Model Question Paper Subject Code: MC0086 Subject Name: Digital Image Processing Credits: 4 Marks: 140 Part A (One mark questions) 1. The unique feature of imaging radar is it's ability to _______________ over virtually any region at any time, regardless of weather or ambient lighting conditions. a. Penetrate clouds b. Collect data c. Flash camera d. Illuminate 2. ____________________ is one of the simplest and most appealing areas of digital image processing. a. Image acquisition b. Segmentation c. Morphological processing d. Image enhancement 3. With reference to sensing, two elements used to acquire digital images are a physical device and _____________. a. Digitalizer b. Hardware bus
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Model Question Paper
Subject Code: MC0086
Subject Name: Digital Image Processing
Credits: 4 Marks: 140
Part A (One mark questions)
1. The unique feature of imaging radar is it's ability to _______________ over virtually any
region at any time, regardless of weather or ambient lighting conditions.
a. Penetrate clouds
b. Collect data
c. Flash camera
d. Illuminate
2. ____________________ is one of the simplest and most appealing areas of digital image
processing.
a. Image acquisition
b. Segmentation
c. Morphological processing
d. Image enhancement
3. With reference to sensing, two elements used to acquire digital images are a physical device
and _____________.
a. Digitalizer
b. Hardware bus
c. Regional representation
d. ALU
4. Which of the following is used for recording images for hardcopy devices?
a. Optical fiber
b. Touch screen
c. Heat-sensitive devices
d. Transparent film
5. Which of the following quantity describes the quality of a chromatic light source?
a. Refraction
b. Dullness
c. Luminance
d. Reflectivity
6. The types of images are generated by the combination of an “illumination” source and
_____________ of energy from that source by the elements of the “scene” being imaged.
a. The reflection
b. Refraction
c. Luminance
d. Transmittance
7. One-dimensional imaging sensor strips that respond to various bands of the electromagnetic spectrum are mounted ________________ to the direction of flight. a. At 4000 * 4000 elements
b. Ring configuration
c. At 180 degrees
d. At 90 degrees
8. Individual sensors can be arranged in the form of a 2-D array. Numerous electromagnetic and
some ultrasonic sensing devices are arranged frequently in an array format. This is also the
predominant arrangement found in _________________.
a. Point and shoot cameras
b. Digital cameras
c. Viewfinder cameras
d. Box cameras
9. If the function is undersampled, then a phenomenon called___________corrupts the sampled
image.
a. Zooming
b. Aliasing
c. Pixel replicating
d. Duplicating 10. The key difference between 'zooming and shrinking' and 'sampling and quantizing' an
original continuous image is that zooming and shrinking are applied to a ________ image.
a. Digital
b. Colour
c. Undersampled
d. Oversampled
11. For______________, the value of the distance (length of path) between two pixels depends
on the values of the pixels along the path and those of their neighbours.
a. Dots
b. Pixels
c. Distance measures
d. m-connectivity
12. Mixed adjacency is a modification of ___________ and is used to eliminate the multiple path
connections that often arise when 8-adjacency is used.
a. 4-adjacency
b. 8-adjacency
c. m-adjacency
d. 2-adjacency
13. Noise added to an image generally has a higher-spatial-frequency spectrum than the normal
image components because of its spatial ______________.
a. Homomorphic filtering
b. De-corelatedness
c. Median filtering
d. Statistical Differencing
14. Non-linear techniques often provide a better trade-off between _____________ and the
retention of fine image detail.
a. Noise smoothing
b. Image integration
c. Noise spike
d. Convolution filtering
15. _____________ experiments indicate that a photograph or visual signal with accentuated or
crispened edges is often more subjectively pleasing than an exact photometric reproduction.
a. False colour
b. Enhancement procedures
c. Histogram modification
d. Psychophysical
16. ____________ involves the generation of an image by dividing each pixel value by its
estimated standard deviation.
a. Homomorphic filtering
b. Statistical differencing
c. Pseudocolor
d. Median filtering
17. In ________________ model, the imaging devices consists of lenses, mirrors, prisms and
so on which can provide a deterministic transformation of an input spatial light distribution to
some output spatial light distribution.
