Mca1040 Slm Unit 01

System Analysis and Design Unit 1

Sikkim Manipal University Page No.: 1

Unit 1 Introduction to System

Structure:

1.1 Introduction

Objectives

1.2 Definition of a System

Common characteristics of systems

1.3 Types of Systems

Physical or abstract systems

Open or closed systems

Deterministic or probabilistic systems

Man-made information systems

Manual and automated systems

Real time systems

Distributed systems

Business system

1.4 Delineating Systems, Products and Tools

System context

Product context

Tool context

1.5 Precedented versus Unprecedented Systems

1.6 Analytical Representation of a System

1.7 Systems that Require Engineering

What is system engineering?

System engineering tasks

1.8 Summary

1.9 Glossary

1.10 Terminal Questions

1.11 Answers

1.1 Introduction

The study of System Analysis and Design begins with the understanding of

SYSTEM. Experience has shown that many people find it hard to clearly

and concisely define a system and related key issues.

Before embarking on the journey of understanding System Analysis and

Design, we need to understand some basic concepts such as:

System



Components of a system

Types of systems

Functions

Outcomes

Precedented and unprecedented systems

This unit will cover various basic concepts of system. We start by dening a

system and the various aspects of the system. Then we introduce different

types of systems and illustrate the differences between systems, products,

and tools. We will also learn what precedented and unprecedented systems

are. We will also study analytical and graphical characterisation of a system.

Finally, we will conclude the unit by studying systems that require

engineering.

Objectives:

After studying this unit, you should be able to:

define a system

discuss various types of systems

identify how to delineate systems, products, and tools

discuss precedented versus unprecedented systems

explain analytical representation of a system

discuss the systems that require engineering.

1.2 Definition of a System

The name system is developed from the Greek word systma, which

represents an organised connection between various functioning units or

constituents.

A system is a collection of components working together for a common, well

defined purpose. Essentially there are three major components of a system

namely input, processing and output as seen in figure 1.1. Systems can be

large and complex, such as the metro railway control system or mobile

phone network or small such as a pocket calculator.



Figure 1.1: Basic System Components

In the system, all the components are linked with each other and they are

dependent on each other.

Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines System as:

A regularly interacting or interdependent group of items forming a unified

whole (a number system): as

a. A group of interacting bodies under the influence of related forces

(a gravitational system)

b. An assemblage of substances that is in or tends to equilibrium

(a thermodynamic system)

c. A group of body organs that together perform one or more vital functions

(the digestive system)

d. The body considered as a functional unit

e. A group of related natural objects or forces (a river system)

f. A group of devices or artificial objects or an organisation forming a

network especially for distributing something or serving a common

purpose (a telephone system) (a heating system) (a highway system)

(a computer system)

g. A major division of rocks usually larger than a series and including all

formed during a period or era

h. A form of social, economic, or political organisation or practice (the

capitalist system)

Sometimes direct or indirect feedback component is involved which is also

important to the operation of the system (See figure 1.2)



Figure 1.2: A Systems Model with Feedback

You can also consider a computer as a system. Such a system may consist

of a single computer with a keyboard, memory and printer or a series of

intelligent terminals connected to a mainframe. The real meaning of a

system is that each constituent is an element of the total system and has to

do its share to function for the system to attain the designed goal. This

orientation needs a systematic grouping of the constituents for design for a

successful system.

Examples of Systems

Engineering: Engineered systems such as traffic control networks and

communication networks are successful example of systems from

operational viewpoint.

Business: In Business world, all commercial and financial institutions can

be thought of as systems with components such as inputs, outcomes and

feedback.

Nature: Much of nature is a system as many components act unitedly to

create a final result. Our solar system is a system of planets, each in a

unique orbit and controlled by a common gravitational forces. Our human

body is an example of a perfect system.

Society: Social organisations, such as governments and cities may be

described as systems.

1.2.1 Common characteristics of systems

Nearly all systems have some common characteristics. These are:

Systems have a general structure defined by its parts and actions.

Systems function in the same way involving inputs, processes and

outputs.

The different parts of a system are interdependent.



Systems often interact outside their boundary with external environment

through several input and output processes.

There is high degree of integration between the components of systems.

Self Assessment Questions

1. The term system is derived from the Greek word ____________ which

means an organised relationship among functioning units or

components.

2. A system is an orderly grouping of interdependent components linked

together according to a plan to achieve a specific objective.

