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Macedonia (Greece) For other uses, see Macedonia (disambiguation). Coordinates: 40°45′N 22°54′E / 40.750°N 22.900°E Macedonia ( i /ˌmæsɨˈdoʊniə/; Greek: Μακεδονία, Makedonía [maceðoˈnia]) is a geographic and historical region of Greece in the southern Balkans. Macedonia is the largest and second most populous Greek region, dominated by mountains in the interior and the port cities of Thessaloniki (or Salonika) and Kavala on its south- ern coastline. Macedonia is part of Northern Greece, to- gether with Thrace and sometimes Thessaly and Epirus. It incorporates most of the territories of ancient Macedon, a kingdom ruled by the Argeads whose most celebrated members were Alexander the Great and his father Philip II. The name Macedonia was later ap- plied to identify various administrative areas in the Ro- man/Byzantine Empire with widely differing borders (see Macedonia (region) for details). Even before the establishment of the modern Greek state in 1830, it was identified as a Greek province, albeit with- out clearly defined geographical borders [7][8][9][10][11] By the mid 19th century, the name was becoming consoli- dated informally, defining more of a distinct geographi- cal, rather than political, region in the southern Balkans. At the end of the Ottoman Empire most of the region known as Rumelia (from Ottoman Turkish: Rume- li, “Land of the Romans”) was divided by the Treaty of Bucharest of 1913, following the Ottoman defeat in the Balkan Wars of 1912–13. Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria each took control of portions of the Macedonian region, with Greece obtaining the largest portion; a small section went to Albania. The region was an administrative subdivision of Greece until the administrative reform of 1987, when the region was divided into the regions of West Mace- donia and Central Macedonia and part of the region of East Macedonia and Thrace, the latter containing also the whole of the region of Thrace. [12] Central Macedonia is the most popular tourist destination in Greece with more than 3.6 million tourists in 2009 (18% of the total number of tourists who visited Greece that year). 1 History 1.1 Prehistory For more details on this topic, see Macedonia (region), 'History'. Macedonia lies at the crossroads of human development between the Aegean and the Balkans. The earliest signs of human habitation date back to the palaeolithic period, notably with the Petralona cave in which was found the oldest European humanoid, Archanthropus europaeus pe- traloniensis. In the Late Neolithic period (c. 4500 to 3500 BC), trade took place from quite distant regions, indicate rapid socio-economic changes. One of the most important changes was the start of copper working. 1.2 Ancient History For more details on this topic, see Macedonia (ancient kingdom). According to Herodotus, the history of Macedonia The golden larnax and the golden grave crown of Phillip II, Vergina. began with the Makednoi tribe, among the first to use the name, migrating to the region from Histiaeotis in the 1
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Page 1: Macedonia (Greece)

Macedonia (Greece)

For other uses, see Macedonia (disambiguation).

Coordinates: 40°45′N 22°54′E / 40.750°N 22.900°EMacedonia ( i/ˌmæsɨˈdoʊniə/; Greek: Μακεδονία,Makedonía [maceðoˈnia]) is a geographic and historicalregion of Greece in the southern Balkans. Macedoniais the largest and second most populous Greek region,dominated by mountains in the interior and the port citiesof Thessaloniki (or Salonika) and Kavala on its south-ern coastline. Macedonia is part of Northern Greece, to-gether with Thrace and sometimes Thessaly and Epirus.It incorporates most of the territories of ancientMacedon, a kingdom ruled by the Argeads whose mostcelebrated members were Alexander the Great and hisfather Philip II. The name Macedonia was later ap-plied to identify various administrative areas in the Ro-man/Byzantine Empire with widely differing borders (seeMacedonia (region) for details).Even before the establishment of the modern Greek statein 1830, it was identified as a Greek province, albeit with-out clearly defined geographical borders[7][8][9][10][11] Bythe mid 19th century, the name was becoming consoli-dated informally, defining more of a distinct geographi-cal, rather than political, region in the southern Balkans.At the end of the Ottoman Empire most of the regionknown as Rumelia (from Ottoman Turkish: Rume-li, “Land of the Romans”) was divided by the Treaty ofBucharest of 1913, following the Ottoman defeat in theBalkan Wars of 1912–13. Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria eachtook control of portions of the Macedonian region, withGreece obtaining the largest portion; a small section wentto Albania. The region was an administrative subdivisionof Greece until the administrative reform of 1987, whenthe region was divided into the regions of West Mace-donia and Central Macedonia and part of the region ofEast Macedonia and Thrace, the latter containing also thewhole of the region of Thrace.[12] Central Macedonia isthe most popular tourist destination in Greece with morethan 3.6million tourists in 2009 (18% of the total numberof tourists who visited Greece that year).

1 History

1.1 Prehistory

For more details on this topic, see Macedonia (region),'History'.

Macedonia lies at the crossroads of human developmentbetween the Aegean and the Balkans. The earliest signsof human habitation date back to the palaeolithic period,notably with the Petralona cave in which was found theoldest European humanoid, Archanthropus europaeus pe-traloniensis. In the Late Neolithic period (c. 4500 to3500 BC), trade took place from quite distant regions,indicate rapid socio-economic changes. One of the mostimportant changes was the start of copper working.

1.2 Ancient History

For more details on this topic, see Macedonia (ancientkingdom).

According to Herodotus, the history of Macedonia

The golden larnax and the golden grave crown of Phillip II,Vergina.

began with the Makednoi tribe, among the first to usethe name, migrating to the region from Histiaeotis in the

1

Page 2: Macedonia (Greece)

2 1 HISTORY

The expansion of ancient Macedonian kingdom up to the deathof Phillip II.

Statue of Alexander the Great in Thessaloniki, capital of the re-gion of Macedonia.

south. There they lived near Thracian tribes such as theBryges who would later leave Macedonia for Asia Mi-nor and become known as Phrygians. Macedonia wasnamed after the Makednoi. Accounts of other toponymssuch as Emathia are attested to have been in use be-fore that. A branch of the Macedonians may have in-vaded Southern Greece towards the end of the secondmillennium B.C. Upon reaching the Peloponnese the in-vaders were renamed Dorians, triggering the accounts

of the Dorian invasion. For centuries the Macedoniantribes were organized in independent kingdoms, in whatis now Central Macedonia, and their role in internalHellenic politics was minimal, even before the rise ofAthens. The Macedonians may have belonged to the Do-rian branch of Greeks, while there were many Ioniansin the coastal regions. The rest of the region was in-habited by various Thracian and Illyrian tribes as wellas mostly coastal colonies of other Greek states such asAmphipolis, Olynthos, Potidea, Stageira and many oth-ers, and to the north another tribe dwelt, called the Paeo-nians. During the late 6th and early 5th century BC, theregion came under Persian rule until the destruction ofXerxes at Plataea. During the PeloponnesianWar, Mace-donia became the theatre of many military actions by thePeloponnesian League and the Athenians, and saw incur-sions of Thracians and Illyrians, as attested by Thucidy-des. Many Macedonian cities were allied to the Spar-tans (both the Spartans and the Macedonians were Do-rian, while the Athenians were Ionian), but Athens main-tained the colony of Amphipolis under her control formany years. The kingdom of Macedon, was reorganisedby Philip II and achieved the union of Greek states byforming the League of Corinth. After his assassination,his son Alexander succeeded to the throne of Macedonand carrying the title of Hegemon of League of Corinthstarted his long campaign towards the east.

