks In terms ot (xrtirtrat erfonn0nce, his has enraite.t hcin or ' ) ( , . , ,1r . rt . uJi. r- , ., .t tur ic. r n, t rc Du1. , " . .Fc ir, t \ . rer .

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    I c o res as fo suriris c lhar rhe enrercrenoct postmo.tern crtonnaicenas generalod hd 'nost heateddcbales wtrhinpertotrna ce St{dies overthc past twn decades.Thls is not to say thal ntonriry otiths havo beeneclipse.l as Carlsonpoints out th()ro has been a prodlclive lensioJr"bc'lM[n rho des're o providoa groun.tinq r clrive Dotithat ctionbyattirmng a spcc fic dentttyand sutcor position, nLt hc des re ro un.termnrc he essentialastssuntplions l culural coDstruclions.,-V)l lho veryspace betwo(in hoscdesiresatiests o rhcirdfterclxxr, hc r I tcrilyThorc hns ber-'n l}$e(,o i,r rhe Dassaoe rsotf_The theory e{tosionrarks threshod )clw(nrnhreshokls, r i t expenen(x) |orc onc mi-nalrty hailenges nothcr.whcrc paradiqms t clticacyare retftxtc.t upon,laken opart, r.assombed,.nd transbrnrcd The teedbackbotweef ritLraland lhclrler so pftrludivc lor nn errtier (jencfltiorr ol Derform{ysalscholnfs. ns ts.ll beei spproprralr)d,!rodie(I,an.t eoyctcd rhe everbot lheoryand De.lormanco d. Whrtr he ,rlUnt .radjsr!1

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    Ro.ch wr te lhai " |losr t is evenmorenecess! y ro rocolln zo and nsistofthe nlordcpendoncy la rclaldl scncsoldasciptines nd atsoor theroteolperlornrance n the prodlctlon ol cutlLrren rhe widesl sense."",As n ther9O0s n. leary1970s,hs inst tut iona rpcrus l ] ( ) rgcs rh krger socia lIofccs. ln hc 1980s nd 990s, lheembrac got dtscourse.ndheory ndthe pradi@s ot ()sistanlcllo.cy havccut acrossanastc, ctivisl. nd aca-de riccomnr!nilres, om !nites workif! undera .lilterenr elot normariv.)ior.es, such as lhose revovns a(rnd obortiof righrs, ho tforhefr otAIDS, parthcd, cderal und n0 of the arls,gay and esbian ighis, nd m!l-liculturalism. This wider smiopotirit conrert alows us to undorsland howchangcs n slratcgies of ellicacy and clisciptinaryormarionsrnptenrenleachoiher:from h s perspectve, he stronsrhenin g f nrsr !rionata i:rccsis itsolfa tacticol fcssranrc'fioacv.Two models ol elticacy, an ext)losivekanslorma|on in tErw()cn: one canrea. l here t ra i ls ol whai Kuhn woutd cat t a parndigmsht r wi rhnPerror'n. ce Slud es.The mnlensebo.tyot ne\! rese rch,lho thmrycxpkrson! lho rccyc fg of Lovc'sBodv rhcsostriking igures race he reroutiroand detourin0 ol PertormanceStLdies p.ssage h paradism.yet lhisread,ngolPerlonnanccStudbs s hauntcdbyanortrcr arn.tig shifl.Aswe.read n SLern id l.lendersof's 992 exrbook,he lektoi orat nterpretarknrhas oonlributc.l o thc loflnaiior ol PcrloflirafccSrldiesand ls conceprr!aliznlion lperfonnance ThouohStem and Henderson ite mGtot lheeanytheorislsmentionod y MacAkxrn, noth(xpai.ot thoorisrs flor difierclrtpcrspootivcon llrij rclationbolwecn or0l inlerpretalion nd pertormanceStudles'rnd,in do nq so, hey race an alierfariveparadismshilt.In a l9a7 estny entilled A Paradigmor pertormanceSrudtes.. onatdJ. Pellns n.l James Vanoosttngdepkn portormancoSructics or ns rhccmorgdrccor a rcvotuliolrry ncN p:fad gm, bur ralheras a pnr.d gm sh hoccurring lith I nn establishecl sc p ne. pos ng thts shfl as a srarlinuhypolh()sis.h(jvsct out to nuasurc ,rhcc\ptanaroryDowerot the Daracliq,malic pr*uDplion. "'

