Masters from Como or Masters with Machines?: Archaeological Remains of the Early magistri commacini from Newcastle to Naples

MASTERS FROM COMO ORMASTERS WITH MACHINES?

ARCHAEOLOGICAL REMAINS OFTHE EARLY magistri commaciniFROM NEWCASTLE TO NAPLESSophie Hüglin 1st July 2013

Session No 201: Wearmouth, Jarrow, and Building in Early MedievalEurope: Results from New Research

International Medieval Congress Leeds

Archäologische Bodenforschung Basel-Stadt

MASTERS OF THE MORTAR MIXERS?

1 COMACINE MASTERS: SOURCES

2 BASEL: FEATURE, FIND, THEORY

3 MORTAR MIXER-PHENOMENON

4 METAL STYLI – TOOL AND/OR CI?

5 CONCLUSION AND PROSPECT

Sophie Hüglin, 13 April 2013 2/25

Archäologische Bodenforschung Basel-Stadt Sophie Hüglin, 1st July 2013 3/25

LAKE COMOHOME OF THE COMACINE MASTERS?

COMACINA ISLAND IN LAKE COMO

MILAN

Archäologische Bodenforschung Basel-Stadt

1. Si sala fecerit, reputet tegulas in solido uno numerosexcentos; si in solario, tegulas trecentas per solidum unumvestitum: quia quindecim tegulas viginti pedes lebant.2. Si vero murum fecerit, qui usque ad pedem unum sit grossus,duplicentur mercedes, et usque ad quinque pedes subquinetur.Et de ipso muro vadant per solidum unum pedes ducenti vigintiquinque. Si vero macinam mutaverit, det pedes centum octagintain solidum unum; usque ad pedes quinque sursum, inlongitudinem vero ter quinos per tremisse.3. Similiter, si murum dealbaverit, sexcenti pedes vadat persolidum unum. Et si cum axibus clauserit et opera gallica fecerit,mille quingenti pedes in solido vestito vadant. Et si arcumvolserit, pedes duodecim vadant in solidum unum.4. Si vero materias cappelaverit maiores minores …5. De annona commacinorum. Tollant magistri annonam …5a. De opera. Similiter romanense si fecerit …6. De caminata. Si quis magistri caminatam fecerit …7. De marmorarios. Si quis axes marmoreas fecerit …7a. De furnum. Si vero furno in pensile cum caccabos fecerit …8. De puteum. Si quis puteum fecerit ad pedes centum …

Sophie Hüglin, 1st July 2013 4/25

LEGES LANGOBARDORUM (ABOUT AD 650-750)ITEM MEMORATORIO DE MERCEDESCOMMACINORVM

Archäologische Bodenforschung Basel-Stadt Sophie Hüglin, 1st July 2013 5/25

MORTAR MIXER FEATUREBASEL, MARTINSGASSE 6-8

PHOTOGRAPHS: CHRISTIAN STEGMÜLLER, ABBS

Archäologische Bodenforschung Basel-Stadt Sophie Hüglin, 1st July 2013 6/25

CONTEXT: ROMAN TO MEDIEVAL PERIODBASEL, MARTINSGASSE 6-8

GRAPHICS:PETER VON HOLZENABBS

Archäologische Bodenforschung Basel-Stadt Sophie Hüglin, 1st July 2013 7/25

MORTAR MIXER FEATUREBASEL, MARTINSGASSE 6-8

GRAPHICS: PETER VON HOLZEN, ABBS

PHOTOGRAPH:CHRISTIAN STEGMÜLLER, ABBS

Archäologische Bodenforschung Basel-Stadt Sophie Hüglin, 1st July 2013 8/25

MORTAR MIXER FEATUREBASEL, MARTINSGASSE 6-8

AD 936 -1018 (71,8 %)

CALCULATED CALIBRATEDRADIOCABONAGE FROM THEWEIGHED MEAN OF TWOCHARCOAL SAMPLES FROMTHE MORTAR(DR. G. BONANI, ETH ZÜRICH)