1.3 Roman period

See also: Macedonian Wars and Macedonia (Romanprovince)Macedonia remained an important and powerful king-

Archaeological site of Pella, capital of ancient Macedonia.

dom until the Battle of Pydna (June 22, 168 BC), inwhich the Roman general Aemilius Paulus defeated KingPerseus of Macedon, ending the reign of the Antigoniddynasty over Macedonia. For a brief period a Macedo-nian republic called the “Koinon of the Macedonians”was established. It was divided into four administrativedistricts. That period ended in 148 BC, when Macedo-nia was fully annexed by the Romans.[13] The northern

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1.4 Medieval history 3

View of the archaeological site of Philippi.

boundary at that time ended at Lake Ohrid and Bylazora,a Paeonian city near the modern city of Veles. Strabo,writing in the first century AD places the border ofMace-donia on that part at Lychnidos,[14] Byzantine Achrisand presently Ochrid. Therefore ancient Macedonia didnot significantly extend beyond its current borders (inGreece). This is stressed by 370 academics in their letterto US president Barack Obama.[15] To the east, Mace-donia ended according to Strabo at the river Strymon, al-though hementions that other writers placedMacedonia’sborder with Thrace at the river Nestos,[16] which is alsothe present geographical boundary between the two ad-ministrative districts of Greece.Subsequently the provinces of Epirus and Thessaly as wellas other regions to the north were incorporated into a newProvincia Macedonia, but in 297 AD under a Diocletianreform many of these regions were removed and two newprovinces were created: Macedonia Prima and Macedo-nia Salutaris (from 479-482 AD Macedonia Secunda).Macedonia Prima coincided approximately with Strabo’sdefinition of Macedonia and with the modern adminis-trative district of Greece[13] and had Thessalonica as itscapital, while Macedonia Secunda had the Paeonian cityof Stobi (near Gradsko) as its capital. This subdivision ismentioned in Hierocles’ Synecdemon (527-528) and re-mained through the reign of emperor Justinian.

The medieval Castle of Platamon, Pieria.

The Slavic, Avar, Bulgarian and Magyar invasions in

the 6-7th centuries devastated both provinces [17] withonly parts of Macedonia Prima in the coastal areas andnearer Thrace remaining in Byzantine hands, while mostof the hinterland was disputed between the Byzantiumand Bulgaria. The Macedonian regions under Byzantinecontrol passed under the tourma of Macedonia to theprovince of Thrace.A new system of administration came into place in 789-802 AD, following the Byzantine empire’s recovery fromthese invasions. The new system was based on adminis-trative divisions called Themata. The region of Macedo-nia Prima (the territory of modern Greek administrativedistrict of Macedonia) was divided between the Themaof Thessalonica and the Thema of Strymon, so that onlythe region of the area from Nestos eastwards continuedto carry the name Macedonia, referred to as the Themaof Macedonia or the Thema of “Macedonia in Thrace”.The Thema of Macedonia in Thrace had its capital inAdrianople.[18][19][20]

1.4 Medieval history

See also: Strymon (theme), Thessalonica (theme) andKingdom of ThessalonicaFamiliarity with the Slavic element in the area led two

Saints Cyril and Methodius.

brothers from Thessaloniki, Saints Cyril and Method-ius, to be chosen to convert the Slavs to Christianity.Following the campaigns of Basil II, all of Macedoniareturned to the Byzantine state. Following the FourthCrusade 1203–1204, a short-lived Crusader realm, the

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4 1 HISTORY

Kingdom of Thessalonica, was established in the region.It was subdued by the co-founder of the Greek Despotateof Epirus, Theodore Komnenos Doukas in 1224, whenGreek Macedonia and the city of Thessalonica were atthe heart of the short-lived Empire of Thessalonica. Re-turning to the restored Byzantine Empire shortly there-after, GreekMacedonia remained in Byzantine hands un-til the 1340s, when all of Macedonia (except Thessa-loniki, and possibly Veria) was conquered by the Ser-bian ruler Stefan Dušan.[21] Divided between Serbia andBulgaria after Dušan’s death, the region fell quickly to theadvancing Ottomans, with Thessaloniki alone holding outuntil 1387. After a brief Byzantine interval in 1403–1430(during the last seven years of which the city was handedover to the Venetians), Thessalonica and its immediatesurrounding area returned to the Ottomans.[22]

Metrophanes Kritopoulos; theologian, monk and Patriarch ofAlexandria who was born in Veria[23] in 1589.

The capture of Thessalonica threw the Greek world intoconsternation, being regarded as the prelude to the fall ofConstantinople itself. The memory of the event has sur-vived through folk traditions containing fact and myths.Apostolos Vacalopoulos records the following Turkishtradition connected with the capture of Thessalonica:[24]

While Murad was asleep in his palace atYenitsa, the story has it that, God appearedto him in a dream and gave him a lovely rose

to smell, full of perfume. The sultan was soamazed by its beauty that he begged God togive it to him. God replied, “This rose, Mu-rad, is Thessalonica. Know that it is to yougranted by heaven to enjoy it. Do not wastetime; go and take it”. Complying with this ex-hortation from , Murad marched against Thes-salonica and, as it has been written, capturedit.

1.5 Ottoman Rule

Main article: Ottoman Greece

Thessaloniki became a centre of Ottoman administrationin the Balkans. While most of Macedonia was ruled bythe Ottomans, in Mount Athos the monastic communitycontinued to exist in a state of autonomy. The remainderof the Chalkidiki peninsula also enjoyed an autonomousstatus: the “Koinon of Mademochoria” was governed bya locally appointed council due to privileges obtained onaccount of its wealth, coming from the gold and silvermines in the area.There were several uprisings in Macedonia duringOttoman rule, including an uprising after the Battle ofLepanto that ended in massacres of the Greek popula-tion, the uprising in Naousa of the armatolos Zisis Ka-rademos in 1705, a rebellion in the area of Grevena by aKlepht called Ziakas (1730–1810) and the Greek Decla-ration of Independence in Macedonia by Emmanuel Pap-pas in 1821, during the Greek War of Independence. In1854 Theodoros Ziakas, the son of the klepht Ziakas, to-gether with Tsamis Karatasos, who had been among thecaptains at the siege of Naousa in 1821, led another upris-ing in Western Macedonia that has been profusely com-memorated in Greek folk song.

1.6 Modern history

Main articles: GreekWar of Independence, Greek Strug-gle for Macedonia and Macedonian QuestionGreece gained the southern parts of region with Thes-saloniki from the Ottoman Empire after the First BalkanWar, and expanded its share in the Second Balkan Waragainst Bulgaria. The boundaries of Greek Macedoniawere finalized in the Treaty of Bucharest. InWorldWar I,Macedonia became a battlefield. The Greek Prime Min-ister, Eleftherios Venizelos, favoured entering the war onthe side of the Entente, while the Germanophile KingConstantine I favoured neutrality. Invited by Venizelos,in autumn 1915, the Allies landed forces in Thessalonikito aid Serbia in its war against Austria-Hungary and Bul-garia, but their intervention came too late to prevent theSerbian collapse. TheMacedonian Front was established,with Thessaloniki at its heart, while in summer 1916 theBulgarians took over Greek eastern Macedonia without

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5

Greece following the Balkan Wars, the province of Macedoniacan be seen written at the bottom.

