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MATTER STRUCTURE & PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL CHANGES, PROPERTIES, AND CHANGES 7oB (Vermont School) By: Santiago Sanguino Juan Feipe Rico García Pedro José García Daniel Ospina Montoya
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Matter Structure & Chemical & Physical changes, properties, and processes.

Nov 18, 2014

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A brief introduction to matter structure and how chemical and physical changes affect its properties in the processes described before. For more science information follow this link, which will take you to our blog; http://biologyblogvermont7.weebly.com
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Page 1: Matter Structure & Chemical & Physical changes, properties, and processes.

MATTER STRUCTURE & PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL CHANGES, PROPERTIES, AND CHANGES

7oB (Vermont School)

By:Santiago SanguinoJuan Feipe Rico García Pedro José García Daniel Ospina Montoya

Page 2: Matter Structure & Chemical & Physical changes, properties, and processes.

ATOM HISTORY & MODELBy:Daniel Ospina

Page 3: Matter Structure & Chemical & Physical changes, properties, and processes.

Introduction• An atom is the smallest particle of any element that still

retains the characteristics of that element. Atom comes from the Greek, A (that means without) and Tom (that means division). However, atoms consist of even smaller particles. Atoms consist of a central, dense nucleus that is surrounded by one or more lightweight negatively charged particles called electrons (symbol -). The nucleus is made up of positively charged particles called protons and neutrons which are neutral (symbol o). An atom is held together by forces of attraction between the electrons and the protons, that are positive (symbol +).

Page 4: Matter Structure & Chemical & Physical changes, properties, and processes.

• The neutrons help to hold the protons together. Protons and neutrons are believed to be made up of even smaller particles called quarks. We will limit our discussions to protons, neutrons and electrons.

• During story there have been many scientists that developed different atom models.

Page 5: Matter Structure & Chemical & Physical changes, properties, and processes.

Bohr´s Model• Bohr was a Danish scientist who introduced the model of an atom in 1913. Bohr's model consists of a central nucleus surrounded by tiny particles called electrons that are orbiting the nucleus in a cloud.

• Bohr´s Model

Page 6: Matter Structure & Chemical & Physical changes, properties, and processes.

• The Bohr model was based on his observations of the atomic emissions spectrum of the hydrogen atom. When white light is diffracted with a prism, all the colors of the visible spectrum can be seen.

Page 7: Matter Structure & Chemical & Physical changes, properties, and processes.

• This led Bohr to theorize that electrons only have certain energies in an atom and they had to be in energy levels. Bohr found the energy of the colors of light that the hydrogen atom released. He used these energies to find the energies that the single electron in the hydrogen atom have.

Page 8: Matter Structure & Chemical & Physical changes, properties, and processes.

• Bohr said that the electron had to release energy to change, so the differences between the energies of light seen in the atomic spectrum should correspond to the differences in energies of the energy levels.

Page 9: Matter Structure & Chemical & Physical changes, properties, and processes.

Rutherford• Rutherford´s experiment and atomic model tested Thomson's hypothesis by devising his "gold foil" experiment. Rutherford reasoned that if Thomson's model was correct then the mass of the atom was spread out throughout the atom.

Page 10: Matter Structure & Chemical & Physical changes, properties, and processes.

• As expected, most alpha particles went right through the gold foil but to his amazement a few alpha particles rebounded almost directly backwards. These deflections were not consistent with Thomson's model. “Rutherford was forced to discard the Plum Pudding model and reasoned that the only way the alpha particles could be deflected backwards was if most of the mass in an atom was concentrated in a nucleus”.

Page 11: Matter Structure & Chemical & Physical changes, properties, and processes.

• With these results he developed the planetary model of the atom which put all the protons in the nucleus and the electrons orbited around the nucleus like planets around the sun. Rutherford´s experiment gave an atomic model similar to Bohr´s, as both refer to a “solar system”, the sun is the protons and neutrons attached together, and the electrons orbit around them as the planets.

Page 12: Matter Structure & Chemical & Physical changes, properties, and processes.

J.J Thomson• Rutherford´s atomic model

leads us to J.J Thomson. It is also known as the Chocolate Chip Cookie or Blueberry Muffin Model. You can easily picture it by imagining the said goodies. For example, you can imagine a plum pudding wherein the pudding itself is positively charged and the plums, dotting the dough, are the negatively charged electrons. For Thomson’s atomic theory model he was awarded noble prize in 1906 and he died in the year 1940.