    PerfornranccLud.s rscrts Lhcorcta or ie. rar r t ramedquarely withrn he dis.ip|lne f humancommuni.ation nd enriched ysuch ildsas JnthropoloS,hrrrc, otktorc, nd popurar utrure.Fromw th n spe.h omnuri .at ion, rformanceld 5 dcr ivcsl roh the ntcrprclat io il : r . rarurc d locutes r Lhe erfofnat iveadd aesthetic atrreoahufrar discouBe t rsbased n all. clirisepistemological.lrims,orit5methodotogicatroccdurcs.ndcaIsfo r cw p.dagoga appfoaches

    Pc irs and Vnnooslingcorlc|]de th6t it is too earty o s.ty,,wheth{,lhere has been a paradigmshth. We can sec howcvor rhar rharrh!.porhesistramos l as a paradigm hrll o PerlornJonce ludles,whereas he reaclinglhave been deveoDing og0ests here hns been n Fradsm shifr hrlrrr

    Pertormance ludiesTher h story ropeatsand Vold flers rom he thenlffn'ools anlhrcpology pasJi

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    l)espite such reguhr mnl$cncos iDd or(,anizalionatevetopnrenl.henstitltbfraL r tio o PcrformnfceStudes s a hisroryoi conhslat ons an.lrconcilintion. ertorDance chotarshllve or dccdilos ssoncd fte socinte.ticacyol our own rcsr)arch nd rcaching ctiviries. ot onty.aling tor brnrlso pa(ic patinq I chaltenges o rhe normsot sc|ltorstrip nd p;ch!,oqvFrom this pcrspcclilc, lhc vcrv nolion ot a pe,JormanceStu.li6 Fr;ig,ns paradoxic.l, fot nrs0!.jed. Scheohnerwribs rhat ,anvo tor or workt(nlarl 0 unilkrd1c d' is, r thislvicw m sundersiarding t the very ! drly .nd playfulness urdarnenrrt o pertormanrx) ludcs.,,. JoscptrBoachn.s sugfleste.l hat Pfflonnancc Sludcs cofrsrituLes or a.liscptine, burftrher an intrdiscil ne , or "posi.tisciptin..,,,For pcrto.,nrnce Slurtiesschol.rs mys.t' includod. hcsoar!:lurcnls are lamitiaran.t mporhnl. asthcy lorm prfl of olr lmage as n lietd ot rndkja rcsoarc|. ycl sofijoon.researchinghe tietd r(nn hc oursidcnnshldisagree.Citii!, our genresotDqlon|ancc and crnons of lilerarure, ur nreiho.tsancldscptinos, orrcourses3nd (jurrc!.. our proqrrtrrsand dopnrhrenrs,olr Drotession.lorganir l|ors aDd nrellectuat istories, nd e_venu (lnlcsts and ltuntiry,th is other esenicherfom tho oulsidOnigl r l onnncnt : i t wrks t ikeaThc trlisling an.l cterourins ol portoftnancc Studies,Dassa0e loBraci srr, thc dcbatesover wherher i ts or is nol a !ts{rptnn, Lhcso csu rlrom a tensionbehvd)n Br ) d(jsircs: hc dcsirc lo crcale cvtlu.at )ertorrn!ncoas a l ioklofsLdy,onc wi lh nsr inr toni t in .t rotessonaeq im.cvrnd lhedesi reo.vod re. re. i ng henorms j lhc acldcnjy,of ins h| l ar elhcmsclvcs icd lo cxtr nElitulndat )r.es As re hnve seen. n nrv(Ilin!,penonnonceas an ohi(xi ot outiurat ratvsis nd oursovcs |s subic.jtsolknowkida.. rrrlor.n.occ scholars hnve rnken rwo diifei)r1t srr:rbqicsrcgardnlgnstihrtionaliTnrion:reak lith ka.titk)nat ioktsot lhoarcf, po;ch,on.l English nd, tonutivclv solrk rnces wilh these sane tiektsns wetli$ othors.But o nranrt.anhe.h.[ena,e ot ettioacy!!hch wo havca ribul(xlboth k) ouroblcclsafd o!rsclves, !e havenlso nvenie.t paraitigmhalchn engcs lhe Establshment, rhe vory Towor, ho !rvorsL!, tccluremnchinc.nnd .ll lhe para.tiotrrshrl shilt alx)ut n them. This ensionhasbocf andconli ues ro be al o|ce pro.lucr!e, epro.ti()rve n(tinurtorpfo-ductive-it noi destructtve nd decoflstrucrivc here s no one Fra.tk in otPcrlonnanceShdies, bur inste.d an expbsk)not paradigms, gathcringnn.l.lisporson ol mo.lols nd rrodcttcr$, c.,nD ex nrxtsometmes conrra(l(tory proccssol.nnlysis. nro.letiTl]rior),nd bt.srinqot paradqms.ZF.rcDaradtgDr. tep (an.lstot, ot prrrad rrr. hcro s rjo pLfndign fo passageilhcrc rro on y nrffc p.rrdigdrs, morer).ssaqes.