a. Optical system
b. General image restoration
c. Photographic process
d. Discrete image restoration 18. ______________ can be obtained by a variety of processes. The most common technique
is to produce a positive print from a colour negative transparency onto non-reversal colour
paper.
a. Reflection print
b. Colour print
c. Positive reflection print
d. Transparency 19. In ______________ technique, an ideal image is passed through a linear spatial
degradation system with an impulse response combined with additive noise for restoration of
continuous images.
a. Optical system
b. Blur impulse response
c. Blind image restoration d. Linear filtering
20. Improved restoration quality is possible with ___________ techniques, which incorporates a
priori statistical knowledge of the noise field.
a. Restoration filtering
b. Inverse filtering
c. Wiener filtering
d. Linear filtering 21. ____________ morphological algorithms are often implemented in digital image processing hardware by a pixel stacker followed by a look-up table (LUT).
a. Close and open
b. Dilation and erosion
c. Hit-or-miss
d. Additive operators
22. One of the basic additive operators is:
Diagonal Fill: Create a black pixel if creation eliminates the eight-connectivity of the
_____________.
a. Background
b. Connected neighbour
c. Foreground
d. Unconnected neighbour
23. One of the basic subtractive operators is:
____________ : Erase a black pixel with eight white neighbours.
a. Spur Remove
b. Interior Pixel Remove
c. Eight neighbour erode
d. Isolated Pixel Remove
24. Shrinking, thinning and __________ are forms of conditional erosion in which the erosion
process is controlled to prevent total erasure and to ensure connectivity.
a. Closed operation
b. Skeletonizing
c. Open operation
d. Erosion
25. ____________ is an array of numbers that are randomly distributed in amplitude and governed by some joint probability density.
a. Discrete stochastic field
b. Texture
c. Median
d. Image feature
26 ________________ analysis has proved successful in the detection and classification of coal
miner’s black lung disease.
a. Stochastic field
b. Texture
c. Fourier spectral
d. Prototype
27. The _____________ function has been suggested as the basis of a texture measure.
a. Edge Detection
b. Autocorrelation
c. Fourier Spectral
d. Transform coefficient
28. In _______________, the principal approaches in the second category are based on
partitioning an image into regions that are similar according to a set of predefined criteria.
a. Non-uniform illumination
b. Segmentation
c. Quad tree
d. Global threshold
29. In developing performance criteria for an edge detector, it is wise to distinguish between
____________ and auxiliary information to be obtained from the detector.
a. Alternate
b. Mandatory
c. Minimal
d. Analysed
30. The edge location for
discrete___________edges is usually
marked at the higher-amplitude side of
an edge transition.
a. Step
b. Spot
c. Luminance
d. Line
31. Colour images may be described quantitatively at each pixel by a set of three tristimulus
values T1, T2, T3, which are proportional to the amount of red, green and blue primary lights
required to match the _________ colour.
a. Image
b. Wavelet
c. Pixellation
d. Pixel
32. In thresholding, if T depends on the spatial coordinates x and y, the threshold is called
_____________.
a. Adaptive
b. Gray level
c. Dynamic
d. Global
33. ________________ by gradient operations tend to work well in cases involving images with
sharp intensity transitions and relatively low noise.
a. Edge linking
b. Convolution
c. Edge detection
d. First-order derivatives
34. _______________ information are utilised by edge
typically are followed by linking procedure to assemble
edge pixels into meaningful edges.
a. Local edge
b. Segmentation
c. Edge detection
d. Boundary detection
35. The simplest approaches of linking edge points is to analyse the characteristics of pixels in a small neighbourhood about every point (x, y) in an image that has undergone edge detection is known as _______________.
a. Edge linking process
b. Image segmentation
c. Local processing
d. Expansion of the node
36. ______________________ is the
dimension of box width for image-oriented
box.regions.
a. Image-oriented bounding box
b. Image-oriented box height
c. Image-oriented box width
d. Image oriented box ratio
37. ______________________ algorithms can be classified as sequential or parallel. a. Thinning and skeletonizing
b. Sequential
c. Contour following
d. Voronoi tesselation
38. _______________can be classified as raster scan or contour following.
a. Fourier descriptors
b. Sequential algorithms
c. Spatial moment
d. Topological attributes
39. A multi-dimensional wavelet transform is frequently referred in the literature as a
_________________.
a. Standard decomposition b. Wavelet decomposition c. Stationary signal d. Non-standard decomposition
40. The standard Fourier transform is especially useful for __________ signals.
a. Stationary
b. Bandwidth
c. Dilation d. Non-standard decomposition -
Part B (Two mark questions)
41. Consider the following statements:
1. In medicine, radio waves are used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This technique
places a patient in a powerful magnet and passes radio waves through his or her body in short
pulses.
