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Macworld 2007 - IT862 - High Availability

May 31, 2018

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    Welcome to IT862: High Availability Administration & System Design

    Complimentary Wireless SSID: IT862

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    What is High Availability (HA)?

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    IntroductionMyth of the Nines

    Nines only measure that which can be modeled

    Nines are only an average

    Nines reflect a single system

    view of the world.

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    Unplanned DowntimeWhat do you blame?

    Hardware Failure?

    Human Error?

    Software Error / Bug? Viruses / Spyware?

    Natural Disaster?

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    Unplanned DowntimeCategorized

    Hardware Failure (44%)

    Human Error (32%)

    Software Error / Bug (14%) Viruses / Spyware (7%)

    Natural Disaster (3%)

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    Most Common Failures

    Hardware

    Environmental

    Network File and Print

    Database

    Security Breaches

    Modes of Failure

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    Blazing Pace of Innovation

    CheetahMac OS X Server v10.0

    2001

    PumaMac OS X Server v10.1

    2001

    JaguarMac OS X Server v10.2

    2002

    PantherMac OS X Server v10.3

    2003

    TigerMac OS X Server v10.4

    2005

    Tiger on IntelMac OS X Server v10.4.4

    2006

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    HA Definedin Mac OS X Server v10.5

    2007: The year of high availability

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    Mail ServerStandards-based email

    Active/active clustering with Xsan

    64-bit mail services

    SMTP (Postfix) IMAP and POP (Cyrus)

    Vacation messages!!!

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    Directory Server

    Xsan Metadata Controller

    Mail Servers

    MailEntourage

    OutlookMS Mail

    Evolutionkmail

    Active/Active Mail Clustering

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    Calendar sharing and scheduling

    Schedule group meetings and events

    iCal 3, Sunbird, Chandler, Outlook clients

    Active/active clustering with Xsan No client access licenses

    Uses standard CalDAV protocol

    Open source Darwin Calendar Server

    iCal Server

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    iCal Server Directory Server

    Active/Active Clustering with Xsan

    iCal 3 EvolutionSunbird

    Outlook

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    Directory services and network authentication

    LDAP proxy

    Cross-domain authorization

    Cascading replication Replica sets

    RADIUS authentication

    Open Directory 4

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    Monitoring: The First Step

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    Monitoringwith Apples best of breed tools

    Server Monitor (Hardware)

    Server Admin (Services)

    RAID Admin (Array Health)

    ARD (Remote Administration)

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    Third-Party Toolsto remotely monitor and administer your system

    Hardware Software

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    Basic Infrastructurewhat you need to ensure availability

    Power; Management of Operable Climate

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    Advancing your storage systems for availability

    RAID

    Dont leave home without it

    Levels 0 and 5

    Other levels, applications

    Types of storage

    NAS

    SAN

    Products XSAN

    STORNEXT

    Storage Infrastructure

    Active/Active Clustering with Xsan

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    Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks (RAID)Storage Infrastructure

    Level 0 Level 1 Level 3 Level 5 Level 0+1 Z

    What it does Striping MirroringByte level stripingwith dedicatedparity disk

    Block levelstriping withdistributed parity

    Mirror of stripes Similar to level 5

    Requirements Two (2) drives Two (2) drivesXserve RAID,minimum of three(3) drives

    Hardwarecontroller andminimum of three(3) drives, four (4)recommended

    Four (4) drivesPresumably partof 10.5 ZFSimplementation

    Advantages Fast Read andWrite

    Fast Read,survives all but

    one disk failing

    Survives one drivefailure

    Survives one drivefailure. Good mixof performance

    and reliability

    Speed, survivesone drive failure

    Copy on write,checksums,

    flexibility

    Disadvantages No Redundancy Capacity

    Slower than level5 because thededicated paritydrive is aperformancebottleneck

    Not ideal forapplicationsrequiring fastwrites

    Capacity

    Unproven in OS Xenvironments.Overheadintensive.

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    Centralizing Storage

    Better Hardware

    Server/Data Independence

    Clustering

    SAN vs. NAS

    Storage Infrastructure

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    Preventing Problems fromBecoming Problems for your Users

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    Always have good backup data

    Backup Solutions - Commercial, Open-Source

    Address 4 issues with backups:

    Hardware Failure (no external factors)

    Hardware Failure (external factors)

    Data Corruption (no external factors)

    Data Deletion (external factors / user)

    Online, Nearline, Offline storage & media

    Hardware

    Step One

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    Consider these Issues

    Schedule - Service Needs & System Load

    Snapshot (rsnapshot, dirvish)

    Conventional (Bacula, Retrospect) Special Tools for Databases

    Means of Storage (DDT, etc.)

    Physical / Geographic Location

    Step Two

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    Implement Failure Tolerance Mechanisms

    System Level: 802.3ad Ethernet Link Aggregation

    IP Failover

    Setting it up

    Problem of auto-restart in IP Failover

    Synced Nodes: SAN vs Replication

    Load Balancing: OD + DNS replication

    Performance Tuning: Specifying right valuesfor your system and application

    Step Three

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    Importance of Performance Tuning

    handle load efficiently

    performance tuning = load balancing

    spread out services AFP

    Web Server

    Step Four

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    AFP Tuning

    Again, AFP Really Doesnt Scale!

    tuning on clients

    run: defaults read -g com.apple.AppleShareClientCore afp_wan_threshold

    afp_wan_quantum

    tuning on server

    ram

    threads in /Library/Preferences/com.apple.AppleFileServer.plist

    Step Five

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    OS X Web Services with Apache

    - from within Server Admin

    - Persistent Connection

    - Connection timeout interval

    - Proxy

    - Extra modules

    Step Six

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    Recovery: For when it happens

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    knowing where to look for help during recovery

    Resources for IT staff

    Procedures Manual: Quite Valuable.

    Wiki WO System

    Spare hardware, cold boxes,system images, etc. Necessary.

    Recovering

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    Get this updated preso at:

    http://wheel.emory.edu/macworld

    User: macitPassword: IT862

    (user and password are case sensitive)

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    Q&A

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    MACWORLD EXPO 2007

    Thank you for attending IT862: High Availability Administration & System Design

    See you next year at Macworld Expo 2008!