(True/False)

1.3 Types of Systems

Now as we are clear about the concept of system, let us study different

types of systems. There are different types of system. These can be

categorised in many ways. One such classification of systems is given

below:

Physical or Abstract Systems

Open or closed systems

Deterministic or probabilistic systems

Man-made information systems

Manual and automated systems

Real Time systems

Distributed systems

Business systems

1.3.1 Physical or abstract systems

Physical systems are material entities that may be static or dynamic in

process. For example, the physical constituents of the computer centre are

the offices, desks, and chairs that facilitate function of the computer. They

can be observed and counted, they are static. Alternatively, programmed

computer is treated as a dynamic system where data, programs, output and

application alters as the user's need or the priority of the information

requested changes.



Abstract systems are theoretical or non-physical entities which may be as

simple as formulas of associations between sets of variables or models. For

example, a model is a display of an actual or a designed system. The

utilisation of models makes it easier for the analyst to imagine associations

in the system under observation.

1.3.2 Open or closed systems

An open system frequently converses with its surroundings. It obtains inputs

from and provides output to the outside. Information system is an example

of an open system, as it is adapted to the altering requests of the user. On

the contrary, a closed system is cut off from ecological manipulation. In

reality, closed systems are uncommon.

1.3.3 Deterministic, probabilistic systems

A deterministic system is defined as a system one in which the incidence of

all events is completely forecasted. If we obtain the depiction of the system

condition at a specific time, the next condition can be simply calculated. An

example of such a system is a numerically handled machine tool.

On the other hand, for a probabilistic system also called stochastic system

for the same input conditions, output will vary. This variation is explained

by probability theory. Thus a deterministic system will always give the same

output for a set of input conditions. An example of such a system is a

warehouse and the stuffing inside it.

1.3.4 Man-made information systems

An information system is the foundation for communication among the user

and the analyst. It identifies the nature of association between decision

makers. Actually, it may be observed as a decision centre for workers at all

levels. From this foundation, an information system may be considered as a

set of devices, events and operating systems intended to generate

information and present it to the user for planning, control and presentation.

Many practitioners do not recognise that a business has many information

systems; each is intended for a particular reason. The main information

systems are:

Formal information systems

Informal information systems

Computer based information system



Formal information system distinctly defines the work flow,

communication flow and the position. The information runs from top to

bottom level in terms of goals, rules and regulations, policies and strategies

and from bottom to top level in terms of results, feedback, reports, etc.

There are three classes of information related to the Formal Information

Systems:

Strategic Information: Related to long term planning policies.

Managerial Information: Used by the middle level management in

policy execution and control.

Operational Information: Daily information required to operate the

business.

Informal information system is an employee-based system designed to

fulfil personnel and vocational requirements and to help find the solution of

work-related difficulties. It also moves information upward via indirect

channels.

Computer based information systems; Third category of information

system relies mostly on the computer for managing business applications.

Systems analysts build up numerous different types of information systems

to fulfil a multiplicity of business requirements. Computer Based Information

Systems is further categorised as:

Transaction Processing Systems (TPS)

Management Information Systems (MIS)

Decision Support Systems (DSS)

Office Automation Systems (OAS)

Figure 1.3 shows the Hierarchy of CBIS.

Figure 1.3: Hierarchical View of CBIS



Transaction Processing Systems (TPS): The most basic computer based

system in an organisation is related to business transactions.

A transaction processing system is a computer based system that captures,

categorises, accumulates, maintains, updates and recovers transaction data

for record maintaining and for input to other kinds of CBIS.

Activities covered under transaction processing system are placing orders,

billing customers, appointing employees, depositing cheques, etc.

Transaction processing systems offer orderliness, speed and accuracy and

can be programmed to follow routines without any inconsistency. Figure 1.4

illustrates a TPS in which a customer is doing a transaction of electronic

payment.

Figure 1.4: Transaction Processing System

Example of TPS

Withdrawing of money by you from an ATM machine is a good example of

TPS. The transaction must be carried out instantaneously and the account

balance updated as quickly as possible, to authorise the client and the

financial institution having the account to preserve a record of funds.

Management Information System (MIS): Just a few years back, computer

applications were related with record keeping and the automation of daily

clerical processes. However, now the computer applications are being used



to offer information for policy making, management planning and control

reasons.

MIS can be explained as an information system that offers management

with information necessary for implementation of smooth business. This

information must be important, timely, precise, complete and concise and

inexpensively feasible. Figure 1.5 demonstrates the use of CBIS in

management information system.