    T''E L'N''NAL.NONMLei us nga n asscnrble $'o paradoms of cl{caoy, hvo rnodclsoI cutiuralpcrlormanoeegible rorr our re.dirrgs.h lhe Insl.etticacy rormds rselt nentnrdioclVansqrcssions,n practicesho cd by ihcire( riru!, afd oih(ntrainings l lhe ho(ly.Performanco ere s bcls,een hoaler and rirunl. tslimen s the healncirl alionof ritual n.l th. ritLraliz!ior ol ihearcr.Face'to-Ilcc encouftcrs. slte'spocilicev(rrts, he nrprcsencinlt ol indtvtdlal rndsocirl tmdics thrlscnstanliatc he ranshrnrative ot4crot perlormancenthc flrsl deoadcsol Pedornrance tudies, riff ov,Jr o its appellrton.These.x)nLl nodelo1 offcacy. hlt ol resstarcc, takesoll kom tho discoursosoldiricalthcory an.l hc oxperinxrrlsof pertonDnnceart:ls cu hg cdge sthe lhcory of nr.olice nnd thc pracu.c of theory.Ntcdnted orcoLrnrrxs,p.rodic.fl)ropflalions. bodies (xnrstructedbV ond throlgh [email protected] thouqhnot exclusivoly)heso have como to m akeup r he efli-crcy ol p.xlormafce if llrc llrst lwo decn.ls.Passinsbcrwecn hc Lwomodds. ho ch.llengcol elli{lcy lunrs tsolfoulstcto r: rom krnsgressins. blnlitnri n powff from L|lrolts(b sile to rcsisli'r! a hcllcn nio powerlroJnu'ithir thal verypowerarrdf$.rneDi,Thealernnd rilual hnvo r no w.v bod r tett b(trirxl n lhis Dassage o llr.nsqrcssive o ro$shfl dlicrcv They ()rnai. t$ro n the mosl i'npon nrobiocls ot sludy, 'ln.l whilc thek rolc ns mdlcls has dnnin,shed, r hasnor been clmin.t(xJ. Todny, hc lield ol cullurnl D{rlormanc(iand rheparrrdism i P(xlonnnn.eSlud es r).nfol l)e rhrr(y', $riihout lifg tho lcrnrrd dtu.l. Thev remnnr, s it !rq0. specilr; ar historicnl ouchslones or.ny llcfernl lhcory ot .u 1!ral perlotrr:lrce. iho tcr .ontrucs ro otkx Llnntporlani lonnnl rolcrcrrcc t(tr conceniuiiznri, rltur! perlonlanriei tna.lt iliu), hcaterdcpartmorls and orqanircrions och.s theAssociarkrr orTho,rrren Hsher Edu{ratiof nd ho AnrercanSociety or The.tre Rcscarchprovilc rntFrtanl lfses n)r s lo:rchn]!,nd resoarch.Simihrlv the .lis(jipline of rnthropok)qyconiinu.s lo prcvidc p.rtormNnce s.hotlrs withmt)()rtanlnrethodolo.Jic. ppronches, cspec.llv thos. ftralcd 1o ethrr0

    Furthcnnore, xdween hcory if.l t)oflornrnn(xr n, liminalil V enr insono of the rnostkcquenllvcite.l allrib! es of porlonnativi c |cacy Car son.lor inslrnco, ck)scs his 11)96 urve.ywiUrn se.iii(n eDtlrt.nl 0onclusi(r):Whrt s Pof lor 'nance?' ,h ichef ( ls wi lh tho o l l !n l t c lc ln i lon, nc lharlornhG upoobolh lir inalltv.nd (heatri(,riaty.lPerfornraiccla spcci fc- .vent! i th t r mroidnaturctorcBroundcd, . l ' rosrrnvl r i rb i /