Page 13: Matter Structure & Chemical & Physical changes, properties, and processes.

• Thomson discovered electron by the cathode ray tube. It has been previously seen that if an electric current is passed through a vacuum tube, a steam of glowing material was formed. Thomson found that the mysterious glowing stream would bend toward a positively charged electric plate. Thomson atomic theory proved that the stream is made up of small particles which is piece of the atom and is negatively charged. Thomson named these particles as electrons.

Page 14: Matter Structure & Chemical & Physical changes, properties, and processes.

Schrödinger• In 1926 Erwin Schrödinger, an

Austrian physicist, took the Bohr atom model and “take it further”. Schrödinger used mathematical equations to describe the likely finding of an electron in a certain position. This atomic model is known as the quantum mechanical model of the atom. Unlike the Bohr model, the quantum mechanical model does not shows the exact path of an electron, on the other hand, it predicts the odds of the location of the electron.

Page 15: Matter Structure & Chemical & Physical changes, properties, and processes.

• This model can be portrayed as a nucleus surrounded by an electron cloud. Where the cloud is most dense, the probability of finding the electron is greatest, and vice versa, the electron is less likely to be in a less dense area of the cloud. “Thus, this model introduced the concept of sub-energy levels”.

• Quantum mechanical model

Page 16: Matter Structure & Chemical & Physical changes, properties, and processes.

Chadwick• Until 1932, the atom was believed

to be composed of a positively charged nucleus surrounded by negatively charged particles, the electrons. In 1932, James Chadwick bombarded beryllium atoms with alpha particles. An unknown radiation was produced. Chadwick interpreted this radiation as being composed of particles with a neutral electrical charge and the approximate mass of a proton. This particle became known as the neutron. With the discovery of the neutron, an adequate model of the atom became available to chemists.

Page 17: Matter Structure & Chemical & Physical changes, properties, and processes.

References:• http://scienceblogs.com/dotphysics/2009/09/04/the-development-of-

the-atomic-model/

• http://www.colorado.edu/physics/2000/quantumzone/bohr.html• http://www.broadeducation.com/htmlDemos/AbsorbChem/HistoryAt

om/page.htm

• http://www.iun.edu/~cpanhd/C101webnotes/modern-atomic-theory/rutherford-model.html

• http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_WI2zSLl2Z_4/TQdbE0K6rHI/AAAAAAAAABA/CAD5aDQAuhA/s320/400px-ChadwicksModel.png

• http://ansnuclearcafe.org/2011/10/19/pioneers102011/• https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSqP3IU0

Ch6H-xb4HJ_YxMRrrvwQ7LAszXiqHvqgXY9YUmgz2uZ_A

• http://www.iun.edu/~cpanhd/C101webnotes/modern-atomic-theory/images/Rutherford-atom.jpg

Page 18: Matter Structure & Chemical & Physical changes, properties, and processes.

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIESBy:Santiago Sanguino

Page 19: Matter Structure & Chemical & Physical changes, properties, and processes.

Physical properties• is a characteristic of a substance that does not involve a

chemical change, such as density, color, or hardness.

Page 20: Matter Structure & Chemical & Physical changes, properties, and processes.

Chemical properties•  is a property of matter that describes a substance's ability

to participate in chemical reactions. 

Page 21: Matter Structure & Chemical & Physical changes, properties, and processes.

iron• The ability of the iron kneel to be band is a physical

property called malleability the rusting of iron is a chemical change iron reactivity with oxygen to form rust is a chemical property.

Page 22: Matter Structure & Chemical & Physical changes, properties, and processes.

Red food color• The food color on this water is red, color is a physical

property and in bleach solution changes the chemical composition of the die and it is no longer red. The abily of bleach to make other substances decolorate is a chemical properties.

Page 23: Matter Structure & Chemical & Physical changes, properties, and processes.

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROCESS AND THEIR DEFINITIONBY: PEDRO JOSÉ GARCÍA ROMERO,

Page 24: Matter Structure & Chemical & Physical changes, properties, and processes.

PHYSICAL PROCESSESS• DISTILLATION• DECANTATION• CONDENSATION• EVAPORATION• FILTRATION

Page 25: Matter Structure & Chemical & Physical changes, properties, and processes.

DISTILLATION

DEFINITION• Distillation, process used to

separate the substances composing a mixture. It involves a change of state, as of liquid to gas, and subsequent condensation. The process was probably first used in the production of intoxicating beverages. Today, refined methods of distillation are used in many industries, including the alcohol and petroleum industries.