Figure 1.5: CBIS in an Organisation Setting

One example of MIS is monetary accounting system.

Decision Support Systems (DSS): It is an information system that

provides the type of information that may not be anticipated, the kind that

business professionals may require only once.

DSS helps management in making unstructured or semi-structured

decisions. A decision is treated as unstructured if there are no apparent

procedures for making the decision and if not all the factors to be

considered in the decision can be readily recognised in advance. To see if it

would be a good business decision, managers could use a DSS like the one

shown in figure 1.6.



Figure 1.6: Decision Support System

The decision support system only assists; it does not replace the judgment

of manager.

Office Automation Systems (OAS): Office automation system refers to the

computer systems and software used to generate, gather, stock, and

communicate office information required for completing basic tasks and

goals.

Figure 1.7: OAS Workflow



Data storage, electronic transmission and the management of business

information are the basic activities of an OAS. Figure 1.7 portrays smooth

working process in an office using OAS.

Advantages of OAS

Better Security

Ease of Use

Saves Energy

Ease in Performing Repetitive Tasks

Faster Decision Making

Increased Safety

Better Quality Control

Greater Precision

Increased Productivity

Improved Design through Simulation

A brief summary of different information systems characteristics is given in

Table 1.1.

Table 1.1: Categories of Information Systems

Category of

Information System Characteristics

Transaction Processing

System

Substitutes computer-based processing for

manual processes. Includes record-keeping

applications.

Management Information

System

Provides input to be used in the managerial

decision process. Deals with supporting well

structured decision situations. Typical

information requirements can be anticipated

Decision Support System Provides information to managers who make

judgements about particular situations. Supports

decision makes in situations that are not well

structured.

Office Automation System It is a multi-function, integrated computer based

system that allows many office activities to be

performed in an electronic mode.



1.3.5 Manual and automated systems

In a manual system, human operators carry out all the operations. The

processors are not machines but humans. On the contrary, in an automated

system, machines perform the system operations. The degree of human

involvement may vary. In a fully automated system, no human involvement

is necessary.

1.3.6 Real time systems

Systems that must produce the output within specified limits of time after

obtaining the requisite input are referred to as real time systems. Real time

systems include all those systems that have a very small response time.

Typically, a real time system consists of the components organised in the

following manner, as shown in figure 1.8.

Environment

Processor

Sensor sub-system

Output/Control sub-system

Figure 1.8: Components of Real Time System

The turn-around time of a real time system is very rigid.

Example: Aircraft autopilot system is a good example of a real time system.

The autopilot must respond to an emergency immediately, failing which

disastrous consequences are inevitable.

1.3.7 Distributed systems

A system whose components are not all localised at one place is called a

distributed system. The localisation may be in terms of physically separated

at different geographical locations or simply logically separated. The

resources of such systems are normally located at different places under



different forms but all the components at all the places work in tandem to

achieve the system goal.

The Internet is a very good example of a distributed system. A web page

may be located at a logical site called www.abc.com physically hosted on a

server possibly at another site. Moreover, one of the picture elements of the

page may be located in Australia and another in Honolulu.

1.3.8 Business system

Business systems are the means by which business organisations achieve

their predetermined goals. A business system combines policies, personnel,

equipment and computer facilities to co-ordinate the activities of a business

organisation. Essentially, a business system represents an organised way of

achieving the pre-determined objectives of an organisation.

Business system with its environment includes various elements. These

system elements are:

Physical (buildings, raw materials, finished products)

Procedural (order processing routines, credit checking procedures)

Conceptual (statement of policy, market for products)

Social (workers, departments)

A business system is a subsystem of society and is surrounded by other

systems of the business environment. It is an open, adaptive system,

exchanging inputs and outputs with its environment and adjusting to the

demands of various environmental systems.

A business tries to maintain proper interrelationships with the economic,

political and social stockholders in its environment. These include

customers, suppliers, competitors, stockholders, labour unions, financial

institutions, government and the community. Figure 1.9 shows a diagram of

a business as a system, with resources, financial stakeholders, market,

competition and environmental factors as the inputs and output.



Figure 1.9: Business as a System

A business is typically subdivided into various organisational subsystems.

These subsystems typically represent functional areas such as marketing,

manufacturing and finance.

In an ideal manufacturing business organisation, the functional subsystems

are finance, sales, production, human resource management, marketing,

stock and purchase. These subsystems are systems in themselves.. This

enables easy understanding of the organisation as a whole.