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    eveh hys a y.Th s part .u lar e iseof occas n nnd o.usas velir r th covcrar. i r ineocia lnv e pe conbine rh he Phys a ty oftheat,.a performar.eo mak oneof th mo n powrfu lrdcfc, rcousproccdurcshat human occty as dcveopeaof th e-. id sdy fas. inatg pro.ss f c! tura l ndpeEonai . refx nano crpc4men'aron

    Solxtars also conlnuc to slr oss lhc lirntr'r hlv r "rn bclwcenness ol lhcDnr.rcli0nrtsell.hr a 1994essay. wfint b PerlormanceSlu.liesAnta!a\/1Soh(xhnir lsiles: 'Pertorman{)e tudios s 'irrt$ h bctrccn. lt is nrtor-g(nrrr!),olrrdisc4ji^nry. irl.r.rrllurnl-ind th.rlilor.i nrherently nsl.bteP(xioftnrrndr llclios rcsisls or rLrcds dojnr on.As l .llsc plnro. S cafnoll)c nloDped lleclilelv becn!se I trnnsgress os ound.ries, t goeswhere lis not oxprlid lo be lt is nh{nrnlly n bolw(xrr nd lhcrclorc crnnol bcp nn(j(]down .,r locrted crrctv"" Lim alilV, horr, cnr ns key 1']articul.lIng iho eftki.cy ot both culturai pe ornrnn(n rnd Po ormlncc Slttrlicswhclhff lhat etlcacv be conceived s lranselresslv er resislaft.Crft nrfe.lqe pr.iik)es, trinqrrcuDsrrf(l nxr uirralizc.l oopcs, bordir{jrossngs, ranslfcssiofs of bolndirrics and rnils these can and hnlebeen theorze.l in ierms ol nrin.litv Whrt is ptYl(rmaniD? Wh.t isPolonmnco Sludics? Lnninrlily' 6 |rerl|.ps lhc Inosl ootrcise nd rccuralo rostxrrse o both ol thesequesli{)ns.'?rra(k)ti(ialvhc rrreislcnl uscol rlrisoofrccptwithit| hc fieldh.s fi|llLla t,tititlilv to soniethilq ot a Donnlhil is, vte haveconre o deline he etlimcy olperlormaDc e nd otourolmr.sc.dr, il nol c\clusivclv hcr lcrv irrclt|srv(l!.r tcrrnsol kritulitv tt[ts, . morle ol rctlrv whose sp.t.]. lemt)ornl. n.l symbolic in behleenrioss' liows Ior social oflns lo bc slspul(kxl, olrallcrrgc tl,l.vedwilh,nndperh ps even rrnstorme.l. hecon.ept has nolsinply been.pp e.l to perlonnan(x)sit has also hclpcd us b dr)s1ft/(;/obj(xitsol nrquirv y quidnr!lhe s{rleclirnr f a,rtiv ies o be stud ed lho r lonnnlanalysis,n.l theirpolitrralovoluaion And as wc h.vc sccn, ho limiD rtc ot passrsc . so lunctons ns. strik g emblemof ihe p.rad 0m is.lll bothol ils initationan.lolts subs(xtucnt {rvitopmcnt.To urderscore he nornratiledimensiofol rinalry | haveconre o c.il tho inr,Dt roD. Moregenerally.lhe minal-norm llialos inanysiiuationwhere [e vnlo./alion ol InnnralraDsgfesskri r resislance lsell LPmnresnormxliv.-al whbh point heonzalbn ol su(lr i! norm may tLtomc sub-vcrsilc. I n de up the tenn "lirninal onD ool lono atler readinganotheroilillon ol rites ot passage,his one by Michel oucault. n an nter viert nti-Lled Biluals ol txclusiorr. Foucaulldisclssos how cnpilalistnonns areinsoribed edasooica :

    Ttefe s he rsr !nctonofLhe. ivers /: lo Pr L !ude. tsutot . l rcuaton rss.ondfun. ron owever.oreof ntegraton.Of .castudc. t as pc. tsr of scvci c. 6 ofh s if cwLhn hs art f ica

    so. ety.he bc.ones 'absofbabe so.ety.a i .ons!mc hin il .s idous hewi have ccc cd he values a h tocet r .F le vhalebeeig vei soc y d-.s i rab. rodc of behav f so hJt l r isr unl fex. s ionw I na y nl eor the a e or nc sronand e.u-perat io i r Jbsorptn. In hksense,heuniversi t )snodoubt l i t t leditrercntrom hoscaysrcmsn so-.alled imirives@ieiiesn whi.htheyoungmenare keptollside he village uin g thenadolescen