ILLUSTRATION: PETER VON HOLZEN - PHOTOGRAPH: CHRISTIAN STEGMÜLLER, ABBS

Archäologische Bodenforschung Basel-Stadt Sophie Hüglin, 1st July 2013 9/25

MORTAR MIXER RECONSTRUCTIONBASEL, MARTINSGASSE 6-8

CENTRAL POST ACTINGAS A PIVOT FOR AROTATING HORIZONTALBEAM WITH VERTICALPADDLES

UPRIGHT STICKSIN PAIRS IN THE BASEOF THE PIT TO IMPROVETHE MIXING PROCESS

ILLUSTRATION BYHEIDI COLOMBIARCHÄOLOGISCHE BODENFORSCHUNG BASEL-STADT

Archäologische Bodenforschung Basel-Stadt Sophie Hüglin, 1st July 2013 10/25

MORTAR MIXER FEATUREBASEL, MARTINSGASSE 6-8

GILDED BRONZE WITHCHAMPLEVÉ ENAMELINV.-NR. 2004/1.390DM. 24 mmPHOTOGRAPH: PHILIPPE SAURBECK, ABBS

ILLUSTRATION: UDO SCHÖN, ABBS

Archäologische Bodenforschung Basel-Stadt Sophie Hüglin, 1st July 2013 11/25

BASEL RULERSAT THE DATE OF THE MORTAR MIXER

KONRAD III. (AD 937-993)KING OF BURGUNDY

RUDOLF III. (AD 993-1006)KING OF BURGUNDY

HEINRICH II. (AD 1006-1024)KING OF THE EASTERN FRANKSFROM AD 1012 ONWARDSHOLY ROMAN EMPEROR

RUDOLF III. (AD 1024-1032)KING OF BURGUNDY

AD 936 -1018 (71,8 %)RADIOCARBON DATEOF THE MORTAR MIXER

Archäologische Bodenforschung Basel-Stadt Sophie Hüglin, 1st July 2013 12/25

BASLER MÜNSTERPATRONS SAINTS HEINRICH II. & KUNIGUNDE

HEINRICHSMÜNSTERCONSECRATED AD 1019

980-1033 973/978-1024

BISHOP ADALBERO(BEFORE 999-1025)

RECONSTRUCTIONBÜRO SENNHAUSER, BAD ZURZACH

Archäologische Bodenforschung Basel-Stadt Sophie Hüglin, 1st July 2013 13/25

MORTAR MIXERSDISTRIBUTION CHART

BAMBURGH CASTLE

HOLY ISLANDLINDISFARNE

SECLIN

WALLINGFORD

HÜGLIN 2011

FEATURES MOSTLY8TH-11TH CENTURY

Archäologische Bodenforschung Basel-Stadt Sophie Hüglin, 1st July 2013 14/25

MORTAR MIXERSDISTRIBUTION CHART

KIRTON/YOUNG 2012

BAMBURGH RESEARCH PROJECT (BRP) SINCE 2000EXCAVATION OF HOPE-TAYLOR 1970-1974(RE-)DISCOVERY OF A „GIN GANG“(ANIMAL POWERED CIRCULAR MILL)

Archäologische Bodenforschung Basel-Stadt Sophie Hüglin, 1st July 2013 15/25

MORTAR MIXERSDRIVING FORCE

BAMBURGH CASTLE:HOOF-PRINTS IN THESURFACE SURROUNDINGTHE MORTAR-MIXER

(photographed by Brian Hope-Taylor, 1970–74© Crown copyright: RCAHMS)

KIRTON/YOUNG 2012

Archäologische Bodenforschung Basel-Stadt Sophie Hüglin, 1st July 2013 16/25

MORTAR MIXERSDRIVING FORCE

WEBER 2004ILLUSTRATION BYRUTH BAURKANTONSARCHÄOLOGIE AARGAU

RECONSTRUCTION OF THE LENZBURG (CH) MORTAR MIXER, AFTER AD 1588

TWO MULESWEARING A COLLARIN COMBINATIONWITH A WIPPLETREE

Archäologische Bodenforschung Basel-Stadt Sophie Hüglin, 1st July 2013 17/25

WEARMOUTHMORTAR MIXERSTRUCTURE A

ANGLO-SAXON PHASE 1

AROUND 674 AD

CRAMP 2005

ACCORDING TO BEDE:ABBOT BENEDICT BISCOP(628-690) TRAVELS TO THECONTINENT TO BRING BACKBUILDERS FROM „FRANCIA“

Archäologische Bodenforschung Basel-Stadt Sophie Hüglin, 1st July 2013 18/25

WEARMOUTHMORTAR MIXERANGLO-SAXON PHASE 2

8TH/9TH CENTURY

JARROWSTYLI

CRAMP 2005

Archäologische Bodenforschung Basel-Stadt Sophie Hüglin, 1st July 2013 19/25

MAGISTRI COMMACINI – RELATED FINDSSTILI

WRITING INSTRUMENTS USED BY CANONS OR BY MASTER BUILDERS?