opposition. This provoked a military uprising among pro-Venizelist officers in Thessaloniki, resulting in the estab-lishment of a "Provisional Government of National De-fence" in the city, headed by Venizelos, which entered thewar alongside the Allies. After intense diplomatic nego-tiations and an armed confrontation in Athens betweenEntente and royalist forces the King abdicated, and hissecond son Alexander took his place. Venizelos returnedto Athens in June 1917 and Greece, now unified, officiallyjoined the war on the side of the Allies.In World War II Macedonia was occupied by the Axis(1941–44), with Germany taking western and centralMacedonia with Thessaloniki and Bulgaria occupyingand annexing eastern Macedonia.From the 1870s, Slavic [25] speaking communities ofnorthern Greece split into two hostile and opposedgroups with two different national identities - Greekand Bulgarian.[26] By the Second World War and fol-lowing the defeat of Bulgaria, another further split be-tween the Slavic group occurred. Conservatives departedwith the occupying Bulgarian Army to Bulgaria. Left-ists began identifying as Macedonians (Slavic), joiningthe communist-dominated rebel Democratic Army ofGreece.[27] At the conclusion of the Greek Civil War(1946–49), most Macedonians of Slavic background leftGreece and settled in the Yugoslav Socialist Repub-lic of Macedonia. Some also migrated to Canada orAustralia.[28]

2 Etymology

Main article: Macedonia (terminology) § Etymology

The name Macedonia derives from the GreekΜακεδονία (Makedonía),[29][30] a kingdom (later,region) named after the ancient Macedonians. Theirname, Μακεδόνες (Makedónes), is cognate to theAncient Greek adjective μακεδνός (makednós), mean-

ing “tall, slim”. It was traditionally derived from theIndo-European root *mak-, meaning 'long' or 'slender',but according to modern research by Robert Beekes bothterms are of Pre-Greek substrate origin and cannot beexplained in terms of Indo-European morphology.[31]

3 Local government

Macedonia is divided into three regions (Greek: Περι-φέρειες) comprising fourteen regional units (Greek: Πε-ριφερειακές ενότητες). The regional units are furtherdivided into municipalities (Greek: δήμοι) or “communi-ties” (Greek: κοινότητες – roughly equivalent to Britishor Australian shires). They are overseen by the Ministryfor the Interior, while the Ministry of Macedonia andThrace is responsible for the coordination and applica-tion of the government’s policies in the region.[32] Priorto the Kallikratis Reform in 2010, Greece’s regional unitswere called “prefectures”, and Thasos was part of the pre-fecture of Kavala.Macedonia borders the neighboring regions of Thessalyto the south, Thrace (part of the East Macedonia andThrace region) to the east and Epirus to the west. It alsoborders Albania to the north-west, the Republic of Mace-donia to the north and Bulgaria to the north-east. Thethree Macedonian regions and their subdivisions are:The geographical region of Macedonia also includes themale-only autonomous monastic state of Mount Athos,but this is not part of the Macedonia precincts. MountAthos is under the spiritual jurisdiction of the EcumenicalPatriarchate of Constantinople, and enjoys a special sta-tus: it is inaccessible to women;[34] its territory is a self-governed part of Greece, and the powers of the state areexercised through a governor. The European Union takesthis special status into consideration, particularly on mat-ters of taxation exemption and rights of installation.[35]The governor of Mount Athos is appointed by the GreekForeign Ministry.

4 Economy and transport

The port of Thessaloniki, major economic and industrial center.

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6 6 DEMOGRAPHICS

Marble quarry, Thasos island.

View of Egnatia Odos (modern road).

Macedonia possesses some of the richest farmland inGreece in the plains of Veria, Thessaloniki, Serres andDrama. A wide variety of agricultural products and cashcrops are grown, including rice, wheat, beans, olives,cotton, tobacco, fruit, grapes, Florina peppers; there isalso production of wine and other alcoholic beverages.Food processing and textile weaving constitute the prin-cipal manufacturing industries. Tourism is a major indus-try along the coast, particularly in the Chalcidice penin-sula, the island of Thasos and the northern approachesto Mount Olympus. Many tourists originate from Ger-many and Eastern Europe. Thessaloniki is a major portcity and industrial center; Kavala is the second har-bor of Macedonia. Apart from the principal airport atThessaloniki (Makedonia Airport), airports also exist inKavala (M.Alexandros Airport), Kozani (Filippos Air-port), and Kastoria (Aristotelis Airport). The "Via Egna-tia" motorway crosses the full distance of Macedonia,[36]linking most of its main cities. It also has a train system;it is usually criticized for being underfunded, and therehas been much anger directed against OSE, the nationalrailway company.

5 Culture

Main article: Culture of GreeceSee also: List of Greeks and List ofMacedonians (Greek)

5.1 Macedonian cuisine

Main article: Macedonian cuisine (Greek)

The arrival of Greek refugees from Asia Minor and Con-stantinople in the 20th century popularised Ottoman andConstantinopolitan recipes.A continuation from ancient days is dishes such as lambcooked with quince or various vegetables and fruits, goatboiled or fried in olive oil: modern recipes from Kavalato Kastoria and Kozani offer lamb with quince, pork withcelery or leeks.Some current specialties are trahana with crackling,phyllo-based pies (cheese, leek, spinach) and wild boar.Favourites are tyrokafteri (Macedonian spicy cheesespread), soupies krasates (cuttlefish in wine), mydia yi-achni (mussel stew). Unlike Athens, the traditional pitabread for the popular souvlaki (kebab) is not grilled butfried. The variety of sweets has been particularly en-riched with the arrival of the refugees. (Information in-cluded from 'Greek Gastronomy', GNTO, 2004)

5.2 Macedonian music

Main article: Music of Macedonia (Greece)See also: Famous Macedonia

Music of Macedonia is the music of the geographicregion of Macedonia in Greece, which is a part of themusic of whole region of Macedonia. Folk dancesin Macedonia include Makedonia (dance), chasapiko,leventikos, zeibekiko, zonaradiko, endeka Kozanis,Samarinas, stankena, Akritikos, baidouska, Macedonikosantikristos, mikri Eleni, partalos, kleftikos Makedonikos,mpougatsas, Kastorianos, o Nikolos and sirtos Macedo-nias. In Macedonia, there are also patriotic songs sung bythe Greek army and local citizens like: famous Macedo-nia.

6 Demographics

See also: Demographic history of MacedoniaThe inhabitants of Greek Macedonia are over-

whelmingly ethnic Greeks and most are Greek OrthodoxChristians. In East Macedonia and Thrace there is alsoa sizable Muslim minority consisting mainly of Pomaksand Western Thrace Turks, although almost all Greek

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7

Panorama of Serres.

Panoramic view of Kavala.

Panorama of Veria.

Muslim communities of Western Macedonia such as theVallahades left the region as part of the Population ex-change between Greece and Turkey of 1922-23. MostPontic Greeks and Caucasus Greeks who came to Greeceduring or shortly before the 1922-23 population ex-change with Turkey were resettled in Greek Macedo-nia rather than other parts Greece, mainly in townsand villages that had had large Muslim populations un-til 1922. From the Middle Ages to the early 20th cen-tury, the ethnic composition of the region of Macedo-nia is characterized by uncertainty both about numbers

Naousa, Imathia.