2. The location from which radio wave signals originate and their strength are determined by a
computer, which produces a three-dimensional picture of a section of the patient.
State True or False.
a. 1-True, 2- False
b. 1- False, 2- True
c. 1- False, 2- False
d. 1- true, 2- True
42. Consider the following statements:
1. Compression deals with techniques for reducing the storage required to save an image, or
the bandwidth required to transmit it.
2. Segmentation processing deals with tools for extracting image components that are useful in
the representation and description of shape.
State True or False.
a. 1- True, 2- True
b. 1-False, 2- False
c. 1- True, 2- False
d. 1- False, 2- true
43. Consider the following statements:
1. A small value of ∆Ic/I means that a small percentage change in intensity is discriminable. This
represents “good” brightness discrimination.
2. a large value of ∆Ic/I means that a large percentage changes in intensity is required. This
represents “good” brightness discrimination.
State True or False:
a. 1- True, 2- False
b. 1- False, 2- True
c. 1- False, 2- False
d. 1- True, 2- True
44. Consider the following statements:
1. Spatial resolution is the smallest discernible detail in an image.
2. A widely used definition of resolution is simply the largest number of discernible line pairs per
unit distance.
State True or False:
a. 1- True, 2- True
b. 1- False, 2- False
c. 1- False, 2- true
d. 1- True, 2- False
45. An image may be subject to ____________ and ______________ from several sources
including electrical sensor noise, photographic grain noise and channel errors.
a. Amplitude scaling, Enhancement procedures
b. Image enhancement, Amplitude scaling
c. Enhancement procedures, Edge enhancement
d. Noise, Interference
46. The numerical range of the ___________ image may encompass negative values, which cannot be mapped directly into a _______ intensity range. a. Processed, Light
b. Original, Gray level
c. Enhanced, Gray level
d. Enhanced, Light
47. Consider the following statements with respect to Optical systems model:
1. In the study of geometric optics, it is assumed that light rays always travel in a straight-line
path in a homogeneous medium.
2. By this assumption, a bundle of rays passing through an opaque aperture onto a screen
produces a geometric light projection of the aperture.
State true or False:
a. 1- True, 2- True
b. 1- False, 2- False
c. 1- False, 2- true
d. 1- True, 2- False
48. An open operation consists of ___________ followed by ___________.
a. Shrinking, thinning
b. Erosion, dilation
c. Dilation, shrinking
d. Thinning, erosion
49. Dilation followed by erosion is called a ________ operation. It tends to increase the spatial
extent of an object, while the _______ operation decreases its spatial extent.
a. Subtractive operator, skeletonizing
b. Thickening, Dilation
c. Closed, open
d. Skeletonizing, additive operator
50. Consider the following statements:
1. The coefficients of a two-dimensional transform of a luminance image specify the amplitude
of the luminance patterns (two-dimensional basis functions) of a transform such that the
weighted sum of the luminance patterns is not identical to the image.
2. By this characterisation of a transform, the coefficients may be considered to indicate the
degree of correspondence of a particular luminance pattern with an image field.
State True or False:
a. 1- True, 2- False
b. 1- False, 2- True
c. 1- False, 2- False
d. 1- True, 2- True
51. Consider the following statements:
1. Many portions of images of natural scenes are devoid of sharp edges over large areas. In
these areas, the scene can often be characterised as exhibiting a consistent structure
analogous to the texture of cloth.
