Makalah 1_2011.pdf

No. 1/2011

Abstracts of Selected Articles

Compiled by Library, UPP

Malaysian Rubber Board

February 2011

ECONOMICS

Glove Industry ............................................................................................................. 1

Glove Industry – Malaysia ........................................................................................... 1

Latex Industry – Asia ................................................................................................... 1

Nitrile Latex – Malaysia .............................................................................................. 2

NR Prices – China ........................................................................................................ 2

NR Prices – India ......................................................................................................... 2

Synthetic Rubber – History .......................................................................................... 3

Tyres– Prices ................................................................................................................ 3

HEVEA

Chilling Stress and Recovery ....................................................................................... 3

Intercropping ................................................................................................................ 4

Latex Biochemistry ...................................................................................................... 4-5

Molecular Cloning/Genetics ........................................................................................ 5-6

Tapping Panel Dryness ................................................................................................ 7

LATEX CHEMISTRY & TECHNOLOGY

Electrical Conductivity ................................................................................................ 7

Gloves - Antimicrobial Technology ............................................................................ 7-8

Guayule Latex .............................................................................................................. 8

Latex Allergy ............................................................................................................... 8

RUBBER CHEMISTRY & TECHNOLOGY

Fracture ........................................................................................................................ 9

Nanocomposites ........................................................................................................... 9

Fillers – Rice/Wheat Husk ........................................................................................... 10

Tearing Energy............................................................................................................. 10

Thermoplastic Natural Rubber ..................................................................................... 11

Viscoelastic Properties ................................................................................................. 11

Vulcanized Rubber....................................................................................................... 11-12

TYRES

Rolling Resistance ....................................................................................................... 12

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Tyre Testing Centre – India ......................................................................................... 12

Tyres – Friction ............................................................................................................ 12-13

Tyres – Performance .................................................................................................... 13

Tyres – Silica and Silanes ............................................................................................ 13

Tyres-- Testing ............................................................................................................. 13-14

OTHERS

Alternative Crops ......................................................................................................... 14

Biofuel.......................................................................................................................... 14

Oil Palm Fibre Composites .......................................................................................... 15

Research Management ................................................................................................. 15-16

Fauziah A. Rahman

Chief Librarian

UPP

28th

February 2011

mailto:[email protected]

No. 1/2011


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No. 1/2011


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ECONOMICS

GLOVE INDUSTRY

Abraham, K.

SR (XNBR) complements NR in glove industry‟s growth : Dr. Soren Butz

Rubber Asia 2010 24(5) p. 39-43(No.1)

SR (XNBR) is a complementary addition to NR and a guarantee for long-term

growth of the glove industry, says Dr. Soren Butz, Global Head for Dipping Industry and

Director of Marketing, Sales and Application Technology, PolymerLatex. According to

Dr. Butz, SR (XNBR) is a very attractive choice for the glove industry due to a plenty of

reason that will support the growth of gloves industry in the world. Moreover, SR

(XNBR) latices are innovative products with a continuous development over the last

decade.

GLOVE INDUSTRY – MALAYSIA

Anon

Malaysia will retain No.1 slot in rubber gloves

Rubber Asia MARGMA Special 2010 p. 9-12(No.2)

Lee Kim Meow, President of Malaysian Rubber Gloves Manufacturers‟

Association (MARGMA), is the Executive Director of Top Glove Corporation Bhd, the

world‟s largest rubber gloves manufacturer, based in Malaysia. In this article are his

views on the industry.

LATEX INDUSTRY – ASIA

Ouseph, T.

World latex industry : Asia‟s leads, erratic supply makes market frenetic


Asia, dominates the world‟s latex industry, producing over 90% of the world

output. However, latex concentrate has been in the grip of price volatility for the most

part of time due to erratic supply, with prices currently ruling high at around US$ 2.2 in

the producing countries. World supply of latex concentrate has been estimated at around

one million tonnes a year in dry rubber content terms. This comes to about 13% of the

global supply of natural rubber. Of the world output of latex concentrate, over 90%

comes from Asia and the rest from the African and Latin American countries.

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NITRILE LATEX – MALAYSIA

Anon.