Kastoria.

and identification. The 1904 Ottoman census of HilmiPasha recorded 373,227 Greeks and 204,317 Bulgariansin the vilayet of Selânik (Thessaloniki) alone. Accord-ing to the same census, Greeks were also dominant inthe vilayet ofMonastir (Bitola), counting 261,283Greeksand 178,412 Bulgarians. Hugh Poulton, in his Who Arethe Macedonians, notes that “assessing population figuresis problematic”[37] for the territory of Greek Macedoniabefore its incorporation into the Greek state in 1913.[37]The area’s remaining population was principally com-posed of Ottoman Turks (including non-TurkishMuslimsof mainly Bulgarian and Greek Macedonian convert ori-gin) and also a sizeable community of mainly SephardicJews (centred in Thessaloniki), and smaller numbers ofRomani, Albanians and Vlachs.During the first half of the twentieth century, ma-jor demographic shifts took place, which resulted inthe region’s population becoming overwhelmingly ethnicGreek. In 1919, after Greek victory in World War I,Bulgaria and Greece signed the Treaty of Neuilly, whichcalled for an exchange of populations between the twocountries. According to the treaty, Bulgaria was con-sidered to be the parent state of all ethnic Slavs livingin Greece. Most ethnic Greeks from Bulgaria were re-settled in Greek Macedonia; most Slavs were resettledin Bulgaria but a number remained, most of them bychanging or adapting their surnames and declaring them-selves to be Greek so as to be exempt from the exchange.In 1923 Greece and Turkey signed the Treaty of Lau-

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8 6 DEMOGRAPHICS

sanne in the aftermath of the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922), and in total 776,000 Greek refugees from Turkey(674,000), Bulgaria (33,000), Russia (61,000), Serbia(5,000), Albania (3,000) were resettled in the region.[38]They replaced between 300,000 and 400,000 Macedo-nian Turks and other Muslims (of Albanian, Roma,Slavic and Vlach ethnicity) who were sent to Turkey un-der similar terms.[39]

Macedonian cities during Ottoman rule were often knownby multiple names (Greek, Slavic or Ottoman Turkish bythe respective populations). After the partition of Ot-toman Europe, most cities in Greece either became of-ficially known by their Greek names or adopted Greeknames; likewise most cities in Bulgaria and the Kingdomof Yugoslavia became officially known or adopted namesin the languages of their respective states. After the pop-ulation exchanges, many locations were renamed to thelanguages of their new occupants.After the Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine ten thousands ofBulgarians left and after the Population exchange be-tween Greece and Turkey almost all Muslims left the re-gion, while hundreds of thousands of Greek refugees set-tled in the region thus changing the demography of theprovince.The 1928 Greek Census collected data on the religion aswell as on the language.[40]

The population was badly affected by the Second WorldWar through starvation, executions, massacres and depor-tations. Central Macedonia, including Thessaloniki, wasoccupied by the Germans, and in the east Nazi-alignedBulgarian occupation forces persecuted the local Greekpopulation and settled Bulgarian colonists in their occu-pation zone in eastern Macedonia and western Thrace,deporting all Jews from the region. Total civilian deathsin Macedonia are estimated at over 400,000, includingup to 55,000 Greek Jews. Further heavy fighting affectedthe region during the Greek Civil War which drove manyinhabitants of rural Macedonia to emigrate to the townsand cities, or abroad, during the late 1940s and 1950s.

Mount Falakro, Drama Prefecture, eastern Greek Macedonia

6.1 Macedonian dialect

Greek is by far the most widely spoken and the only offi-cial language of public life and education in Macedonia.The local Macedonian dialect is spoken alongside dialectsfrom other parts of Greece and Pontic Greek still spokenby someGreeks of Pontic descent. Macedonian Slavic di-alects are themost widely spokenminority language whileAromanian, Arvanitic, Megleno-Romanian, Turkish andRomani are also spoken. Ladino is still spoken by someJews in Thessaloniki.The Macedonian dialect of Greek is based on variationsof vocabulary and pronunciation.

6.2 Population of largest towns

6.3 Regional identity

Main article: Macedonians (Greeks)Macedonians (Greek: Μακεδόνες, Makedónes) is the

Apogevmatini headline quoting Kostas Karamanlis:“I myself am a Macedonian, just as 2.5 million Greeks areMacedonians.”

term by which ethnic Greeks originating from the re-gion are known. Macedonians came to be of particu-lar importance during the Balkan Wars when they werea minority population inside the Ottoman province ofMacedonia. The Macedonians now have a strong re-gional identity, manifested both in Greece[41] and byemigrant groups in the Greek diaspora.[42] This senseof identity has been highlighted in the context of theMacedonian naming dispute after the break-up of Yu-goslavia, in which Greece objects to its northern neigh-bour calling itself the "Republic of Macedonia", since

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6.4 Minority populations 9

explicit self-identification as Macedonian is a matter ofnational pride for many Greeks.[43] A characteristic ex-pression of this attitude could be seen when Greek news-papers headlined a declaration by Prime Minister KostasKaramanlis at a meeting of the Council of Europe inStrasbourg in January 2007, saying that "I myself am aMacedonian, and another two and a half million Greeksare Macedonians.”

The distinct regional identity of Greek Macedonians isalso the product of the fact that it was closer to the centresof power in both the Byzantine and Ottoman period, wasconsidered culturally, politically, and strategically moreimportant than other parts of Greece during these twoperiods, and also the fact that the region had a far moreethnically and religiously diverse population in both themedieval and Ottoman periods. In the late Byzantine pe-riod Greek Macedonia had also been the centre of signif-icant Byzantine successor states, such as the Kingdom ofThessalonica, the short-lived state established by the rivalByzantine emperor, Theodore Komnenos Doukas, and -in parts of western Macedonia - the Despotate of Epirus,all of which helped promote a distinct GreekMacedonianidentity. In the contemporary period this is reinforcedby Greek Macedonia’s proximity to other states in thesouthern Balkans, the continuing existence of ethnic andreligious minorities in East Macedonia and Thrace notfound in southern Greece, and the fact that migrants andrefugees from elsewhere in the Balkans, southern Rus-sia, and Georgia (including Pontic Greeks and CaucasusGreeks from northeastern Anatolia and the south Cauca-sus) have usually gravitated to Greek Macedonia ratherthan southern Greece.

6.4 Minority populations

For more details on this topic, see Minorities in Greece.

The exact size of the linguistic and ethnic minority groupsof Macedonia is officially unknown, as Greece has notconducted a census on the question of mother tonguesince 1951. The main minority groups in Macedonia are:

6.4.1 Slavic-speakers

Main articles: Slavic-speakers of Greek Macedonia andMacedonians (Bulgarians)Slavic-speakers are concentrated in the Florina, Kastoria,Edessa, Giannitsa, Ptolemaida and Naousa regions. Theirdialects are linguistically classified variously either asMacedonian or Bulgarian, depending on the region and onpolitical orientation. The exact number of the minority isdifficult to know, and its members’ choice of ethnic iden-tification is difficult to ascertain (since some people arecautious in the replies that they give when surveys are con-ducted). The Greek branch of the former InternationalHelsinki Federation for Human Rights has estimated that

Distribution of the Slavic Macedonian language in Florina Pre-fecture and Aridaia regions (1993).

those of an ethnic Macedonian national consciencenessnumber between 10,000–30,000.[44]

6.4.2 Aromanians

See also: Aromanians in Greece andAromanian speakers of Greece

Aromanians form aminority population throughout muchof Macedonia. They largely identify as Greeks and mostbelong to the Greek Orthodox Church. In the 1951 cen-sus they numbered 39,855 in all Greece (the number inMacedonia proper is unknown). Many Aromanians vil-lages can be found along the slopes of the VermionMoun-tains andMount Olympus. Smaller numbers can be foundin the Prespes region and near the Gramos mountains.