Business Subsystems

A business system can be divided into a number of subsystems, especially

the functional areas. These include,

Marketing and purchasing subsystems: Those dealing closely with the

environment.

Production subsystem: Those dealing with transformational functions, and

Accounting, personnel and management subsystems: Those acting in a

supportive role



These subsystems are all interconnected and designed to reflect the overall

organisational objectives.

A simple model of the subsystems of a business showing some of the

relationships is shown below in figure 1.10.

Figure 1.10: Relationship between Subsystems of a Business

It is very difficult to define the boundaries of a system and its subsystems.

As we see in the figure 1.11, the interface within a business is indicated,

thereby illustrating the difficulty in defining the boundaries; should

purchasing be a subsystem of production? Should distribution be a

subsystem of marketing rather than production? etc.

The functional areas of the organisation are determined by the nature of the

organisation's business. In general, the areas are characterised by their

need to satisfy the demands of particular group of customers or clients.

These demands can be satisfied in a number of possible ways, e.g.

Manufacturing and selling a product, which has been produced from

raw material or by, further processing of products purchased from other

organisations.



Purchasing and distributing finished products (wholesaling and

retailing).

Offering a service (e.g., hotel and catering, education, banking,

insurance, cleaning, maintaining activities)


3. A _______________ system is one in which the occurrence of all

events is perfectly predictable.

4. Breaking down various subsystems of a business, simplifies the

complexities in the business and management becomes easier.

(True/False)

5. Transaction Processing Systems are aimed at improving the routine

____________ activities on which all organisations depend.

6. A system whose components are not all localised at a single site is

called a __________________ system.

7. Transaction processing systems does not provide speed and accuracy

and cannot be programmed to follow routines without any variance.

(True/False)

1.4 Delineating Systems, Products and Tools

Now let us study systems, products, and tools. People are frequently

confused about the concept and inter-relationship between systems,

products, and tools. Lets examine each of these in detail and also how they

are related to each other.

1.4.1 System context

We have already discussed System in this unit. A system may comprise two

or more elements that work in synchronisation to accomplish a common

target that may not be successfully achieved by each element working on

individual basis. The system elements usually consist of humans, products,

and tools. Generally, man-made systems require some level of human

resources for scheduling, function or support.

1.4.2 Product context

Many systems are created as a work product by other systems. A product

is a facilitating element of a bigger system and is usually a physical entity

having distinctability such as form and function with a defined level of

performance.



Products need human support to self-apply themselves as they lack

intelligence (self-thinking). Also, the products cannot accomplish the system

mission goals without human guidance and support in one way or another.

In simple terms, we can associate products as items which we can acquire

from a vendor. A product may in fact be a vendors system that is used into

ours system, thus generate a system of systems (SoS).

Example

1. A hammer which can be bought from a store is a physical entity having

form and function but cannot apply itself to driving nails into the wall.

2. An aircraft, as a system and a product, is incorporated into an airlines

system and may acquire the capability to fly under some circumstances,

only when programmed by the pilot.

1.4.3 Tool context

A tool is a support product that helps a system or user to enhance its own

performance and capabilities. A number of systems or products are

considered as tools by upper level systems.

Example

1. A simple pulley (system) as a tool, allows a person to leverage his

physical power to move a heavy load that otherwise could not be moved

at all by him.

2. A statistical software application, as a helping tool, allows a user to

examine huge quantities of data in a small phase of time.


8. A _______________ is an assisting product that facilitates a user or

system to influence its own potentials and presentation.

9. A product, as a facilitating element of a bigger system, is usually a

physical tool or entity that has a particular ability with a defined level of

presentation. (True/False)

1.5 Precedented versus Unprecedented Systems

As now we have cleared the concepts of System, Product and Tool, now let

us study Precedented and Unprecedented Systems.



Most systems develop or evolve with time. Each new evolution brings about

changes in the system that increases the capabilities of the previous system

by employing new technologies, tools, techniques, and so on. There are

cases where new challenges are encountered that are unprecedented. We

describe them as precedented and unprecedented systems.

Precedented systems are those for which;

The needs are reliable and well recognised.

The system structural design is identified to be sufficient for the needs.

The acquisition and expansion teams have functioned together to

generate an analogous preceding system.

Noncompliance of one or more of the elements mentioned above makes the

system to be unprecedented. Precedence is one of the most significant

elements in the well-timed expansion of any system. In most of the cases, it

is more important than many of the issues like tools, techniques

architecture, etc.