A stepping stone into Asia

Rubber Asia 2010 24(5) p. 38-39(No.4)

With the launch of the world-scale nitrile latex plant in Johor, PolmerLatex will

be able to encourage Malaysia‟s growth within the latex industry which is already the

world‟s largest exporter and producer of both nitrile and natural rubber gloves. What‟s

even more important, this strategically located plant will also act as a stepping stone for

PolymerLatex‟s foray into Asia, says Vinny Bhalla, the seasoned Managing Director &

CEO, in an interview to Rubber Asia.

NR PRICES – CHINA

Anon.

High NR prices hit China firms

Polymers & Tyre Asia 2010 1(4) p.16(No.5)

China, the world‟s number one tyre manufacturer in volume terms, is facing

natural rubber shortages. The country‟s limited NR yield is unable to meet the rising

demand of the tyre and non-tyre industry, according to China Natural Rubber

Association. China‟s natural rubber output has shown a remarkable 13.6% increase in

2009 touching 644,000 tonnes, but it has been insufficient to meet the tyre and rubber

manufacturing companies.

NR PRICES – INDIA

Anon.

NR price rise hurts industry growth

Polymer & Tyre Asia 2010 1(4) p.14, 22(No.6)

The Indian tyre industry, which is at a critical juncture of its growth and

development, is facing tight squeeze on margins because of runaway rubber prices and a

flood of cheap imports. With billions of new investment-dollars on the ground and in the

pipeline, it is facing unprecedented challenges to its future growth.

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SYNTHETIC RUBBER - HISTORY

Sharifah Zohra Jabeen

History of SR : SR will stay strong on burgeoning demand

Rubber Asia 2010 24(5) p. 73-74(No.7)

A war-born material, synthetic rubber has become indispensable to the modern

world thanks to its wide–ranging applications and the volatility of natural rubber supply

globally. Tracing the resilience of the synthetic rubber industry from its creation to

current challenges offers valuable lessons for today‟s expanding industry.

TYRES – PRICES

Moore, M.

Tire prices aren‟t done escalating

Rubber & Plastic News 2010 40(8) p. 1-20(No.8)

A “perfect storm” of circumstances-including floods in Thailand, a weaker U.S

dollar and higher commodity prices in general; have caused natural rubber prices to leap

to unprecedented levels. Furthermore, because of the long-term nature, NR prices will

continue to increase in the foreseeable future.

HEVEA

CHILLING STRESS AND RECOVERY

Mai, J., et al.

Contrasting strategies to cope with chilling stress among clones of tropical tree, Hevea

brasiliensis

Tree Physiology 2010 0 p. 1-12(No.9)

Eight Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg. clones (GT1, YUNYAN77-4, IRCA707,

IRCA317, PB217, PB260, PR107 and RRIM600) were compared for their tolerance

towards chilling stress. Net photosynthesis (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), optimal and

effective photochemical efficiencies (Fᵥ/Fm and Fʹᵥ/Fʹm), non-photochemical quenching,

cellular lysis and leaf necrosis were measured on trees chilled at 10°C for 96 h, as well as

upon recovery at 28°C. In addition, ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, dehydroascorbate

reductase, glutathione reductase, monodehydroascorbate reductase and superoxide

dismustase activities were monitored.

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INTERCROPPING

Gonkhamdee, S., et al.

Effect of cern (Zea mays L.) on the local and overall root development of young rubber

tree (Hevea brasiliensis Muel. Arg)

Plant Soil 2010 334 p. 335-351(No.10)

Understanding better the root systems in crops is significant for basic knowledge

in plant science and designing the crop systems. Current research on inter-specific root

interactions concentrates on static descriptions of the horizontal extension of root systems

or on the dynamics of provoked root encounters. This study considers detailed

observations of the dynamics of inter-specific root interactions, in the vertical plane, at

both the whole root system and the individual root levels.

LATEX BIOCHEMISTRY

Chui, F-C; Pan, X-L; Liu, J-Y.

Catalytic mechanism of Hydrogenitrile Lyase from Hevea brasiliensis : a theoretical

investigation

J. Phys. Chem. 2010 114 p. 9622-9628(No.11)

Hydroxynitrile lyases, HNLs(EC 4.1.2.39), are important enzymes for the

catabolism of cyanogenic glycosides during cyanogenesis¹ and metabolism seedling

development in several species of cyanogenic plants.