2. Image texture measurements can be used to segment an image and magnify its segments.
State True or False:
a. 1- True, 2- False
b. 1- False, 2- True
c. 1- True, 2- True
d. 1- False, 2- False
52. Consider the following statements:
1. An edge is marked if a significant spatial change occurs in the second derivative
2. The Laplacian G(x,y) is zero if image function F(x,y) is constant or changing linearly in
gradient.
State True or False:
a. 1- True, 2- True
b. 1- False, 2- False
c. 1- True, 2- False
d. 1- False, 2- True
53. If the rate of change of image function F(x,y) is _______ than linear. The Laplacian function
G(x,y) exhibits a sign change at the point of inflection of F(x,y). The zero crossing of G(x,y)
indicates the presence of________________.
a. Greater, an edge
b. Lesser, a spot
c. Equal or less, an edge
d. Equal or greater, a spot
54. Consider the following statements:
The following are the two additional properties of the second derivative around an edge:
1. It produces two values for every edge in an image (an undesirable feature).
2. An imaginary straight line joining the extreme positive and negative values of the second
derivative would cross zero near the midpoint of the edge (zero-crossing property).
State True or False:
a. 1- True, 2- False
b. 1- False, 2- False
c. 1- True, 3- True
d. 1- False, 2- True
55. ____________ and _____________ are features in any scene, from simple indoor scenes to noisy terrain images taken by satellite.
a. Lines, edges
b. Edges, Points
c. Gradient operator, Lines
d. Segmentation, points
56. Consider the following statements:
1. Thresholding is one of the most important approaches to image segmentation. The threshold
can be treated as the class boundary.
2. The number of thresholds is equal to the number of classes.
State True or False:
a. 1- False, 2- True
b. 1- False, 2- False
c. 1- True, 2- False
d. 1- True, 2- True
57. Consider the following statements:
In global thresholding, the following algorithm can be used to detain T automatically:
a. Select an final estimate for T.
b. Compute the average gray level values μ1 and μ2 for the pixels in regions G1 and G2.
State True or False:
a. 1- False, 2- True
b. 1- False, 2- False
c. 1- True, 2- False
d. 1- True, 2- True
58 Consider the following statements:
1. Regularly shaped objects can be described by their topological constituents.
2. Voronoi tesselation is an important tool in image analysis.
State True or False:
a. 1- True, 2- False
b. 1- False, 2- True
c. 1- True, 2- true
d. 1- False, 2- False
59. Answer the following:
a. In shape orientation descriptors, ________________ is the smallest rectangle oriented along
the major axis of the object that encompasses the object
b. In shape orientation descriptors, _________________ is the area of object-oriented bounding
box
a. Object-oriented bounding box, object-oriented box area
b. Object-oriented box height, object-oriented box width
c. Object-oriented box width, object-oriented bounding box
d. Object-oriented box ratio, object-oriented box area
60. Consider the following statements with respect to Haar transform:
1. If we consider the Walsh functions and apply the box window properly scaled and translated,
we can observe that we get a lot of duplicates in the new “basis” functions and if we remove
them we get a new set of basis functions
2. These happen to be the Walsh functions, defined by Walsh and well known today as the
bases for piece-wise constant wavelets
State True or False:
a. 1- True, 2- False
b. 1- True, 2- True
c. 1- False, 2- True
d. 1- False, 2- False
Part C (Four mark questions)
61. Consider the following statements:
Digital storage for image processing applications falls into
three principal categories:
(1) Storage during processing for long time
(2) On-line storage for relatively fast re-call
(3) archival storage, characterised by infrequent access
Consider the following statements:
Digital storage for image processing applications falls into
three principal categories:
(1) Storage during processing for long time
(2) On-line storage for relatively fast re-call
(3) archival storage, characterised by infrequent access
State True or False:
a. Statement 1 is false
b. Statement 2 is false
c. Statement 3 is false
d. All statements are true
62. Consider the following statements with respect to
brightness and discrimination:
1. The essential point in interpreting the impressive dynamic
range is that the visual system cannot operate over such a
range simultaneously.
2. Visual system accomplishes this large variation by
changes in its overall sensitivity, a phenomenon known as
brightness adaptation.
3. The range of light intensity levels to which the human
visual system can adapt is of the order of 1010 – from the
scotopic threshold to the glare limit.
