Manifest Destiny Manifest Destiny America Claims a Continent
Dec 25, 2015
Manifest DestinyManifest Destiny
AmericaClaims a Continent
US and Texas Annexation
First attempt in 1836 is rejected by the USRepublic of Texas:
Sam HoustonFirst President – 1836 – 1838Conservative – expected statehood and his administration reflected that expectation
Mirabeau B. LamarSecond President: 1838 – 1841Responded to Annexation rejection by preparing Texas as a western rival to the US – vigorously asserted Texas ___________ westward and on the high seasReceived recognition as a sovereign state by Britain, France, Belgium and The NetherlandsExponentially increased the debt of the Republic
Republic of Texas - 1846
US and Texas Annexation1837 - 1839
03 March 1837 – US recognizes Texas independence, the last act of Jackson as president11 March 1837 – Santa Anna, home in Mexico, renounces all guarantees made to the Republic of Texas as a condition to his restoration of freedom.27 March 1837 – U.S. Secretary of State reports that treaty agreements with Mexico prohibit the U.S.'s annexing Texas.1838 June/July – John Quincy Adams speaks against the annexation of Texas all morning, every morning in the U.S. House of Representatives.12 October 1838 – Texas withdraws the offer of annexation because of the U.S. Congress' lack of action on the proposal.23 January 1839 – Texas Congress passes joint resolution approving of President Sam Houston's withdrawal of annexation proposal.
US and Texas Annexation1844 – 1845
January 1844 – President Houston submits annexation question to Texas Congress, then instructs minister to the U.S. to resume annexation talks.11 April 1844 – An annexation treaty between the U.S. and Texas signed between the two diplomats.08 June 1844 – U.S. Senate rejects the treaty (35 to 16).25 January 1845 – Joint Resolution to annex Texas passes the U.S. House of Representatives.27 February 1845 – Joint Resolution, with amendments to be voted on by the house, passes U.S. Senate (27 to 25).28 February 1845 – House adopts senate version of the joint resolution to annex the Republic of Texas (132 to 76).01 March 1845 – President Polk signs annexation resolution.03 March 1845 – Annexation offer sent to Texas president Anson Jones.
Texas and Annexation1845
MAY 19 – Cuevas-Smith treaty between Mexico and Texas signed guaranteeing Texas independence so long as it remains a separate republic. JUNE 16 – Texas Congress meets in special session to consider both the proposed Mexican treaty and the annexation resolution from the U.S. Congress. U.S. offer accepted. JULY 4 – Convention meets to consider both the Mexican treaty and the U.S. annexation resolution. U.S. offer accepted by Convention. OCTOBER 13 – Annexation ordinance and state constitution submitted to the Texas voters for approval. (The vote tally on November 10, 1845, was 4,254 to 267 in favor of annexation; the total vote, compiled January 1, 1846, was 7,664 to 430 in favor of annexation.) DECEMBER 16 – U.S. House votes to annex Texas by Joint Resolution (141 to 58--21 abstaining). DECEMBER 22 – U.S. Senates approves joint resolution for the admission of Texas as a state (31 to 14, 7 abstaining). DECEMBER 29 – President signs the Joint Resolution. “Texas officially the 28th state on this date.
Disputed Boundaries: Mexico & Texas
19 February 1846 – Texas President Anson Jones declares “The Republic of Texas is no more.”
The transfer of government is completed when Governor J. Pinckney Henderson takes the oath of office.
The United States agreed to maintain the boundaries set by the Texas congress in late 1836 at the Rio Grande.
Mexican-American War1845 - 1846
Event Date Location Significance
Mexico snubs SlidellNovember 1845
Mexico CityPres. Polk instructs John Slidell to offer up to $25 million for New Mexico and California. Insulted Mexicans refuse to see Slidell.
Polk orders troops to southern Texas
January 1846
Rio Grande River
Zachary Taylor and 4000 men are sent to disputed territory, expecting attack. Conflict with Mexican troops results in 16 American casualties.
Congress declares war on Mexico
May 1846Washington, D.C.
Polk asks for war with Mexico. Northern Whigs fear victory would add more slave states to U.S. Declaration passes 40-2 in Senate, 174-14 in House. Whig Congressman Lincoln asks for the spot on American soil where American blood was shed.
Bear Flag Republic established
June 1846Northern California
John C. Fremont and volunteers capture town of Sonoma and hoist Bear Flag.
Americans capture Monterey
July 1846Monterey, California
250 sailors capture Mexico's California capital without a shot.
Kearny takes Santa FeAugust 1846
New MexicoMarching from Kansas to California, Stephen Kearny's 1700 men take key Mexican trading post.
Battle of San PascualDecember 1846
San Diego, California
In fierce fighting, Kearny's forces barely survive attack of Mexican lancers.
Mexican-American War1847 - 1848
Event Date Location Significance
Battle of San GabrielJanuary 1847
San Gabriel, California
Californio forces retreat as American forces cross San Gabriel River and take Los Angeles
Battle of Buena VistaFebruary 1847
Central MexicoWith a much larger army (20,000 to Taylor's 5,000), Santa Anna is unable to defeat Taylor's American forces.
Veracruz March 1847East coast of Mexico
Winfield Scott and 14,000 men capture port and begin following Cortez's route to Mexico City
Mexico CitySeptember 1847
Central MexicoU.S. captures city. Santa Anna loses 4,000 of his 25,000-man army, while Scott loses 900 of his 10,000.
Treaty of Guadalupe HidalgoFebruary 2, 1848
Central Mexico
Mexico gives up all claim to Texas. U.S. pays Mexico $15 million and agrees to assume American citizens' claims ($3,250,000) against Mexico. Expansionists call for "All Mexico." Senate passes treaty 38-14.
Mexican American War
Polk’s Generals
<= Zachary Taylor“Old Rough & Ready”
Winfield Scott =>“Old Fuss & Feathers”
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Mexico:Gave up claims to TexasCeded Nm & CA to U.S.
United States:Paid Mexico $15 millionAssumed $3.25 million in claims against Mexico
The Mexican Cession
Land taken from Mexico formed:
New MexicoArizonaUtahNevadaCalifornia
Parts of:Texas WyomingColorado
The War’s Legacies
Completed nation’s __________ __________ with the exception of the Gadsden Purchase
Expanded scope of __________ __________Made war heroes of Scott & Taylor (both had
political ambitions)Fostered an initial burst of __________ _________On calmer reflection, seen as a war of __________Provoked a violent debate about expansion of
slavery into __________ __________