Let us understand unprecedented system by means of an example: Even

though the NASA had previously landed unmanned probes on the moon,

the Apollo Lunar Spacecraft was the first one in the line of manned lunar

landing and launch craft.


10. Precedence is one of the most significant elements in the well-timed

expansion of quality _______________.

11. Precedence is more important than many of the issues like tools,

techniques architecture, etc in development of unprecedented systems.

(True/False)

1.6 Analytical Representation of a System

Let us now discuss how to represent a system analytically. As a

generalisation, we represent a system as an elementary entity by means of

a rectangular box as demonstrated in figure 1.11. Usually, inputs

(ex. Stimuli/Cues) are entered into a system which then processes these

inputs and generates an output. On a basic level, this representation is

satisfactory; but we need more inputs to clearly identify what the system

executes.



The simple diagram in figure 1.11 symbolises a system. Yet, from an

analytical point of view, it is missing vital information that refers to how the

system functions and operates within its operating environment.

Figure 1.11: Basic System Entity

Figure 1.12: Analytical System Entity

The figure 1.12 displays a system from an analytical point of view having all

essential elements. The traits of the construct such as acceptable inputs,

unacceptable inputs, stakeholders, and acceptable outputs/unacceptable

outputs are shown in the diagram, which can act as a checklist to make sure

that all factors are thought of when defining, designing, and developing a

system.


12. Usually, inputs like stimuli and cues are provided into a system that

processes the inputs and generates an ______________.

13. Systems functionality only symbolises the action to be achieved; not

how well as exemplified by presentation. (True/False)



1.7 Systems that Require Engineering

By now, you must be comfortable with the concept of systems. You have

studied various types of systems. Some of these systems are workflow-

based systems that generate systems, products, or services like schools,

hospitals, banking systems, and producers. As such, they need insightful,

competent, and successful organisational structures, assisting assets, and

mutual communications.

A number of systems need the thorough examination, design, development

of particular structures, composite interactions, and presentation monitoring

that may have an effect on the security, and welfare of the public in addition

to the environment; thus engineering of systems may be needed.

For example, business systems may need application of different analytical

and arithmetical values to build up business models and presentation

models to find out profitability and return on investment (ROI) and

arithmetical theory for most favourable waiting line or climate conditions, for

example.

In the case of extremely complex systems, analytical, arithmetical, and

technical values may have to be considered. We call this Engineering of

Systems, which may call for a combination of engineering fields like

system engineering, electrical engineering, mechanical engineering and

software engineering. These disciplines may be needed at several phases

throughout the analysis, design, and development of a system.

Here, we will study the concepts, values, and practices that are relevant to

the analysis, design, and growth of both types of systems. These two

groups implicate a noticeable difference among those that need engineering

and those that do not. So, how do you identify when the engineering of

systems is needed?

The most effective way to address this question is: What is system

engineering?

1.7.1 What is system engineering?

In simple words, System Engineering (SE) is the multi-dimensional

engineering of systems. There are a many ways to dene system

engineering, depending on an organisations or individuals views and

experiences, etc.



The term, Engineering is derived from Latin word ingenerare, which

means to create. Now, let us define SE. It can be defined as:

System engineering is an inter disciplinary approach and helps in

realization of successful systems, by integrating all the disciplines and

specialty groups into a team effort, forming a structured development

process, that proceeds from concept, to production to operations.

1.7.2 System engineering tasks

Systems engineering is a complex process comprising of the following

seven tasks (Bahill and Gissing).

State the Problem: It means identifying output, understanding needs,

discovering necessities and defining system functions.

Investigate Alternatives: Alternatives are looked into and evaluated.

Model the System: Running models clears up necessities, exposes

chokepoints, cuts down cost and discloses duplication of efforts.

Integrate: It means designing user interface and coordinating of

elements together so they work as a unit.

Launch the System: It means working the system and creating outputs.

Assess Performance: Performance is evaluated using valuation

criteria, technical functioning measures, etc.

Re-evaluation: Re-evaluation should be a continuous and looping

process with many parallel loops.

This process can be summarised as SIMILAR as given by Bahill and

Gissing. (See figure 1.13)

Figure 1.13: Bahill and Gissings Model of SE Process




14. The term, engineering develops from the Latin word ingenerare, which

signifies ______________.

15. ________________ symbolises dissimilar things to dissimilar people.

1.8 Summary

Let us summarise the important concepts discussed in the unit:

A system is a collection of components working together for some

purpose.