Dusotoit-Coucaud, A., et al.

Ethylene stimulation of latex yield depends on the expression of a sucrose transporter

(HbSUT1B) in rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis)

Tree Physiology 2010 30 p.1586-1598(No.12)

Hevea brasiliensis is an important industrial crop for natural rubber production.

Latex biosynthesis occurs in the cytoplasm of highly specialized latex cells and requires

sucrose as the unique precursor. Ethylene stimulation of latex production results in high

sugar flow from the surrounding cells of inner bark towards the latex cells. The aim of

this work is to understand the role of seven bark towards the latex cells and also to

understand the role of seven sucrose transporters (HbSUTs) and one hexose transporter

(HbHXT1) in this process.

Intapun, J., et al.

Effect of microorganisms during the initial coagulum maturation of Hevea natural rubber

Journal of Applied Polymer Science 2010 118 p.1341-1348(No.13)

The involvement of microorganisms in the initial stage of maturation of natural

rubber coagula was assessed with five latex treatments that varied in the initial quantity

of microorganisms; the treatments ranged from latex added with an antimicrobial agent

(3.4 × 104 CFU / mL) to strongly inoculated latex (2.4 × 107 CFU / mL). After 0-6 days of

maturation, the obtained rubber was characterized with respect to its physical and

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structural properties. The Wallace plasticity (Pₒ) and plasticity retention index (PRI)

remained constant during maturation with the antibiotic-added treatment.

Lacote, R., et al.

Long-term effect of ethylene stimulation on the yield of rubber trees is linked to latex cell

biochemistry

Field Crop Research 2010 115 p. 94-98(No.14)

Ethylene stimulation with ethephon (2-chloroethylphosphonic acid) is nowadays

essential for increasing latex production in the rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis): both

small-scale planters and agro-industrial plantations worldwide use of ethephon. Ethylene

stimulation strongly influences cumulative yield and latex cell biochemistry. The purpose

of this study is to characterise the long-term behaviour of the rubber tree under ethephon

treatment.

MOLECULAR CLONING/GENETICS

Bangrak, P.; Chotigeat, W.

Molecular cloning and biochemical characterization of a novel cystatin from Hevea

rubber latex

Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 2011 p. 1-7(No.15)

A novel cDNA encoding a cysteine proteinase inhibitor or phytocystatin was

isolated from Hevea brasiliensis RRIM600 rubber latex cDNA library. The full-length

HbCPI obtained from rapid amplification of cDNA ends contains 588 bp. An open

reading frame of 306 bp encodes for a protein of 101 amino acids with the typical

inhibitory motifs of phytocystatin superfamily, namely the central signature motif

QXVXG, a GG doublet and LARFAV-like motifs in the N-terminal part, and conserved

A/PW residues in the C-terminal region.

Deng, Z., at al.

Molecular cloning and characterization of an actin-depolymerizing factor gene in Hevea

brasiliensis

African Journal of Biotechnology 2010 9(45) P. 7603-7610(No.16)

Actin-depolymerizing factor (ADF) plays an important role in regulating actin

dynamics by maintaining the optimum equilibrium between unpolymerized actin

molecules and assembled actin filaments in different cellular processes. In this study, the

first ADF gene in Hevea brasiliensis designated as HbADF, was isolated.

Duan, C., et al.

Gene expression pattern in response to wounding, methyl jasmonate and ethylene in the

bark of Hevea brasiliensis

Tree Physiology 2010 p. 1-11(No.17)

Natural rubber production in Hevea brasiliensis is determined by both tapping

and ethephon frequencies. It is affected by a complex physiological disorder called

tapping panel dryness. This syndrome is likely to be induced by environmental and latex

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harvesting stresses. Defence responses, including rubber biosynthesis, are dramatically

mediated by wounding, jasmonate and ethylene (ET), among other factors. Using real-

time RT-PCR, the effects of wounding, methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and ET on the relative

transcript abundance of a set of 25 genes involved in their signalling and metabolic

pathways were studied in the bark of 3-month-old epicormic shoots. Temporal regulation

was found for 9 out of 25 genes.

Dusotoid-Caucaud, A., et al.