APPARATUSThe liquid you are distilling goes into one beaker, along with a boiling chip. This beaker sits on the hot plate, since this is the liquid you will be heating. Insert a short length of glass tubing into a stopper. Connect it to one end of a length of plastic tubing. Connect the other end of the plastic tubing to a short length of glass tubing inserted into the other stopper. The distilled fluid will pass through this tubing to the second flask. Insert a short length of glass tubing into the stopper for the second flask. It is open to the air to prevent pressure buildup inside the apparatus. Place the receiving flask in a large container filled with ice water. Vapor passing through the plastic tubing will condense immediately when it comes into contact with the cooler air of the receiving flask. It's a good idea to clamp down both flasks to help keep them from tipping over by accident.

Page 26: Matter Structure & Chemical & Physical changes, properties, and processes.
Page 27: Matter Structure & Chemical & Physical changes, properties, and processes.

DECANTATION

DEFINITION• Decantation is a process

used to separate a mixture. It usually involves removing the liquid portion of a substance while leaving behind the sediment. This process is used in a variety of instances. Red wine is a common example of a substance that is decanted. Wastewater may also be processed using this method.

APPARATUSA decantation apparatus comprises a horizontally elongated vessel having a top section and a bottom section and being arranged to be filled to a predetermined level of the top section. Feed means feeds the suspension into the vessel. A distributor chamber extends lengthwise of the vessel substantially coextensive within the top section and receives the suspension from the feed means. An elongated loading well extends lengthwise of the distributor chamber below the same and substantially coextensive therewith. It communicates with the distributor chamber and projects downwardly into the bottom section. A pair of outlet channels extends lengthwise of the loading well at opposite lateral sides thereof at the level of the suspension. Discharge means is provided in the bottom section extending lengthwise of the vessel at least substantially coextensive therewith for discharging the solid component of the suspension which has settled in the bottom section.

Page 28: Matter Structure & Chemical & Physical changes, properties, and processes.
Page 29: Matter Structure & Chemical & Physical changes, properties, and processes.

CONDENSATION

DEFINITION• Condensation is the phase change of

water vapor into a liquid. During the condensation process, water molecules lose the 600 cal/gm of latent heat that were added during the evaporation process. When latent heat is released it is converted into sensible heat which warms the surrounding air. Warming the air increases its buoyancy and fuels the development of storms. Condensation takes place in the presence of condensation nuclei and when the air is nearly saturated.

APPARATUSThe invention provides an apparatus for increasing the size of gas-entrained particles in order to render the gas-entrained particles detectable by a particle detector, the apparatus comprising an evaporation chamber (2) and a condenser (7); the apparatus is configured so that vapors-laden gas from the evaporation chamber can flow into the condenser and condensation of the vaporizable substance onto gas-entrained particles in the condenser takes place to increase the size of the particles so that they are capable of being detected by a particle detector.

Page 30: Matter Structure & Chemical & Physical changes, properties, and processes.
Page 31: Matter Structure & Chemical & Physical changes, properties, and processes.

EVAPORATION

DEFINITION• Evaporation is a thermal separation

process, widely used for concentration of liquids in the form of solutions, suspensions, and emulsions. Concentration is accomplished by boiling out a solvent, normally water, from the liquid. In most cases, concentrate resulting from the evaporation process is the final product. Sometimes, however, the evaporated, volatile component is also a main product, as, for example, during solvent recovery. Evaporation processes fall into two general categories:

-Film type evaporation.-Suppressed boiling type evaporation.

APPARATUSProvided is an evaporation apparatus which reduces deformation of a mask, improves adhesion between a substrate and an evaporation mask, and improves accuracy of dividing a region on which a film is to be formed and a region on which the film is not to be formed. The evaporation apparatus includes a pressing mechanism for pressing a film forming substrate disposed on an evaporation mask including a magnetic material against the evaporation mask. The pressing mechanism includes a magnet for attracting the mask toward at least a corner portion of the film forming substrate.

Page 32: Matter Structure & Chemical & Physical changes, properties, and processes.
Page 33: Matter Structure & Chemical & Physical changes, properties, and processes.