Systems have been classified into different types such as physical or

abstract systems, open or closed systems, deterministic or probabilistic

systems, man-made information systems, manual and automated

systems, real time systems, distributed systems, and business systems.

The system elements usually consist of humans, products, and tools.

A product is a facilitating element of a bigger system and is usually a

physical entity having a distinct ability such as form and function with a

defined level of performance. Products need human support to self-

apply themselves as they lack intelligence.

A tool is a support product that helps a system or user to enhance its

own performance and capabilities.

Most systems develop or evolve with time. Each new evolution brings

about changes in the system that increases the capabilities of the

previous system by employing new technologies, tools and techniques.

Inputs are entered into a system which then processes these inputs and

generates an output.

System Engineering (SE) is the multi-disciplinary engineering of

systems.

1.9 Glossary

Abstract systems: Abstract systems are theoretical or non-physical

entities.

Business systems: Systems by which business organisations achieve their

predetermined goals.

Decision Support Systems: An information system that provides the type

of information that may not be anticipated, the kind that business

professionals may require only once.



Deterministic system: A system in which the incidence of all events is

completely forecasted.

Distributed system: A system whose components are not all localised at

one place.

Information system: A set of devices, events and operating systems

intended to generate information and present it to the user for planning,

control and presentation.

Management Information System: An information system that offers

management with information necessary for implementation of smooth

business.

Office Automation Systems: Computer systems and software used to

generate, gather, stock, and communicate office information required for

completing basic tasks and goals.

Physical systems: Material entities that may be static or dynamic in

process.

Probabilistic system: A system in which the incidence of events cannot be

completely forecasted.

Product: A physical tool that has a specific aptitude with a definite level of

performance.

Real time systems: Systems that must produce the output within specified

limits of time after obtaining the requisite input.

System: Collection of components working together for a common, well

defined purpose.

Tool: A supporting product that allows a system to improve its output.

Transaction processing system: A computer based system that captures,

categorises, accumulates, maintains, updates and recovers transaction data

for record maintaining and for input to other CBIS.

1.10 Terminal Questions

1. What do you understand by a system? Also discuss the basic

implications.



2. What is a business system? Illustrate the concept of simple model of the

subsystems of a business showing some of the relationships.

3. Describe the concept of Systems, Products and Tools with examples.

4. Explain how to represent a system analytically.

5. Business is typically subdivided into various organisational subsystems.

Comment.

1.11 Answers


1. Systema

2. True

3. Deterministic

4. True

5. business

6. distributed

7. False

8. Tool

9. True

10. Software

11. False

12. Output

13. True

14. To create

15. System engineering

Terminal Questions

1. A system is defined as an arranged grouping of inter-reliant

components connected jointly as per a plan to accomplish a particular

goal. Refer section 1.2.

2. A business system is basically used to unite policies, personnel,

equipment, and computer services to organise the activities of a

business association. Business organisation is the one which

generates goods or services for consumers with an intention of

obtaining profit. Refer section 1.3.8.



3. Systems typically enclose humans, products, and tools in varying

degrees. A product is generally a physical tool or entity that has a

specific capability with a specified level of performance. A tool is a

back-up product that allows a user or system to control its own

performance. Refer section 1.4.

4. A system is represented as a simple entity by using a rectangular box.

The representation is acceptable; however, the more inputs are needed

to discover what the system performs, more evidently. Refer section

1.6.

5. Subsystems are systems in themselves. These can also be subdivided

into subsystems, which lead to effortless understanding of the

organisation all together. Refer section 1.3.

References:

Kenneth, E. Kendall and Julie E. Kendall., Systems Analysis and

Design, 5th Edition, Prentice Hall PTR, 2001.

Elias, M. Award., System Analysis and Design, Galgotia Publication Pvt.

Ltd., 1991.

Gane and Sarson., Structured System Analysis and Design, Prentice-

Hall, 1979.

Silver, G. A., and Silver, M. L., System Analysis and Design, Addison

Wesley Publishing Company, MA, 1989.

E-references:

asapm.org/asapmag/a_af.htm

eastlymeschools.org

wikibooks.org/

mbaknol.com

ebiz-wiki.com

www.web-books.com

column2.com

freetutes.com/systemanalysis

freetutes.com/systemanalysis

incose.org

Mca1040 Slm Unit 01

Documents

system system analysis

understanding of system

gravitational system

system structure

digestive system

thermodynamic system

number system

basic system components