Cloning and characterization of a new polyol transporter (HbPLT2) in Hevea brasiliensis

Plant Cell Physiology 2010 51(11) P. 1878-1888(No.18)

Quebrachitol is a cyclic polyol and along with sucrose, is one of the main sugars

in Hevea latex. However, in contrast to sucrose, the mechanism and regulation of

quebrachitol absorption is still unknown. Screening a latex-derived cDNA library using

polyol transporter-specific probes, two full-length cDNA were isolated, and named

HbPLT1 and HbPLT2 (for Hevea brasiliensis polyol transporter 1 and 2, respectively).

Their respective sequences exhibited close similarity with the previously cloned acyclic

sugar polyol transporters and shared the main features of the major facilitative

superfamily.

Leclercq, J., at al.

The green fluorescent protein as an efficient selection marker for Agrobacterium

tumerfaciens-mediated transformation in Hevea brasiliensis (Mull. Arg.)

Plant Cell Rep. 2010 29 p. 513-522(No.19)

An efficient genetic transformation procedure using a recombinant green

fluorescent protein (GFP) has been developed in Hevea brasiliensis clone PB260.

Transformation experiments have been performed using an Agrobacterium tumefaciens

binary vector harbouring both uidA and S65T-GFP reporter genes in order to compare the

selection methods using glucuronidase assay (GUS activity) and paromomycin resistance,

GFP activity and paromomycin resistance, or GFP activity only.

Zhu, J., et al.

HbMT2, an ethephon-induced metallothionein gene from Hevea brasiliensis responds to

H2O2 stress

Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 2010 48 p. 710-715(No.20)

Metallothineins (MTs) are the cysteine-rich proteins with low molecular weight,

which plays an important role in maintaining the intracellular ion homeostasis,

detoxification of heavy metal ions and protect against intracellular oxidative damages. In

this study, a novel ethephon-induced metallothionein gene, designated as HbMT2, was

isolated and characterized from Hevea brasiliensis. The HbMT2 cDNA contained a 237

bp open reading frame encoding 78 amino acids and the deduced protein showed high

similarity to the type 2 MTs from other plant species. Expression analysis revealed a

more significant accumulation of HbMT2 transcripts in leaves and latex than in roots and

barks.

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TAPPING PANEL DRYNESS

Li, D., et al.

Identification and characterisation of genes associated with tapping panel dryness from

Hevea brasiliensis latex using suppression subtractive hybridisation

BMC Plant Biology 2010 10(140) p. 1-12(No.21)

Tapping panel dryness (TPD) is one of the most serious threats to natural rubber

production. Although a great deal of effort has been made to study TPD in rubber tree,

the molecular mechanisms underlying TPD remain poorly understood. Identification and

systematical analyses of the genes associated with TPD are the prerequisites for

elucidating the molecular mechanisms involved in TPD. The present study is undertaken

to generate information about the genes related to TPD in rubber tree.

LATEX CHEMISTRY & TECHNOLOGY

ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY

Grossiord, N., et al.

Isotactis polypropylene/carbon nanotube composites prepared by latex technology:

electrical conductivity study

European Polymer Journal 2010 46 p. 1833-1843(No.22)

Several series of nanocomposites were prepared using a latex-based process, the

main step of which consisted of mixing an aqueous suspension of exfoliated carbon

nanotubes (CNTs) and a polymer latex. In the present work, a systematic study on the

electrical properties of fully amorphous (polystyrene – PS) as well as semi-crystalline

(isotactic polypropylene-iPP) nanocomposites containing either single-wall (SWCNTs)

or multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) has been conducted.

GLOVES – ANTIMICROBIAL TECHNOLOGY

Howe, W.L.

Antimicrobial technology for medical gloves : new market segment or fad?


The glove market has experienced dramatic raw material price increases across

the board recently – suppliers of natural rubber, nitrile, chloroprene, and even PVC have

been increasing prices to cover their rising costs and industry demand. Other than this,

the glove market has candidly been a somewhat uneventful industry to follow these days

at least for those outside of the industry itself; not because of the lack of industry growth,

but instead because of the lack of earthshaking advances on the technology front. Strong

evidence exists to support the further advancement of antimicrobial technology for use

with medical gloves; but is the marketplace ready and willing to pay a premium for this

enhanced hand and human protection against deadly bacteria and viruses?

