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Malarial parasite Presented by : MARIAM RAZI B.S Medical Technology 5 th semester
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Page 1: Malaria  Parasite

Malarial parasite

Presented by :MARIAM RAZIB.S Medical Technology 5th semester

Page 2: Malaria  Parasite

MALARIAItalian, Mala “bad” aria “air”

• Malaria is a mosquito borne parasitic disease• Caused by plasmodium parasites• Transmitted by the sting of the Anopheles mosquito

or by a contaminated needle or transfusion• Tropical and subtropical regions• 300 to 500 million cases annually• Mortality rate is 1.1-2.7 million / year• One death every 20 to 30 seconds, somewhere in

the world

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HISTORY OF MALARIA

• The first evidence of malaria parasites had been found in mosquitoes preserved in amber from the Paleogene period that are approximately 30 million years old

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• 500 B.C_ Hippocrates Classified the fever types Noted relation ship b/w

enlarged spleen and marshes

• First Century AD_ Roman writersAttributed malarial

diseases to the swamps

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• 1880-laveran_ discovered plasmodium in human blood

• 1885- Golgi_ erythrocytic schizogony in man

• 1894 – Manson_ role of mosquito in malaria

• 1857-Ronald Ross _ sexual cycle in mosquito

• 1948-Short and Graham _ pre erythrocytic schizogony

• 1969 – Rudzinska – fine structure of plasmodium

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Malarial parasite

• There are four species of Plasmodium that cause Malaria in man :

P. falciparum (malignant, TERTIAN)P. vivax (benign, TERTIAN) P. ovale (TERTIAN)P. malariae (QUARTAN)

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Life cycle of malarial parasite

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Lab Diagnosis

Method used to diagnose:

• Microscopy• Serology – Rapid Diagnostic Tests• Molecular biology method (PCR)

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Microscopy

• Gold standard • Highly sensitive, specific • Laboratory diagnosis of malaria can by made

through microscopic examination of thick or thin blood smear

Thick smears are used for screening purposes

Thin smears are for morphological detail and species identification

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Appearance of thick and thin smear

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Staining methods

• Giemsa staining • Lieshman's stain

• Field’s stain

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Microscopic Findings

• The four Plasmodium species that cause human malaria can be distinguished most of the time (but not always) based on the morphology of their blood stages

The distinguishable stages:

• Ring form trophozoite

• Trophozoite

• Shizont

• Gametocyte

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DIAGNOSTIC POINTS

P. falciparum P. vivax

RBC Size Not enlarged Enlarged

RBC Shape

Round, sometimes crenated Amoeboid

Stippling Rarely, Maurer’s clefts can be seen. Schuffner's dots

Pigment Black or dark brown Golden brown granules

Ring Fine ring, multiple infection1-2 small chromatin dots

Thick ring , often irregularone chromatin dot

Trophozoite Ring enlarged slightly irregular Irregular, amoeboid

Schizont Medium size; rarely seen in peripheral blood 19-32 merozoite

Large; 12-18 merozoite; arranged irregularly

Gametocyte

Crescent shape Spherical; compact

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Trophozoite

Shizont Gametocyte

Maurer's clefts. Ring

P. falciparum

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Trophozoite

Gametocyte

Shizont

Rings

P. vivax

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DIAGNOSTIC POINTS

P.MALRIAE P.OVALE

RBC Size Not enlarged Enlarged

RBC Shape Elongation Fimbriation

Stippling Ziemann's dots, Schuffner's dots

Pigment Dark black. Black to brownish-black.

Ring Thick ring; one chromatin dot Rings large and coarse, one chromatin dot.

Trophozoite Band forms are a characteristic of this species.

Round , compact

Schizont Small; 9-10 merozoite arranged as rosette

Medium size; 8-14 merozoite arranged irregularly

Gametocyte Similar to P. vivax, but smaller Like P. vivax, but smaller

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Rings Trophozoite

Shizont Gametocyte

P.MALRIAE

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Rings Trophozoite

Shizont Gametocyte

P.OVALE

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Reporting of blood film

• 1-10 per 100 high power fields….........................+

• 11-100 per 100 high power fields…………………+ +

• 1-10 in every high power fields……………………. + + +

• More than 10 in every high power fields………….. + + + +

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Other findings :

• Normocytic and normchromic

• Hemoglobin: Anemia is common in malaria.

• Reticulocytes count: Reticulocytosis

• Total leukocyte count: Leukopenia is seen

• Platelet count: Thrombocytopenia

• Prothrombin time : Rises

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81.4%

17.9%

1%0.0%

10.0%

20.0%

30.0%

40.0%

50.0%

60.0%

70.0%

80.0%

90.0%

P.vivax P.falciparum P.vivax &

falciparum

P.vivax

P.falciparum

P.vivax &

falciparum

MALARIAL PARASITE REPORTED IN LNH 2008

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COMPLICATIONS

• Cerebral malaria • Adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)• Black water fever (severe hemolysis)•  Renal failure• Tropical splenomegaly syndrome (TSS)• Bone Marrow Depression • Hypoglycemia • Anemia

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Malaria control

Spry insecticides :(e.g. DDT)

Use mosquito nets, screen, or mosquito repellents to protect the person from mosquito bites.

Reconstruction of environment: eradicate the breeding places of mosquitoes.

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