4. For any given set of conditions, the current sensitivity level
of the visual system is called the discrimination level.
State True or False:
a. Statements 2, 3 & 4 are true
b. Statements 1, 2 & 3 are true
c. All statements are true
d. Statements 1, 2 & 4 are true
63. Consider the following statements:
1. The sine /cosine component with the highest frequency determines the highest
“frequency content” of the function.
2. Suppose that this highest frequency is finite and that the function is of unlimited duration
then, the Shannon sampling theorem tells us that, if the function is sampled at a rate equal
to or greater than twice its highest frequency, it is possible to recover completely the original
function from its samples.
3. If the function is oversampled, then a phenomenon called aliasing corrupts the sampled
image.
4. The corruption is in the form of additional frequency components being introduced into the
sampled function. These are called aliased frequencies.
State True or False:
a. Statements 1, 2 & 3 are true
b. Statements 2, 3 & 4 are true
c. Statements 1,3 & 4 are true
d. Statements 1,2 & 4 are true
64. Consider the following statements with respect to zooming and shrinking:
1. Zooming requires two steps: the creation of new pixel locations and the assignment of gray
levels to those new locations.
2. The spacing in the grid would be less than one pixel because we are fitting it over a bigger
image.
3. Pixel replication, the method used to generate is a special case of nearest neighbour
interpolation.
4. Pixel replication is applicable when we want to increase the size of an image an integer
number of times.
State True or False:
a. Statements 1,2 & 3 are true
b. Statements 2,3 & 4 are true
c. Statements 1, 2 & 4 are true
d. Statements 1, 3 & 4 are true
65. Match the following:
Part A
1. Histogram modification
2. Linear noise Cleaning
3. Edge crispening
4. False Color
Part B
A. Homomorphic filtering is a useful technique for image enhancement when an image is
subject to multiplicative noise or interference
B. Andrews, Hall and others have produced enhanced imagery by a histogram equalisation
process for which the histogram of the enhanced image is forced to be uniform
C. This color mapping should be recognised as a linear coordinate conversion of colors
reproduced by the primaries of the original image to a new set of primaries
D. Psychophysical experiments indicate that a photograph or visual signal with accentuated
edges is often more subjectively pleasing than an exact photometric reproduction
a. 1A, 2B, 3C, 4D
b. 1B, 2A, 3D, 4C
c. 1D, 2C, 3B, 4A
d. 1B, 2C, 3D, 4A
66. Potential degradations include diffraction in the:
1. Optical system
2. Sensor non-linearities
3. Optical system aberrations
4. Noise disturbances
Which among the above options is false?
a. Option 1 is false
b. Option 4 is false
c. Option 2 is false
d. Option 3 is false
67. The gamma estimation algorithm, which is similar to the estimation of a power spectrum
using a Fast Fourier transform, is as follows:
1. Perform inverse gamma correction to an image for a range of suspected gamma values
2. Extract two-dimensional signals x(n) from rows of the image
3. Subdivide each x(n) into K possibly overlapping segments yk(m)
4. Form the discrete Fourier transform y (u) of the kth segment
5. Form the two-dimensional bicoherence function estimate
6. Form the second-order correlation measure
7. Determine the gamma value that minimises the above equation.
Which out of the 7 statements are false?
a. Statements 1 & 2 are false
b. Statements 4 & 6 are false
c. Statements 3 & 5 are false
d. Statements 2 & 6 are false
68. Match the following with respect to subtractive operators:
Part A
1. Interior Pixel Remove
2. Spur Remove
3. Isolated Pixel Remove
4. Eight-neighbour Remove
Part B
A. Erase a black pixel if at least one eight-connected
neighbour pixel is white
B. Erase a black pixel with a single eight-connected neighbour
C. Erase a black pixel if all four-connected neighbours are
black
D. Erase a black pixel with eight white neighbours
a. 1A, 2B, 3C, 4D
b. 1D, 2C, 3B, 4A
c. 1B, 2C, 3D, 4A
d. 1C, 2B, 3D, 4A
69. Consider the following statements:
1. Natural features include the radiance of a region of pixels and gray scale textural regions.
2. Image amplitude histograms and spatial frequency spectra are examples of artificial features.
3. Image features are of major importance in the isolation of regions of common property within
an image (image segmentation) and subsequent identification or labeling of such regions
(image classification).