FILTRATION

DEFINITION• The process of filtration involves the

flow of water through a granular bed, of sand or another suitable media, at a low speed. The media retains most solid matter while permitting the water to pass. The process of filtration is usually repeated to ensure adequate removal of unwanted particles in the water (Ramstorp, 2003). This type of slow filtration over a granular bed is generally known as slow sand filtration. It is the oldest method of filtration but still widely used in municipal water treatment plants today.

APPARATUSA filtration apparatus 10, includes: a filter body 4 formed by spirally winding a sheet-shaped member; and a filtration tank 1 through which water to be treated is passed, and into which the filter body 4 is charged such that the axis of the filter body 4 extends along the direction of water passage, wherein the sheet-shaped member is composed of a sheet-shaped mesh sheet 5 having holes through which the water to be treated passes, and a sheet-shaped spacer 6 through which the water to be treated passes with difficulty as compared with the mesh sheet 5, the sheet surfaces of the mesh sheet 5 and the spacer 6 being superposed on each other.

Page 34: Matter Structure & Chemical & Physical changes, properties, and processes.
Page 35: Matter Structure & Chemical & Physical changes, properties, and processes.

CHEMICAL PROCESS• BURNING COMBUSTION• OXIDATION CORROSION• FERMENTATION• REDUCTION• IONIZATION• CATALYSIS• ELECTROLYSIS

Page 36: Matter Structure & Chemical & Physical changes, properties, and processes.

BURNING CONBUSTION

DEFINITION• Combustion or burning is the

sequence of exothermic chemical reactions between a fuel and an oxidant accompanied by the production of heat and conversion of chemical species. The release of heat can produce light in the form of either glowing or a flame. Fuels of interest often include organic compounds (especially hydrocarbons) in the gas, liquid or solid phase.

APPARATUSA method of operating a combustion apparatus such as an internal combustion engine is described, in which the apparatus includes at least one combustion chamber with an inlet port for primary combustion air, an apparatus to introduce into the combustion chamber primary fuel for combustion with the primary air, an exhaust port for combustion products, and an exhaust system for exhausting the combustion products to atmosphere, the method including introducing into the exhaust system secondary air, mechanically acting upon the secondary air and products of combustion in the exhaust system in the presence of a catalyst, to produce a reformed fuel, introducing the reformed fuel into the combustion chamber for combustion with primary fuel and primary air.

Page 37: Matter Structure & Chemical & Physical changes, properties, and processes.
Page 38: Matter Structure & Chemical & Physical changes, properties, and processes.

OXIDATION CORROSION

DEFINITION• A process in which oxygen is

caused to combine with other molecules. The oxygen may be used as elemental oxygen, as in air, or in the form of an oxygen-containing molecule which is capable of giving up all or part of its oxygen. Oxidation in its broadest sense, that is, an increase in positive valence or removal of electrons, is not considered here if oxygen itself is not involved. See also Oxidation-reduction.

APPARATUSAn oxidation apparatus is described which continuously records the volume of oxygen absorbed by a sample of oil, in a closed system, maintained at constant temperature and pressure. The apparatus is automated through the use of a specially devised liquid level probe and other ancillary equipment such as recorders, timers, and temperature controllers. The apparatus can be used to compare the relative oxidation stability of various lubricants over a wide range of operating conditions.

Page 39: Matter Structure & Chemical & Physical changes, properties, and processes.
Page 40: Matter Structure & Chemical & Physical changes, properties, and processes.

FERMENTATION

DEFINITION• Fermentation is a process used to

produce wine, beer, yogurt and other products. Here's a look at the chemical process that occurs during fermentation. Fermentation is a metabolic process in which an organism converts a carbohydrate, such as starch or a sugar, into an alcohol or an acid. For example, yeast performs fermentation to obtain energy by converting sugar into alcohol. Bacteria perform fermentation, converting carbohydrates into lactic acid.

APPARATUSThe practice of fermentation is a vital process in the industry. Although fermentation can have more precise definitions, when talking about Industrial fermentation, it is a looser term referring to the breakdown of organic materials into simpler materials. Kind of a paradox in itself, fermenting culture in the industry usually refers to a highly oxygenated growth state, whereas fermentation, bio chemically speaking, it is only an anaerobic procedure.

Page 41: Matter Structure & Chemical & Physical changes, properties, and processes.
Page 42: Matter Structure & Chemical & Physical changes, properties, and processes.

REDUCTION

DEFINITION

• The chemical process of reduction is any process in which electrons are added to an atom or ion (as by removing oxygen or adding hydrogen); always occurs accompanied by oxidation of the reducing agent. To allow a sauce or stock to simmer without a lid on. This makes it thicker. This is another answer for cooking.