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GUAYULE LATEX

Coffeh, T.A.; Ray, D.T.

Cutting height effects on guayule latex, rubber and resin yields

Industrial Crops and Products 2010 32 p. 264-268(No.24)

Guayule (Parthenium argentatum Gray) is a perennial shrub native to the

Chihuahuan Desert. While guayule traditionally has been cultivated for rubber, more

recently it is being cultivated for its hypoallergenic latex. Other uses including termite

resistant wood products and as an energy source have also been identified. Major

advances have been made since 1970 in the development of improved guayule

germplasm. However, the effects of harvesting practices such as cutting height and

frequency on latex concentration and yield of newly developed germplasm have not been

reported. These results are needed in order to develop production schemes for successful

commerciallization of guayule. The objectives of these study were to determine the yield

and concentration of latex, rubber and resin of five guayule lines harvested at two cutting

heights over 3 years and five harvesting schedules.

LATEX ALLERGY

Bains, S.N., et al.

Identification of clinically relevant cross-sensitization between Soliadgo virgaurea

(Goldenrod) and Hevea brasiliensis (Natural rubber latex)

J. Investig. Allergol. Clin. Immunol 2010 20(4) p. 331-339(No.25)

Solidago virgaurea (goldenrod) is a perennial weed from which no allergens have

been identified. A high latex content in its leaves has been reported. Although not an

airborne allergen, it may be an important occupational sensitizer. The aim of this study

was to identify allergenic proteins in goldenrod and to determine whether they cross-react

with Hevea brasiliensis latex.

Hamilton, R.G.; Cornish, K.

Immunogenicity studies of guayule and guayule latex in occupationally exposed workers.


Type I Hevea brasiliensis rubber latex allergy is managed by avoidance, using

synthetic and alternative latex (such as Parthenium argentatum, guayule) products. This

study investigates the ability of high-dose occupational exposure to guayule

shrub/homogenate/latex to induce guayule-specific antibody responses in employees

(Yulex Corporation). Participants completed an allergy history/guayule exposure

questionnaire and provided annual blood samples from 2006 to 2008.

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RUBBER CHEMISTRY & TECHNOLOGY

FRACTURE

Yamabe, J.; Matsumoto, T.; Nishimura, S.;

Application of acoustic emission method to detection of internal fracture of sealing

rubber material by high-pressure hydrogen decompression

Polymer Testing 2011 30 p. 76-85(No.27)

An acoustic emission (AE) method was used to detect internal fracture of sealing

rubber material by high pressure hydrogen decompression. According to the preliminary

results, AE signals were hardly detected during the tensile test in air, but many signals

were detected during the static crack growth test in air. AE measurement of hydrogen

exposed specimens was also conducted. With the increase in number and size of internal

cracks generated due to high pressure hydrogen decompression, the AE event count and

amplitude also increased.

Soma, P., et al.

A fracture mechanics approach for evaluating the effects of heat aging on fatigue crack

growth of vulcanized Natural Rubber

Journal of Solid Mechanics and Materials Engineering 2010 4(6) p. 727(No.28)

Influence of heat aging on fatigue crack growth properties of vulcanized natural

rubber used in engine mount applications were studied based on fracture mechanics

approach. Heat aging of the pure shear specimens was carried out at 70°C and 100°C for

a period ranging from 24h to 168h. the tearing energy at various tensile strains was

calculated from the stress-strain curves obtained from the static tests of the specimens.

Fatigue crack growth rate was calculated from the cyclic tests of the specimens at

constant displacement conditions and results were presented as a function of tearing

energy.

NANOCOMPOSITES

Chakraborty, S., et al.

Study of the properties of in-situ sodium activated and organomodified bentonite clay -

SBR rubber nanocomposites – Part I : Characterization and rheometric properties


This paper presents a detailed characterization and rheometric property study in-

situ sodium activated, organomodified bentonite clay – styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR)

nanocomposite. It was found that around 10 p.h.r loading was the optimum level for

maximum effect of the organo clay. The WAXD data indicated, that at a higher loading

there was formation of agglomerations in the matrix. It was found that organo clay

compound exhibited lower maximum torque in comparison to equivalent amount of

carbon black loaded compound.