GNAEDIG/MARQUART 2012

Archäologische Bodenforschung Basel-Stadt Sophie Hüglin, 1st July 2013 20/25

WAX TABLETSDISTRIBUTION CHART

SCRIBE DONATIUS PEEPINGTHROUGH A HOLE ONSAINT GREGORY RECIEVINGINSPIRATION FROM THEHOLY SPIRITREGISTRUM GREGORIIAFTER AD 984TRIER, STADTBIBLIOTHEK

Archäologische Bodenforschung Basel-Stadt Sophie Hüglin, 1st July 2013 21/25

SZ-STYLI AND RECORDS OF COMACINIDISTRIBUTION CHART

S-ZTHOUGHT TO STANDFOR SAN ZENOPATRON SAINT OFMONASTERY ATVERONA AND OFTHE MAGISTRICOMACINI

Archäologische Bodenforschung Basel-Stadt Sophie Hüglin, 1st July 2013 22/26

SZ-STYLI, COMACINI RECORDS, MORTAR MIXERSCOMBINED DISTRIBUTION CHART

Archäologische Bodenforschung Basel-Stadt Sophie Hüglin, 1st July 2013 23/25

SZ-STYLUS, MORTAR MIXER AND ATTESTEDCOMACINI AT BASEL

TIMBER FROM BLACK FORESTCONSTRUCTION SITEFOR LARGE FRAMEWORKSAT THE HARBOUR?

LATE IRON AGESITE GASFABRIK

MARTINSKIRCH-SPORN

MÜNSTERHÜGELCATHEDRAL

GOOGLE

Archäologische Bodenforschung Basel-Stadt

CONCLUSION AND PROSPECT

- COMACINI PROVENANCE AND WORK METHOD

- MORTAR MIXERS PART OF A NEW SET OF

BUILDING/DECORATION METHODS, REPLACING

HUMANS BY ANIMALS: 8TH-11TH CENTURIES

- S-Z STYLI SIGNATURE AND CI OF THE COMACINI, BUT

LATER: 12TH-14TH CENTURIES

- OTHER REMAINS OF EARLY SPECIALIST BUILDERS:

MACINAE (CRANES, SCAFFOLDING …)

- OTHER METHODS ANALYSIS OF HISTORICAL

LANDSCAPE, PREDICTIVE MODELLING

Sophie Hüglin, 13 April 2013 24/25

THANK YOUFOR YOUR ATTENTION

http://www.academia.edu/1816313/Medieval_Mortar_Mixers_Revisited._Basle_and_Beyond_ZAM_39_2011sophie.hueglin@bs.ch

REFERENCES:CRAMP 2005ROSEMARY CRAMP, WEARMOUTH AND JARROW MONASTIC SITES (SWINDON 2005).

GNAEDIG & MARQUARDT 2012JÉRÉMIE GNAEDIG U. MARKUS MARQUARDT, ZWEI HOCHMITTELALTERLICHESCHREIBGRIFFEL AUS ASCHAFFENBURG. ARCH. KORRESPONDENZBLATT 42, 2012, 273.

HÜGLIN 2011SOPHIE HÜGLIN, MORTAR MIXERS REVISiTED – BASLE AND BEYOND. ZAM 39, 2011, 189–212.

KIRTON & YOUNG 2012JOANNE KIRTON & GRAEME YOUNG, AN ANGLO-SAXON MORTAR-MIXERS ATBAMBURGH CASTLE. ARCHAEOLOGIA AELIANA 2012, 41, 251-258.

WEBER 2004EVA WEBER, NEUESTE GRABUNGSERKENNTNISSE AUS DEM LANDSTÄDTCHENLENZBURG. ARGOVIA 116, 2004, 121–144.