6.4.3 Megleno-Romanians

Main article: Megleno-Romanians

Megleno-Romanians can be found in the Moglena regionof Macedonia. The Megleno-Romanian language is tra-ditionally spoken in the 11 Vlach villages, Archangelos,Notia, Karpi, Koupa, Lagkadia, Perikleia, Skra andKastaneri (the other three are found in the Republic ofMacedonia). They are generally adherents to the Ortho-dox Church while the former majority in Notia was Mus-lim.

6.4.4 Arvanites

Main article: ArvanitesSee also: Albanian-speakers of Western Thrace

Arvanites communities can be found in Greek Macedo-nia. Five Arvanite communities exist in Serres regionalunit while many can be found in the capital, Thessaloniki.There are three Arvanites villages in the Florina regionalunit (Drosopigi, Lechovo and Flampouro) with others lo-cated in Kilkis and Thessaloniki regional units.[45]

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10 6 DEMOGRAPHICS

6.4.5 The Jews of Thessaloniki

Main article: History of the Jews of ThessalonikiThe Jewish population in Greece was the oldest in main-

Jewish woman of Thessaloniki, gravour of late 19th century.

land Europe, and was mostly Sephardic. Thessaloniki be-came the largest center of the Sephardic Jews, who nick-named the city la madre de Israel (Israel’s mother)[46] and“Jerusalem of the Balkans”.[47] It also included the histor-ically significant and ancient Greek-speaking Romaniotecommunity. During the Ottoman era, Thessaloniki’sSephardic community comprised more than half thecity’s population; the Jews were dominant in commerceuntil the ethnic Greek population increased after inde-pendence in 1912. By the 1680s, about 300 familiesof Sephardic Jews, followers of Sabbatai Zevi, had con-verted to Islam, becoming a sect known as the Dönmeh(convert), and migrated to Salonika, whose populationwas majority Jewish. They established an active com-munity that thrived for about 250 years. Many of theirdescendants later became prominent in trade.[48] ManyJewish inhabitants of Thessaloniki spoke Ladino, theRomance language of the Sephardic Jews.[49]

The Great Thessaloniki Fire of 1917 burned much of thecenter of the city and left 50,000 Jews homeless of thetotal of 72,000 residents who were burned out.[50] Havinglost homes and their businesses, many Jews emigrated: tothe United States, Palestine, and Paris. They could not

Sabbatai Zevi

Jewish workers of the Socialist Workers’ Federation march(1908-1909).

Jewish Museum of Thessaloniki.

Page 11: Macedonia (Greece)

7.1 Portals 11

wait for the government to create a new urban plan forrebuilding, which was eventually done.[51]

After the Greco-Turkish War in 1922 and the expulsionof Greeks from Turkey, many refugees came to Greece.Nearly 100,000 ethnic Greeks resettled in Thessaloniki,reducing the proportion of Jews in the total community.After this, Jews made up about 20% of the city’s popu-lation. During the interwar period, Greece granted theJews the same civil rights as other Greek citizens.[50] InMarch 1926, Greece re-emphasized that all citizens ofGreece enjoyed equal rights, and a considerable propor-tion of the city’s Jews decided to stay.World War II brought a disaster for the Jewish Greeks,since in 1941 the Germans occupied Greece and beganactions against the Jewish population. Greeks of the Re-sistance and Italian forces (before 1943) tried to protectthe Jews and managed to save some.[46] By the 1940s,the great majority of the Jewish Greek community firmlyidentified as both Greek and Jewish. According to MishaGlenny, such Greek Jews had largely not encountered“anti-Semitism as in its North European form.”[52]

In 1943 the Nazis began actions against the Jews in Thes-saloniki, forcing them into a ghetto near the railroadlines and beginning deportation to concentration and la-bor camps. They deported and exterminated approx-imately 96% of Thessaloniki’s Jews of all ages duringthe Holocaust.[46] Today, a community of around 1200remains in the city.[46] Communities of descendants ofThessaloniki Jews – both Sephardic and Romaniote – livein other areas, mainly the United States and Israel.[46]Israeli singer Yehuda Poliker recorded a song about theJews of Thessaloniki, called “Wait for me, Thessaloniki”.

6.4.6 Others

Other minority groups include Romaniotes, Armeniansand Romani. Romani communities are concentratedmainly around the city of Thessaloniki. An uncertainnumber of them live inMacedonia from the total of about200,000-300,000 that live scattered on all the regions ofGreece.[53]

7 See also

• Macedonians (Greeks)

• Macedonia (region)

• Macedonia (terminology)

• List of Macedonians (Greek)

• Modern regions of Greece

7.1 Portals

8 References

8.1 Bibliography

• Council of Europe, Steering Committee on Localand Regional Democracy (2001). “Special Regu-lations for Particular Areas – the Legal Status ofAghion Oros”. Structure and operation of Local andRegional Democracy. Council of Europe. ISBN 92-871-4644-6.

• Elster, Ernestine S.; Renfrew, Colin, ed. (2003).Prehistoric Sitagroi: Excavations in NortheastGreece, 1968–1970. Monumenta Archaeologica20 2. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology. ISBN 1-931745-03-X.

• Fine, John Van Antwerp (1994). “Serbian Partic-ipation in the Byzantine Civil War”. The Late Me-dieval Balkans. University ofMichigan Press. ISBN0-472-08260-4.

• Renfrew, Colin; Gimbutas, Marija; Elster, ErnestineS., ed. (1986). Excavations at Sitagroi: a PrehistoricVillage in Northeast Greece. Monumenta Archaeo-logica 13 2. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology. ISBN0-917956-51-6.

• Renfrew, Colin. “The Autonomy of the South-eastEuropean Copper Age”. Proceedings of the Prehis-toric Society 35: 12–47. Retrieved 2009-05-11.

• Rodden, R.J.; Wardle, K.A., ed. (1996). NeaNikomedeia: the Excavation of an Early NeolithicVillage in Northern Greece 1961-1963. Supplemen-tary series 25 1. Athens: British School of Athens.

• Samsaris, Dimitrios C. Historical Geography ofEastern Macedonia during the Antiquity (in Greek),Thessaloniki 1976 and Historical Geography ofWestern Macedonia (in Greek), Thessaloniki 1989(publisher=Society for Macedonian Studies)

• Souvatzi, Stella G. (2008). A Social Archaeology ofHouseholds in Neolithic Greece : an AnthropologicalApproach. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-83689-0.

• Treadgold, Warren (1995). “The Roman Army’sSecond Millenium”. Byzantium and Its Army, 284–1081. Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-3163-2. [sic]

• Vacalopoulos, Apostolos E. (1973). History ofMacedonia, 1354–1833 (translated by P. Megann).Zeno Publishers. ISBN 0-900834-89-7.

• Wardle, K.A. (1997). “The Prehistory of NorthernGreece: a Geographical Perspective”. Afieroma to

Page 12: Macedonia (Greece)

12 8 REFERENCES

N.G.L. Hammond. Society of Macedonian Studies.ISBN 9-607-26536-X.

8.2 Notes[1] “Macedonia”. Encyclopaedia Britannica.

www.britannica.com. Retrieved 27 July 2011.

[2] Π.Δ. 51/87 "Καθορισμός των Περιφερειών τηςΧώρας για το σχεδιασμό κ.λ.π. της ΠεριφερειακήςΑνάπτυξης" (Determination of the Regions of the Countryfor the planning etc. of the development of the regions).Government Gazette. 1987.

[3] “Announcement of the results of the 2011 PopulationCensus for the Resident Population” (PDF). Hellenic Sta-tistical Authority. Retrieved 6 February 2013.