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FILLERS—RICE/WHEAT HUSK

Phrommedetch, S.; Pattamaprom, C.;

Compatibility improvement of Rice Husk and Baggase Ashes with Natural Rubber by

Morten-State Maleation

European Journal of Scientific Research 2010 43(3) p. 411-416(No.30)

Rice husks and baggasses are prevalent industrial from rice mills and sugar

industries, respectively. In Thailand, these industrial wastes were normally used as fuel

sources and most of the ashes remained after combustion were disposed of as land fill.

Some researchers have proposed to use them for various applications including

reinforcing fillers in rubber composites to increase their values. Since the surfaces of rice

husk and bagasse ashes are hydrophilic, the compatibility of these ashes with rubber is

expected to be low. In this study, modification of natural rubber into maleated natural

rubber was proposed to improve the hydrophilicity of natural rubber and the

compatibility with those agricultural waste fillers.

Sobhy, M.S.; Tammam, M.T.

The influence of fiber length and concentration on the physical properties of wheat husk

fibers rubber composites

International Journal of Polymer Science 2010 p. 1-8(No.31)

Ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer (EPDM)/wheat husk fibers (WHFs)

composites were prepared using a laboratory size two-roll mill. Cure characteristic and

some physical properties such as swelling, mechanical, and thermal properties of the

vulcanizates were studied. The adhesion status between the WHF and rubber matrix is

lacked in general, but it started to reinforce the matrix at higher WHF contents where a

higher restriction to molecular motion of the macromolecules with uniformed stress

distribution of the fibers is produced.

TEARING ENERGY

Sakulkaew, K.; Thomas, A.G.; Bustifield, J.J.C.;

The effect of the rate of strain on tearing in rubber

Polymer Testing of the rate of strain on tearing in rubber(No.32)

There have been many previous studies on the tearing of rubber materials. The

behaviour is typically characterised using a fracture mechanics approach whereby the

rubber has a geometrically independent relationship between crack growth rate during

tearing versus strain energy release rate. This approach works well under conditions of

steady tearing as the crack growth rate is easy to measure. However, this approach is

much harder to interpret under conditions where the rubber exhibits discontinuous crack

growth behaviour such as knotty tearing or stick slip tearing.

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THERMOPLASTIC NATURAL RUBBER

Sae-Oui, P., et al.

Properties and recyclability of thermoplastic elastomer prepared from natural rubber

powder (NRP) and high density polyethylene (HDPE)


Preparation of thermoplastic natural rubber (TPNR) was carried out by blending

high density polyethylene (HDPE) with natural rubber powder (NRP) obtained from

spray drying of pre-vulcanized natural rubber latex. The blend ratio of NRP/HDPE was

varied and the properties and recyclability of the TPNRs were investigated. The results

reveal that, due to flow restriction of the crosslinked NRP, viscosity of the TPNR

increases continuously with increasing NRP content. As expected, when NRP content is

increased, properties of TPNR are more rubber-like, as clearly observed from the stress-

strain curve characteristics, the reductions in modulus and hardness and, most

importantly, the significant improvement of permanent set.

VISCOELASTIC PROPERTIES

Suphadon, N.; Thomas, A.G.; Busfield, J.J.C.;

The viscoelastic behaviour of rubber under a small simple shear oscillation superimposed

on a larger pure shear


Previous papers have reported that measurements of the viscoelastic behaviour of

rubber as a function of a large tensile pre-strain superimposed with an additional much

smaller torsion or tension oscillation. It has been shown that the loss modulus, calculated

using the dimensions of the test piece after the application of the pre-strain, is

independent of pre-strain and is also isotropic for most of the engineering strain range

and for most filled and unfilled elastomers. This has been further investigated here using

a new and totally different test piece geometry, whereby a static pure shear is

superimposed with a small strain additional simple shear oscillation.

VULCANISED RUBBER

Torregrosa-Coque, R.; Alvarez-Garcia, S.; Martin-Martinez, J.M.;

Effects of temperature on the extent of migration of low molecular weight moieties to

rubber surface

International Journal of Adhesion & Adhesives 2011 31 p. 20-28(No.35)

The main aim of this study was to identify the influence of the reactivation

temperature (40 to 170°C) on the surface properties of sulphur vulcanized styrene-

butadiene rubber and determine the extent of the diffusion of paraffin wax and zinc

stearate to the rubber surface. The changes produced on rubber surface were measured

immediately after reactivation treatment by ethylene glycol contact angle measurements,

attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy (ATR-IR) and scanning electron

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microscopy (SEM). Additionally, the weight loss of the rubber after reactivation at

different temperatures was recorded.