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    socbly rtlarge A(,ain, cilation. decontext!aliza t n, and recontextualiza-lon onlyh{rrc imn. eltic.c! h as beconrea nrinfll-form.S.rcorcl, he lhn al{r.}rm also su.rclosls hdL ny Etvenconccptualnrode! ev(xr o o constrLrcted nd dcpoyed to theorizc ranslressionorrcsistancc, necessarilvirri ed n termsol bolh ts fonnalan.l ts tuncliofal rspe(;i$.Tlls does not mpl! that one rnust-or ovof cnn avoid nrodc|z.tun or 0enera|zrLion ltogetherAs ln.Ioaled eorlier, he brnralion .'1lheoreticil (xnrocplspresuppos.rs 'ove||Enls ot aoncruliznlion- s doesthc cnrroence ol a rcscarchparadigm u.ihas Pcrlonnane Studics.Thcchallenoe.h([ is nol lo abandonmnctplui modellzalion, ut ralher loinscrilra his movemcntwillt|l o ne s sDecili{j ilu tion, o lold gencralizalionb.ck on ltso i'r oftler o avoi.l cLlucin!porlonrtnnce o lny one model,bet thc!tcr or ritr|.l or p{rfornunce arl or surjh hmfo icalnrode as toflnalsnr.psycho n?rLyss,cm nism, le.r)nslrlo iorr, ueer h(x)rv or poslc,rlofatheorvThosonrodels avcallbocn cxkemey t)(xlu(lvc to thestudyot{rul1!ral redonlrll()c vcl nll have hc r owf pcrspo(illves,lhcir wn inr s Ihet.sk is Lhus lso o multiplr hc nrodels t on{ts disposrlwh e .t thc sanrctinre or)eningut) lhcsc nrodels o thc r 'own rlllrritv To citc ar)other elnnnl): Fa r Guallar destr bcs sch oanslysis s n pru:r:iss l tnetamod-clisalion, one lhal, 'ruther than nnvinq n lh{- directk ol rLductionislmodo|srlons $lhichsimplilv hc cornpler,vill\'t()rk o\$.d ils compbxilicr-lion, ls t)(lr)ssual cnrichrnent.o\rr.l hc consislenlov l ils lirlunl Inres ltrilurijalnrr o(l dilhrcntialbn, nr shorl lowads ils (rnoblJicalhelercsoneitv" I h.ve rlliimpkid hcrc lo an.lyTe h{i worktrr{ts l not onc but sc\cralnrodes ir'toirlto lhc enrerqenmand dcveoDnront i PcrbrdrfnceSnr.lkrs.n doin0so, hrvc lo, juscd pec. l . l lur l ion on minnl i l .s o l passno-Abe.j.uso hoy rc. part i . r i l . r l ! ich nd pr.drntv( : r r ro. lc f thepara. l iqmnovcnrclrl ol 0efffalizalior. This nrode 2 lon prucess h.v.i nickfarncdlhe possrgo o parrdign ln othdwords, lirrnfrl riios provde us with :r(and DL /,c)rrlelarnoil(l lthc parndilnr,onr) h l liave ri-.d o ffauk opcnby.jilinq ils rmr ml!e and mllalional (l n.rns ,rls rs lvcll as other nnnlos

    ihlnl, as a rrcl.rnnxlel. he lirrinrloornr c:n h(ilp us resilrate thebo crs .'rl(l limits ot F\rktrn nrrce Sl(dbs ilsoll. Tltis resinFldr or dis-pla.erncnt,)r boi(lcrs s crucialto lhc ch.llon!,c Nidnrqour orlire Droiect.lhc rclb.rsri rt n qirnral theory ol D(tltriruroc This t)rcjtxil cnlailschallengin{t (xtunnnnceStLrdies,hdt is chalkinoing ursclvcs.Ry fo.usinq on lillrn l i]clivites,on transgrcssive fd ()sistarrlprnclices,or morogenernv Lrtxnr ocrllv cflirracouspertonrlncr:rs,we hrvc ovcrooked rheinrporlaroo ) l rth., perlonn.nccs, pcflonnonn)s \/lros. ornraliz.tbn ndslldy nlso ( x)k off i|l lhe lrn te.l Strbs rr)d wh ch hrvo snrccgoneoloh.l.Thoso t l ror erforman. ls rc nol nre laphoronldpucementsl hcat r icalor.iullurn n(tivtcs, tlioullh hey ce.lanr! !|rrd rristaken can bc reduce.l10 them. Nor woukl Ne destribc lhcse olher tx)rlonmnces ns primaril!