APPARATUS The majority of femur fractures are closed fractures in the mid-third of the femoral shaft. A very well-known fixation technique is the one using an intramedullary pin, which is inserted from the hip side. Open reduction of the fracture is mostly applied but the majority, between 85 and 93%, of the fractures are closed and therefore a more logical and safer technique would be closed reduction. However, this technique, also called blind-nailing, is more difficult. Besides an x-ray scanner with a monitor it also requires experience of the surgeon and some special tools to supply the necessary reduction forces to the proximal and distal parts of the femur. This publication describes a new designed reduction apparatus (1) that primarily simplifies blind-reduction of femur fractures, but can also be used for any other operation technique where a good grip on bones has to be provided with a minimum of tissue damage. The apparatus is designed to be used with standard Kirschner-wires and is easy to apply in combination with the existing operation techniques, and does not require special skill.

Page 43: Matter Structure & Chemical & Physical changes, properties, and processes.
Page 44: Matter Structure & Chemical & Physical changes, properties, and processes.

IONIZATION

DEFINITION

• As penetrating radiation moves from point to point in matter, it loses its energy through various interactions with the atoms it encounters. The rate at which this energy loss occurs depends upon the type and energy of the radiation and the density and atomic composition of the matter through which it is passing.

APPARATUSA sampling nozzle 21, an ion supply tube 31 leading to an analysis apparatus 50 and a barrier discharge tube 11 are connected to first, second and third ends, respectively, of a T-shaped tube 41 having three connecting ports, and the central portion of the T-shaped tube is an ionization chamber SP. The ionization chamber SP is a closed space, and ions generated therein are introduced to the analysis apparatus 50 through the ion supply tube 31. As a result, almost all of the ions are introduced into the interior of the analysis apparatus.

Page 45: Matter Structure & Chemical & Physical changes, properties, and processes.
Page 46: Matter Structure & Chemical & Physical changes, properties, and processes.

CATALYSIS

DEFINITION• A catalyst makes a reaction happen.

In a process known as catalysis, a relatively small amount of foreign material, called a catalyst, augments the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed in the reaction. A catalyst can make a reaction go faster and in a more selective manner. Because of its ability to speed up some reactions and not others, a catalyst enables a chemical process to work more efficiently and often with less waste. Hence, catalysts are important in industrial chemistry.

APPARATUSA catalyst-testing apparatus includes a heater, a U-shaped reactor, a gas flow controller, a liquid flow controller, two pressure gauges, a separator and a chromatograph. In use, under control of the gas flow controller, natural gas and air are directed to the U-shaped reactor. Under control of the liquid flow controller, pure water is directed to the U-shaped reactor. The pure water travels down the wall of the U-shaped reactor. The pure water is heated and turned into steam in a front section of the U-shaped reactor. Together with the natural gas and the air, the steam is directed to a catalyst zone in the U-shaped reactor for reaction. With the chromatograph, volumes and compositions of resultant gases are analyzed. Thus, the stability of the performance of the catalyst is tested, and the performance of the catalyst for producing hydrogen by is revealed.

Page 47: Matter Structure & Chemical & Physical changes, properties, and processes.
Page 48: Matter Structure & Chemical & Physical changes, properties, and processes.

ELECTROLYSIS

DEFINITION• An electrolytic process is the use of

electrolysis industrially to refine metals or compounds at a high purity and low cost. Some examples are the Hall-Héroult process used for aluminums, or the production of hydrogen from water. Electrolysis is usually done in bulk using hundreds of sheets of metal connected to an electric power source. In the production of copper, these pure sheets of copper are used as starter material for the cathodes, and are then lowered into a solution such as copper sulfate with the large anodes that are cast from impure (97% pure) copper. The copper from the anodes are electroplated on to the cathodes, while any impurities settle to the bottom of the tank. This forms cathodes of 99.999% pure copper.

APPARATUSAn electrolysis apparatus is disclosed and comprises a plurality of cells connected in series both on the current flow path (an electrical course being connected across the end ones of the electrodes) and the electrolyte/gas flow path (electrolyte entering one end cell through one end electrode and gas issuing from the other end cell through the other end electrode), the cells including at least one series of gas generating cells followed by at least one cooling cell. The end electrodes of a series of cells may be short circuited so that these cells become cooling cells because they are not active to generate gas and instead the electrolyte and gas flowing through them undergoes cooling. The apparatus may be arranged for generating detonating gas or may be modified for generating oxygen and hydrogen at separate outlets.