TYRES

ROLLING RESISTANCE

Anon.

Rolling on the green

Polymers & Tyres As ) p. 28,34(No.36)

The demand for sustainable mobility is having a major influence on tyre design

and manufacturing. Tomorrow‟s market is expected to be led by ultra high-performance

tyres that offer enhanced driving control, better wet grip, better ride and handling

characteristics. Run-flat and ultra fuel-efficient tyres are going to have high demand. The

rising demand for hybrid and electric vehicles, which offer zero or low emission, is

boosting demand for eco-friendly automobiles and tyres. Efforts are under way in many

countries to educate motorist on green mobility.

TYRE TESTING CENTRE – INDIA

Anon.

Test centre for tyre, rubber

Polymers & Tyre Asia 2010 1(4) p. 94-96(No.37)

The Indian Rubber Manufacturers‟ Research Association has come a long way

since its founding more than half a century ago. It is offering scientific research and

testing services to the country‟s rubber and allied industries. With funding from the

Indian Government under the 11th Five Year Plan (2007-2012), it has set up a Centre of

Excellence in tyres for passenger cars, two and three wheelers, light and heavy trucks and

buses.

TYRES - FRICTION

Kozhevnikov, I.F.

The steady-state conering of a wheel with a reinforced tyre with slipping

Acta Mech p. 1-16(No.38)

The author investigate the steady-stage conering of a wheel with a deformable

periphery on the plane with slipping. A previously proposed analytical model of a

reinforced tyre is considered. The surface of the tyre is represented by flexible tread,

combined with parts of two tori (sidewalls of the tyres). The contact between the wheel

and the plane occurs by the part of the tread. The force interaction between the tyre and

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the plane is represented by a model of dry friction assuming that the preasure of flexible

tread on the plane is constant in the contact area.

TYRES – PERFORMANCE

Anon.

The role of funtional polymers in improving tire performance

Rubber World 2010 242(6) p. 38-42(No.39)

Recently, the use of silica as a filler in rubber compounds have become more

common, which has lead to the need for a functional polymer that will interact with

silica. The alkoxysilane functional group has long been used in coupling agents for silica

compounds, e.g., bis-(3-triethoxysilylpropyl) tetrasulfane (ref. 20). Prior work has shown

that alkoxysilanes are able to react with polyisoprenyl lithium chains (refs. 21 and 22)

and polystyryl lithium chains (refs. 23 and 24). Termination of anionic styrene-butadiene

copolymerization with tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) yields an alkoxysilane

functionalized polymer that has been shown to interact with silica in rubber stocks on a

laboratory scale (ref. 25).

TYRES – SILICA AND SILANES

Klockmann, O.; Degussa, E.

Advanced silica-silane mixing-influence of the mixer type

Rubber World 2010 241(6) p. 21-27(No.40)

Since the introduction of silica-silane technology in the early 1990s, there has

been a steadily growing demand on silica and silanes in the tire industry. Today, nearly

all passanger car tires in Europe are equipped with treads containing such materials and

the market share of passanger car tires with silica-filled treads is still growing. The actual

CO2-emission discussion forces a broader implementation of fuel efficient systems for all

industries. The application of the silica-silane technology fulfills this requirement as it

leads to low rolling resistance tires.

TYRES-- TESTING

Anon.

TS testingservice GMBH : Innovative manufacturer of tyre test machines

Rubber Asia 2010 24(5) p. 153-154(No.41)

New worldwide tyre regulations are on its way to become mandatory. One of

these regulations is based on the UNECE R117 and the ISO 28580. Similar regulations

are on its way in the US. The goal of the new regulations is to improve the safety and

economic and environmental efficiency of road transport by promoting fuel-efficient and

safe tyres with low noise levels. This regulation should allow the end-users to make more

No. 1/2011


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informed choices when purchasing tyres by cosidering this information along with other

factors that normally considered during the purchase decision process.