[4] “Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market pricesat NUTS level 3”. Eurostat. Retrieved 12 September2014.

[5] According to the United States Internal Revenue Service,the average exchange rate of the United States Dollar tothe Euro in 2011 was 0.748.

[6] World Intellectual Property Organization: 1st variety, 2ndvariety, 3rd variety

[7] Grigoriou, Alexandros Ch.; Chekimoglou, Evange-los A. (2008). Η Θεσσαλονίκη των Περιηγητών1430-1930[The Thessaloniki of Explorers 1430-1930](in Greek). Thessaloniki: Εταιρία ΜακεδονικώνΣπουδών. p. 43. ISBN 960-7265-91-2. Retrieved 2August 2011. From Robert de Dreux’s personal journals,1669: Leaving a village named Baicui, we reached Thes-saloniki, which is one of the most splendid cities of Mace-donia and the whole of Greece.

[8] “The whole of Greece is divided into four great pasha-liks; Tripolizza, Egripo or Neropont, Yanina, and Sa-lonica. The pashalik of […] Salonica [comprises], thesouthern divisions of Macedonia. The north of Macedo-nia is governed by beys;…” Quoted from: Thomas Thorn-ton, The Present State of Turkey, London 1807, Vol. 2,p. 10, http://depts.washington.edu/cartah/text_archive/thornton/t2c5.shtml

[9] http://depts.washington.edu/cartah/text_archive/thornton/page_images/t2c5_p010.jpg

[10] “Themost fertile districts of Greece areMacedonia, Thes-saly, and the eastern parts of Phocis and Boeotia.” Quotedfrom: Conder, Josiah: The Modern Traveller, Volume theFifteenth: Greece. London : J.Duncan, 1830, Vol. 1, p.12. Archive.org

[11] “There is some difficulty in prescribing the exact bound-aries of the country properly called Greece. Formerlyit included Macedonia, Peloponnesus, the Ionian Islands,Crete and a part of what is now called Albania. [...]The present divisions of Greece, adopted by the [1829]provisional government, are the following: Eastern Hel-las, Western Hellas, Morea, Epirus, Thessaly, Macedonia,Crete, and the Islands. […] What proportion of Mace-donia is considered as coming within the boundaries of

Greece, we have no means of deciding” Quoted from:John L. Comstock, History of the Greek Revolution com-piled from official documents of the Greek government,New York 1829, pages 5 and 6, Google Books

[12] Π.Δ. 51/87 “Καθορισμός των Περιφερειών τηςΧώρας για το σχεδιασμό κ.λ.π. της ΠεριφερειακήςΑνάπτυξης” (Determination of the Regions of theCountry for the planning etc. of the development of theregions, Efimeris tis Kyverniseos ΦΕΚ A 26/06.03.1987

[13] N. K. Moutsopoulos, Τα Γεωγραφικά Όριατης Μακεδονίας κατά την Ρωμαϊκή Περίοδο.Οικονομικός Ταχυδρόμος, 22 Σεπτεμβρίου 1994, Σελ.101.

[14] “Strabo, Geography, BOOK VII., CHAPTER VII.”.

[15] “Macedonia Evidence”.

[16] D. C. Samsaris, Historical Geography of EasternMacedo-nia during the Antiquity (in Greek), Thessaloniki 1976, p.88-97

[17] John Julius Norwich A short history of Byzantium, Pen-guin 1998

[18] Αγγελική Δεληκάρη, Γεωγραφικό στίγμα τηςΜακεδονίας κατά την Ρωμαϊκή και ΒυζαντινήΕποχή, «Μακεδονικές ταυτότητες στον χρόνο»εκδόσεις Πατάκη

[19] Warren Treadgold, Byzantium and Its Army 284-1081,Stanford University Press, 1995

[20] George Ostrogorsky, History of the Byzantine State, Rut-gers University Press 1986

[21] Fine, The Late Medieval Balkans, 301–302

[22] Vacalopoulos, History of Macedonia 1354–1833, 89–97

[23] “Metrophanes Kritopoulos.”. www.britannica.com. Re-trieved 2009-08-31. Metrophanes Kritopoulos Greek pa-triarch and theologian - born 1589, Beroea, Macedonia,Ottoman Empire died May 30, 1639, Walachia

[24] Vacalopoulos, History of Macedonia 1354–1833, 97

[25] ‘nashi’ meaning ‘ours’ is the name speakers give to theirunique dialect, spoken largely in the mountain prefecturesof Florina (Lerin) and Kastoria (Kostur) in north westernMacedonia.

[26] "Стандарт - Новини, които си струва да споделим".Стандарт - Новини, които си струва да споделим.

[27] ‘The Truman Doctrine Brings Death to our people inAegean Macedonia’ Makedonska Iskra January 1947,page 3

[28] Panayiotis Diamadis et al (1995) A Child’s Grief. A Na-tion’s Lament Sydney: Stentor Press.

[29] “Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-EnglishLexicon, Μακεδονία".

[30] “Online Etymology Dictionary”.

Page 13: Macedonia (Greece)

13

[31] Beekes, Robert (2010), Etymological Dictionary of GreekII, Leiden, Boston: Brill, p. 894

[32] “The Role of the Ministry” (in Greek). Greek Ministry ofMacedonia and Thrace. Retrieved 2009-05-08.

[33] “National Statistical Service of Greece”. NSSG. statis-tics.gr. 2001. Retrieved 2007-12-26. “2001 census”(PDF).

[34] Greek laws provide for a penalty of incarceration up totwelve months for women that violate this rule. For criti-cisms of this provision, see “European Parliament AdoptsReport on Fundamental Rights in the EU – Mt Athos Sta-tus”. Embassy of Greece in the US. 5 September 2003.Retrieved 2009-05-08.

[35] Council of Europe, Structure and Operation of Local andRegional Democracy, 8. See also the article 105 of theConstitution of Greece and the Common Declaration onMount Athos attached to the Treaty of Entry of Greece tothe EEC (1 January 1981).

[36] http://www.egnatia.gr/files/images/Project_Status_ENG.jpg

[37] Poulton, Hugh (2000). “Greece”. In Second. Who Arethe Macedonians?. Indiana University Press. pp. 85–86.ISBN 0-253-21359-2.

[38] The Balkan Exchange of Minorities and Its Impact onGreece, Dimitri Pentzopoulos, page 134, 2002

[39] "Κατάλογος των προσφυγικών συνοικισμών τηςΜακεδονίας (Catalogue of Refugee Communities inGreek Macedonia, includung changes in Macedonianplace-names”.

[40] "Πληθυσμός της Ελλάδος κατά την Απογραφήν της15-16 Μαΐου 1928 - Πραγματικός πληθυσμός - ΤόποςΓεννήσεως - Θρησκεία και Γλώσσα - Υπηκοότης]Αθήνα, Εθνικό Τυπογραφείο 1935 σελ. κγ'" (PDf).

[41] Liotta, P. H.; Simons, A. “Thicker than Water? Kin, Re-ligion, and Conflict in the Balkans”. Parameters (Winter1998). pp. 11–27.

[42] Jupp, J. The Australian People: An Encyclopedia of theNation, Its People and Their Origins, Cambridge Univer-sity Press, October 1, 2001. ISBN 0-521-80789-1, p.147.

[43] Floudas, Demetrius Andreas; “A Name for a Conflict ora Conflict for a Name? An Analysis of Greece’s Disputewith FYROM”,". 24 (1996) Journal of Political and Mil-itary Sociology, 285. 1996. Retrieved 2008-02-11.