Page 49: Matter Structure & Chemical & Physical changes, properties, and processes.
Page 50: Matter Structure & Chemical & Physical changes, properties, and processes.

BIBLIOGRAPHY• http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Distillation+Processes • http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-decantation.htm • http://

www4.uwsp.edu/geo/faculty/ritter/geog101/textbook/atmospheric_moisture/condensation_process.html

• http://www.niroinc.com/news_archives/evaporation_process_principles.asp • http://www.historyofwaterfilters.com/filtration-process.html • https://fp.auburn.edu/fire/combustion.htm • http://www.answers.com/topic/oxidation-process • http://chemistry.about.com/od/lecturenoteslab1/f/What-Is-Fermentation.htm • http://www.scienceclarified.com/Oi-Ph/Oxidation-Reduction-Reaction.html • http://

www.ndted.org/EducationResources/CommunityCollege/Radiography/Physics/Ionization.htm • http

://portal.acs.org/portal/acs/corg/content?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=PP_ARTICLEMAIN&node_id=1188&content_id=CTP_003378&use_sec=true&sec_url_var=region1&__uuid=b8cdd7f8-b28b-43e7-83df-874f0cba22c4

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolytic_process • http://chemistry.about.com/od/chemistrylab/ss/How-To-Set-Up-Distillation-Apparatus.htm • http://www.faqs.org/patents/app/20110239941#b

Page 51: Matter Structure & Chemical & Physical changes, properties, and processes.

CHEMICAL & PHYSICAL PROCESS MEDICAL & INDUSTRIAL USES.

By:Juan Felipe Rico

Page 52: Matter Structure & Chemical & Physical changes, properties, and processes.

• We an use destillation destiling water,• We can use decantation when we boild the tea bags.• We can use condensation involving union between

molecules often with elimination of a simple molecule (as water) to form a new more complex compound of often greater molecular weight.

• We can use evaporation in Just one example of evaporative cooling would be the cooling of condensers beneath steam turbines.

• We can use filtration because Some people have special electro-static air filters that remove very fine particles such as pollen from the air. 

• We can use combustion in gas turbines in industries.

Page 53: Matter Structure & Chemical & Physical changes, properties, and processes.

• We can use corrosion in methods like this: Nearly all metals, with the exception of gold and platinum, will corrode in an oxide environment forming compounds such as oxides, hydroxides and sulphides.

• We can use fermentation fermenting alcohol in medicine.• We can use reduction in: To avoid fever-reducing medications like

acetaminophen or ibuprofen – or when you just don't have any handy – you can try a non-medical approach to lowering your child's fever.

• We can use ionization when we ionization radiation in the medical scanners machines.

• We can use catalysis in A simple example is the catalytic converter in all newer motor cars. These reduce emissions of nitrogen oxide (cause of acid rain; it reacts with water to form dilute nitric acid), unburned hydrocarbons (which form ozone - toxic at ground level) and carbon monoxide (CO - again a toxic gas).

• We can use electrolysis in Production of aluminum, lithium, sodium, potassium, magnesium.

Page 54: Matter Structure & Chemical & Physical changes, properties, and processes.

References:

• http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Where_do_you_use_filtration_in_your_every_day_life

• http://www.google.com.co/#hl=es-419&q=how+we+can+use+burning+combustion+in+industry&oq=how+we+can+use+burning+combustion+in+industry&gs_l=serp.3...3631.9037.0.9366.22.19.3.0.0.0.286.2175.9j9j1.19.0...0.0...1c.1.5.serp.xgRGx8E2rKQ&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.&fp=c660f8bd406c4a8d&biw=1241&bih=606

• http://hbmag.com/distilled-water-your-purest-choice/• http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20080802

172957AAhLJxt• http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/condensation• http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_are_some_of_the_indus

trial_applications_of_evaporation• http://nzic.org.nz/ChemProcesses/metals/8J.pdf• http://www.babycenter.com/404_how-can-i-reduce-my-chi

lds-fever-without-using-medicine_10338495.bc• http://infohost.nmt.edu/~jaltig/Distillation.pdf• http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1464228-overview• http://espanol.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20

080828140607AAKUhbI• http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_ways_can_electrolysis_

be_used_in_industry