Moore, M.

Not „final„ answer : NHTSA tire –efficiency rule still needs work; differences on the

details exist.

Tire Bussiness 2010 28(1) P. 1-21(No.42)

Tire industry stakeholders acknowledged that they have a lot of work ahead to

ensure they get the tire testing parameters and consumer information plans they want in

the tire fuel-efficiency rating final rule. The 195-page standard‟s March 25 issuance on

the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) web site made that plain,

and a meeting on the consumer information portion of the rule at NHTSA headquarters in

Washington the next day made even plainer.

OTHERS

ALTERNATIVE CROPS

Pearson, C.H., et al.

Natural rubber quantification in sunflower using an automated solvent extractor


Leaves of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) produces a small amount of low

molecular weight of natural rubber (NR) and this species has potential as a rubber-

producing crop plant. Quantifying NR in plant tissue has traditionally been accomplished

using Soxhlet or gravimetric methodologies. Accelerated solvent extraction (ASE)

provides faster sample extraction, excellent repeatability, and lower labor cost for

analysis than Soxhlet.

BIOFUEL

Haney, R.L.; Kiniry, J.R.; Johnson, M-V.V.

Soil microbiology activity under different grass species : underground impacts of biofuel

cropping

Agriculture, Ecosystem and Environment 2010 139 p.754-758(No.44)

Microbial and plant communities interact to determine local nutrient cycling rates.

As lands are converted to bioenergy crops, including corn and cellulosic grasses, focus

has been on the changes in soil carbon sequestration. Little attention has been paid to

impacts of such land conversion on the activity of belowground communities.

No. 1/2011


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OIL PALM FIBRE COMPOSITES

Shinoj, S., et al.

Oil palm fiber (OPF) and its composites : A review


Twenty first century has witnessed remarkable achievements in green technology

and material science through the development of biocomposites. Oil palm fiber (OPF)

extracted from the empty fruit bunches is proven as a good raw material for

biocomposites. The cellulose content of OPF is in the range of 43%-65% and lignin

content is the range of 13%-25%. A compilation of the morphology, chemical

constituents and properties of OFP as reported by various researchers are collected and

presented in this paper.

RESEARCH MANAGEMENT

Hsuan, J.; Mahnke, Volker.

Outsourcing R&D : a review, model and research agenda

R&D Management 2011 41(1) p. 1-7(No.46)

Outsourcing R&D is an increasingly explored corporate practice. Extant research,

advanced our initial understanding of its increasing importance and benefits. While the

associated literature has blossomed, the ethusiasm of R&D managers is tenured by an

increasing realization of the possible downsides, risks, and costs that come with the

increasing use of external sources of innovation. Here the article suggest that research on

outsourcing R&D has to move towards a balanced view on the profitability of such

arrangements.

Naslund, D.; Kale, R.; Paulraj, A.

Action research in supply chain management – a framework for relevant and rigorius

research

Journal of Business Logistics 2010(No.47)

Scholars in the field of business management have frequently debated the relative

importance of rigor and relevance in business research. In fact, there are an increasing

number of articles that discuss the problems associated with the lack of relevance in

published business research. Relevant research “develops insights that help managers

understand themselves and their organizations better” (Markides 2007, p.765). On the

other hand, rigor is “the constant examination of whether research can actually support

and justify the claims it makes” (Mentzer 2008, p.72). These definitions of rigor and

relevance do not preclude the existence of the other in any way. Therefore, all relevant

research need not lack rigor, and all rigorous research need not be irrelevant. In fact,

researchers should not choose between these two options.

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Stanko, M.A.; Calantone, R.J.

Controversy in innovation outsourcing research : review, synthesis and future direction

R&D Management 2011 41(1) p. 8-20(No.48)

There is growing stream of research into the outsourcing of innovation activities

within the innovation, management, marketing and economics diciplines.

Understandably, this coincides with the practice becoming more commonplace in the

industry. Here the article attempt to synthesize research surrounding the question of

whether to outsource or internalize innovation activities and performance implications of

this decision. Support for both transaction cost and resource-based arguments is

examined, with both theory bases showing substantial attention from both case-based and

empirical research.

Makalah 1_2011.pdf

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