[44] “Greece – Report about Compliance with the Princi-ples of the Framework Convention for the Protectionof National Minorities (along guidelines for state re-ports according to Article 25.1 of the Convention)".Greek Helsinki Monitor (GHM) & Minority Rights Group– Greece (MRG-G). 1999-09-18. Retrieved 2009-01-12.

[45] Euromosaic (1996): “L'arvanite / albanais en Grèce”. Re-port published by the Institut de Sociolingüística Catalana.

[46] http://www.ushmm.org/museum/exhibit/online/greece/nonflash/eng/salonika.htm

[47] Abrams, Dennis (2009). Nicolas Sarkozy (Modern WorldLeaders). Chelsea House Publishers. p. 26, Library Bind-ing edition. ISBN 1-60413-081-4.

[48] Kirsch, Adam (15 February 2010). “The Other SecretJews”. Review of Marc David Baer’s The Dönme: Jew-ish Converts, Muslim Revolutionaries, and Secular Turks.The New Republic. Retrieved 21 February 2010.

[49] Kushner, Aviya. “Is the language of Sephardic Jews, un-dergoing a revival?". My Jewish Learning. Ladino Today.Retrieved 9 April 2011.

[50] Yakov Benmayor. “History of Jews in Thessaloniki”.Jewish Museum of Thessaloniki. Retrieved 2009-01-05.

[51] “The Great Fire in Salonica”. Greece History. HellenicaWebsite. Retrieved 9 April 2011.

[52] Misha Glenny, The Balkans, p. 512.

[53] http://www.nchr.gr/category.php?category_id=99

9 External links

• Macedonian Press Agency

• Museums of Macedonia

• Nikolaos Martis - Macedonia’s Hellenism: Empiri-cal documents and sources

• An online review of Macedonian affairs, history andculture

• EMS.name

• University of Macedonia

• University of Western Macedonia

• Macedonia, The Historical Profile of NorthernGreece

• Map of Makedonia

• Technological Educational Institution of Serres

• Department of Physical Education Science & Ath-letics of Serres

• Roman province of Macedonia

• Macedonia, Greece - History And Politics - eBookGreek Language (ISBN 960-6-0337-5)

• Alistrati Cave in Serres

• Lake Kerkini in Serres - Kerkini Wetland (Ramsar& Natura 2000 Protected)

Page 14: Macedonia (Greece)

14 9 EXTERNAL LINKS

9.1 Official links

• Macedonia and Thrace region site

• Ministry for Macedonia–Thrace (Greek)

• Region of Central Macedonia

• Region of Western Macedonia

• Region of Eastern Macedonia and Thrace

• Municipality of Pella

• Serres Prefecture

• City of Thessaloniki

• City of Edessa

• City of Serres

• Map of Macedonia

Page 15: Macedonia (Greece)