    rransllressive r resislant, nf trom r As wc shal sco, heir tun(ron s fdthe mostparthighlvnonnalivo, o normativeI froritrar ono nrtlh ustitia l\'align hem ! lh the Estabtishnroft,he Syst{rm he t4.chtn{Fjn shorl Nirhlhe very nslilltons afd forces rgarnsrwhch .Lri,rfat pertornrnce hasrlroded nruchol ils ottioacious fions ovcr rhe pasrha (rntlrv Bur rocogniTnrgne s o\!n involvdnenl i th rhese urnarv0 tx)rrornl l | rx)es.pnra.joxically.ssentiallonraki q sucheftods morectiverse,n)roconcrole.more clln:acious.t is .ls0 ossentirl b our gencmt heorvThe dcvcbpmeolot such theory s hishtyproblemalic. artsonwrit6lhal il !r "consi.is perlorm.nce!s an esscnli.lv cdnlcstedconcept, hiswillhelp us to utrderstandhc I rty ot scckingsorncovernrchingetrranliciielcl o mver such seerl ir gty j sparareLrsnqcs.s rho prytorrrj.rn(je f .nack)r ot a schoolchikl, t ,rn auromobitc I a1lro. Blr rt stlke i'r suchusaijcs s norsimplydifloftxrrmclninqs of rlrc rernr porlornrLrn0o,bLrl tso( irelydilldenl scls ol .lsooursesaird pra.tnls dilfercnt nlrrstructures.nd histifies, dilf.rent lJ(|ftr(lhms l pedorman(je.i4orcDrotr)!]rrdty hnL.srr st.ke in olr ltelofirl ih(n:ry s nol rn oleradrnra senrN,rlo cd ot periornraDe but rlther rI un(tervoddty lrarumor pcrom.trvr) trowern|LIkrowledlrc.. prngmrtic orrillk)n Lrpon hichrlt th s .ronlcstino t potormn.rcc uniol.ls. he quostion ,v|mt is Ertonn.nco?, Btrhlr)s .en)d.rsi.'csrFpnblc'.specarllv hen surveyin!, p.radigrr or .letftilV n tiekt, rul o

    nrapdilterenl brrri|]s ot this stratum llhich is tessa met.Dlrysio.t oufdalion han.n onto.historientslinre, tation l lorces rnorour0c, queslion becoircs rvhnJ) crtonnrn()?..Philosophkinv spenkn\l ro Brsrj rhe q!.rshon Whrr s?,,p()supposes. unilied'for'n white r(nnisln0a s ngte corecr n|s!!{)r. lh tc Ux)qLreslbn"Whch urc?' assumesn rnuttipcily ot torces thar musl trc r,rirciy inrerIrcl(rj 3nd ov.llarcd.i lhis wi be mVassumpron.nchenrsi g n lofs.ltheory ol perfonn.fce, wo Inusr or ony usc .Jilterenr rDcepls, or ontlt'contesl rn.i.xitquo lh.inti w) Inust.tso.jrernr c.lrcepts, /i,tllrr. nrodo/s,/,ronchnx^,-anrents l g(rn)ftr?ation.perloilanoe Slu.tos scholrs hiveobvously croded rrllipte nfd diverseconcepts an.t conlirnl() o do so.Howclcr this fiultiFli.:itv nd davcGirys rrsctt argetv.ietenr rxxt bv ou.pnradigrnalic erqxlitivF. wh(h I hnvcca ed hcrc rhe chdtoqlc ot cflicacV Dirq)i. or rathe r nrtrrnilt,annlysis t this peFpeclile ..n LrtV prmeedso lar. or lve cannotellsityg(, n Dersp(jtiveoD our Dfisp{x)lve,on lheo,licalan.l alaoctivenv'rsh xrs i r tet.l wc have onshurrrxt n(l b somccxtenrDcon ofstrricte.l hrough. r opcn an anotrj \{mr lnm(nrs lo ourp.rao.rnranc p(isuppositk)ns Ljr)dprejudiccs we nj!sr tull| 0tse!!hercId prejldices uni tdrnd by oontrrst. noi by !n.yss.,, OUr fttlcars.lot a gcner. lhcory nrust hus scck out olhcr sres, othor prenrsos,olhcf

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