4. Image segmentation provides information on image classification techniques.
State True or False:
a. Statements 2, 3 & 4 are true
b. Statements 1, 2 & 3 are true
c. All statements are true
d. Statements 1, 2 & 4 are true
70. Consider the following statements:
1. Ideal edges may be viewed as two- or three-dimensional edges
2. Actual image data can then be matched against, or fitted to, the ideal edge models.
3. If the fit is sufficiently accurate at a given image location, an edge is assumed to exist with the same
parameters as those of the ideal edge model.
4. Hueckel has developed a procedure for two-dimensional edge fitting in which the pixels within the circle
are expanded in a set of two dimensional basis functions by a Fourier series in polar coordinates.
State True or False:
a. Statements 1, 2 & 3 are true
b. Statements 2, 3 & 4 are true
c. Statements 1, 2 & 4 are true
d. Statements 1,3 & 4 are true
71. Consider the following statements with respect to Line detection:
1. If the first mask were moved around an image, it would respond more strongly to lines
oriented horizontally.
2. With constant background, the maximum response would result when the line passed
through the last row of the mask.
3. This is easily verified by sketching a simple array of 1’s with a line of a different gray level
running horizontally through the array.
4. A similar experiment would reveal that the second mask responds best to lines oriented at
+45 degrees; the third mask to vertical lines; and the fourth mask to lines in the – 45 degrees
direction.
State True or False:
a. Statement 1,2 & 3 are true
b. Statement 2, 3 & 4 are true
c. Statement 1, 2 & 4 are true
d. Statement 1,3 & 4 are true
72. Consider the following steps to Region Growing:
(1) Choose the Seed pixel.
(2) Check the neighboring pixels and add to the region if they are similar to the seed.
(3) Repeat step 2 for each of the newly added pixels; stop if no more pixels can be added.
(4) Boundary needs to be drawn once the region growing has stopped.
State which of the above statements is false:
a. Statements 1, 2 & 3 are true
b. Statements 2, 3 & 4 are true
c. Statements 1, 3 & 4 are true
d. Sattements 1,2 & 4 are true
73. Consider the following statements:
1. Sequential operators are, of course, designed for sequential computers or pipeline
processors, while parallel algorithms take advantage of parallel processing architectures
2. Sequential algorithms can be classified as raster scan or contour following
3. The morphological conditional erosion operators are examples of raster scan operators
4. With these operators, pixels are examined in a 5 * 5 window and are marked for erasure or
not for erasure
State True or False:
a. All statements are true
b. Statements 1,2 & 4 are true
c. Statements 2,3 & 4 are true
d. Statements 1,2 & 3 are true
74.Match the following:
Part A
1. Minimum radius
2. Maximum radius angle
3. Radius ratio
4. Maximum radius
Part B
A. The angle of the maximum radius vector with respect
to the horizontal axis
B. Ratio of minimum radius angle to maximum radius
angle
C. The minimum distance between the centroid and a
perimeter pixel
D. The maximum distance between the centroid and a
perimeter pixel
a. 1C, 2A, 3B, 4D
b. 1A, 2B, 3C, 4D
c. 1D, 2C, 3B, 4A
d. 1B, 2C, 3D, 4A
75. Consider the following statements with respect to wavelet transforms in two dimensions:
1. There are two ways we can generalise the one-dimensional wavelet transform to two dimensions,
standard and non-standard decomposition
2. To obtain the standard composition of an image, we first apply the one-dimensional wavelet transform
to each row of pixel values.
3. This operation gives us an average value along with detail coefficients for each row.
4. We treat these transformed rows as if they were themselves an image and apply the one-dimensional
transform to each column.
State True or False:
a. All statements are true
b. Statements 1,2 & 3 are true
c. Statements 2, 3 & 4 are true
d. Statements 1, 3 & 4 are true
Answer Keys
Part - A Part - B Part - C
Q. No. Ans. Key Q. No. Ans. Key Q. No. Ans. Key Q. No. Ans. Key