15

10 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

10.1 Text• Macedonia (Greece) Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia%20(Greece)?oldid=648654322 Contributors: Vicki Rosenzweig,Andre Engels, XJaM, Rmhermen, PierreAbbat, William Avery, Zoe, Liftarn, MartinHarper, Wapcaplet, Mic, Delirium, Ahoerstemeier,Stan Shebs, Jiang, Efghij, Raven in Orbit, Adam Bishop, RickK, Lfh, Morwen, Head, MiLo28, Joy, Geraki, Optim, AnonMoos, Vergina,Adam Carr, Dimadick, Robbot, Pigsonthewing, ChrisO, Altenmann, Romanm, Mirv, Academic Challenger, Der Eberswalder, Bkonrad,Sysin, OverlordQ, Jossi, Pmanderson, Mike Rosoft, D6, Rich Farmbrough, Vsmith, Kostja, Dbachmann, Paul August, Indrian, Zscout370,El C, Kwamikagami, Bookofjude, Etz Haim, Markussep, Bastique, Bobo192, Smalljim, John Vandenberg, Enric Naval, Cmdrjameson,Polluks, Sam Korn, Jonathunder, Storm Rider, Alansohn, Gary, Albanau, Sl, Ninio, Kapnisma, Snowolf, Tony Sidaway, BDD, Nightstal-lion, Georgios, Jeffrey O. Gustafson, Woohookitty, WadeSimMiser, Jeff3000, Xaliqen, Xstatik, Wayward, Marudubshinki, BD2412, Jcmo,Rjwilmsi, Angusmclellan, Vary, KirkEN, Ev, Rui Silva, Miskin, CDThieme, Latka, Vladko, SouthernNights, Hottentot, Odysseas, Mark83,Darlene4, ViriiK, Pevernagie, Valentinian, Chobot, E Pluribus Anthony, Roboto de Ajvol, RobotE, Sceptre, Hairy Dude, TodorBozhinov,RussBot, Richjkl, Theathenae, CambridgeBayWeather, Rsrikanth05, Megistias, NawlinWiki, Matia.gr, Aeusoes1, Howcheng, MichalisFamelis, AeonicOmega, Mysid, Botteville, Igiffin, Jkelly, 21655, Deville, Barryob, Closedmouth, ArielGold, Curpsbot-unicodify, Allens,Kungfuadam, E-mail adress, Makedonas, Luk, SmackBot, Cubs Fan, KnowledgeOfSelf, Bggoldie, Lagalag, Tony164, Pgk, Grandmaster,Bomac, Big Adamsky, AndreasJS, Jab843, Dragases, Yamaguchi , Gilliam, Skizzik, Desiphral, Valley2city, TimBentley, Stevepeterson,Nestore, NCurse, Jprg1966, Makedon45, DaveHM, Bazonka, Zogu, Trekphiler, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Cplakidas, Akhilleus, Flib-bert, Vulcanstar6, OrphanBot, Asteraki, Khoikhoi, Cybercobra, Arnegjor, Decltype, Nakon, Iulius2, PrudenceBumpkin, Politis, Macedo-nia, Ligulembot, Kalambaki2, Imroko, Bejnar, Kukini, Will Beback, EMan32x, Yannismarou, FunkyFly, Rory096, NikoSilver, Vmroking,Edwy, JorisvS, Mgiganteus1, Needlenose, FreshBulletTime, Gjakova, Frokor, Makyen, Plxstic Orgasms, Invisifan, Macedonian876, Mak-sim L., Fangfufu, Ryulong, Serlin, Condem, Dr.K., Hectorian, Andreworkney, Hu12, Tamino, Lakers, Basicdesign, Greier, Kamikazi2,Feta, Avg, Dycedarg, HarryP2511, Moreschi, Neelix, Lordmaster913, Cydebot, Filip M, Future Perfect at Sunrise, Fukutu, Alfirin,Gogo Dodo, Travelbird, Corpx, DumbBOT, Telex, Yagonnadieclown, Omicronpersei8, JamesAM, Epbr123, N5iln, Etm157, Marek69,Dalahäst, James086, Solun1986, Vlachul, EdJohnston, Nick Number, AntiVandalBot, Seaphoto, Chronisgr, Deflective, Barek, Andonic,ΚΕΚΡΩΨ, Medgr, Magioladitis, El Greco, VoABot II, Woman+man, Mclay1, EagleFan, Allstarecho, DerHexer, Baristarim, MartinBot,Philippos, Tekleni, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, AlexiusHoratius, J.delanoy, Pharaoh of the Wizards, AAA!, Clown57, Peccafly, Elkost,LordAnubisBOT, Austin512, Internationalhistory, Ditirambo, Student7, Vanished user 39948282, Rburkwist, Idioma-bot, Gambolputty,Dimanovski, VolkovBot, Macedonian, Philip Trueman, TXiKiBoT, Zurrr, Maximillion Pegasus, Kritikos99, Miranda, Laveol, Damf1,Ocolon, Clarince63, Seraphim, Icesarimak, Pulsar06, LeaveSleaves, Seb az86556, Domitius, Icekovski, Billinghurst, Jabuuti, InsanityIncarnate, Brianga, AlleborgoBot, Ynnojk, Candrax, CT Cooper, Xenovatis, Pilipinischer, Kiswahili, The Random Editor, SieBot, IvanŠtambuk, Sahilm, PanagosTheOther, Ori, Winchelsea, Gerakibot, ForeignerFromTheEast, Ploutarchos, Jingiby, ILMelone, Egejka, Fat-manonthehorse, Keilana, Android Mouse, Alboking, Belinrahs, Mr. Neutron, Oxymoron83, Archaiologos, Nuttycoconut, Ealdgyth, Aram-gar, Jabbalzar, Hanithis, Jonigan24, StaticGull, Nickos1234, Dimboukas, Makedonij, 3rdAlcove, Troy 07, Athenean, Estoniaee, ClueBot,Makedonijaz5, Snigbrook, Fyyer, Foxj, The Thing That Should Not Be, Marko sk, Pangrati7878, Blanchardb, Stewy5714, Excirial, Ire-land101, Ioannes Tzimiskes, Eeekster, Ironexmaiden, MacedonianBoy, Razorflame, Takabeg, SchreiberBike, Galaxy250, Thingg, Aitias,Silas Maxfield, Dance With The Devil, Tommg, Nikola MK, Local hero, Jonomgf, XLinkBot, Emmette Hernandez Coleman, Macedon23,Avoided, Mifter, Alexius08, WikiDao, Polibiush, Bacis 2005, HexaChord, Wyatt915, Addbot, Xp54321, Man with one red shoe, GiorgosTzimas, Tcncv, PMK1, Dusan kirovski, Fieldday-sunday, CanadianLinuxUser, Fluffernutter, Mac Dreamstate, Funky Fantom, GK1973,Skamnelis, Glane23, Egejce, Favonian, Norman21, Mactruth, Arsenal FC FAN4E, CuteHappyBrute, Ssschhh, Makedonier, Lightbot,Makedonija84, Luckas Blade, Josifoski, Zorrobot, Sparklechick24, Jurukovski, Megaman en m, Alfie66, Stefan177, Legobot, Drpickem,Silanthaler, Luckas-bot, Yobot, II MusLiM HyBRiD II, Numbers0123456789, Mickeymouse0107, AnomieBOT, VX, IRP, Piano nontroppo, Yachtsman1, Shadowmorph, ΘΕΟΔΩΡΟΣ, Flewis, 90 Auto, Citation bot, Ilhp4ever, Ssste, Maxis ftw, Xqbot, Anon2413, I FeelTired, Capricorn42, Gkhater, J04n, GrouchoBot, Omnipaedista, RibotBOT, Pyraechmes, Brambleshire, Mathonius, MerlLinkBot, Star-wars1791, Shadowjams, E0steven, Sarwicked, Xoxkrissy15xox, Volko1, Makedonak, Shmits84, Δρακόλακκος, CokaCSWax, პაატა შ,Boriskuzman, FrescoBot, Macedonian Citizen, Makedonija97, BenzolBot, AlexZeko, Citation bot 1, Redrose64, Karts6735, HRoestBot,Jack.543, Crombiemoose2009, Damjan creative, Jschnur, Vinicanec, Philly boy92, Mane avent, Jeppiz, Greco22, TobeBot, Lotje, Avien-ath, Antipastor, LawBot, Underlying lk, ItsMeAthan, DraganKitanoski, RjwilmsiBot, Hajatvrc, Ptolion, NDKilla, Lucas377, EmausBot,John of Reading, WikitanvirBot, Nuujinn, Wantmebi, Minimac’s Clone, Stefo3, Tommy2010, Smoovce, K6ka, Chocolatetoe, Suigenerius,ZéroBot, Ida Shaw, Duskodolgousko, Josve05a, DragonTiger23, MithrandirAgain, Érico Júnior Wouters, Can You Prove That You're Hu-man, ФросинаК, NGPriest, TeChuva, RoseAphro, Tot12, Ivanamicevska, ClueBot NG, Gareth Griffith-Jones, Dvajcabeztrojca, SilentRes-ident, Macedon-40, My NAME IS smammy, Helpful Pixie Bot, Ramaksoud2000, BG19bot, Jord.sheehy, Ebriceno, Lunch for Two, Da-vidiad, Anastomoses, Evilemperorzorg, Christos200, Klilidiplomus, AllenZh, Pratyya Ghosh, Eachanglefgs, Joker004, Carmakedonec, We-bclient101, Ihate greece, TaniaWhite, Anderson, Stickface97, Vadgt, Sowlos, N.bonaparte5, Kenan 999, Tonimicho, Getback42, Nikostrd,A Gounaris, Captain Conundrum, Greg mangos, Trafalgar sam, Sayu101, Frenzie23, GoldenClockCar, Goran Popovski, Gts-tg, Eter-nalJimmies, Monkbot, Balls and Sack, Stephaniekitanovski, Ze.doctor, Damko10, Freedomfighterrs, Dani0987 lop, BlueFenixReborn,Mkd4eva, Oconobo44 and Anonymous: 675

10.2 Images• File:Apogevmatini_Macedonians.gif Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/72/Apogevmatini_Macedonians.gif License:Fair use Contributors:Apogevmatini Original artist: ?

• File:Brockhaus_and_Efron_Jewish_Encyclopedia_e13_783-0.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Brockhaus_and_Efron_Jewish_Encyclopedia_e13_783-0.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: .torrent with info-hash323EBA8FBD7C6A3F30C1147B39760E978C95BB9B Original artist: Unknown

• File:Chindjovo_006_original.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Chindjovo_006_original.jpg License:CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: User:Chech Explorer Original artist: User:Chech Explorer

• File:Commons-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Originalartist: ?

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16 10 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

• File:Cyril_Methodius25K.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Cyril_Methodius25K.jpg License: Publicdomain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

• File:Die_Denkmal_Alexander_des_Großen_in_Thessaloniki.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Die_Denkmal_Alexander_des_Gro%C3%9Fen_in_Thessaloniki.JPG License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist:Hombre

• File:Egnatia_Odos.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Egnatia_Odos.JPG License: Public domainCon-tributors: Own work Original artist: Murderdoll1122

• File:Europe_green_light.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Europe_green_light.png License: Publicdomain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Aegean Boy

• File:ExpansionOfMacedon.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/ExpansionOfMacedon.jpg License:CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work

• (data from R. Ginouvès and al., La Macédoine, Paris, 1992)• (données basées sur E. Lévy, La Grèce au Ve siècle, Paris, 1995)• Blank map from Image:Map greek sanctuaries-fr.svg.

Original artist: User:Megistias• File:Flag_of_Europe.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg License: Public domain

Contributors:

• File based on the specification given at [1]. Original artist: User:Verdy p, User:-xfi-, User:Paddu, User:Nightstallion, User:Funakoshi,User:Jeltz, User:Dbenbenn, User:Zscout370

• File:Flag_of_Greece.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg License: Public domainContributors: own code Original artist: (of code) cs:User:-xfi- (talk)

• File:Flag_of_Greek_Macedonia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Flag_of_Greek_Macedonia.svg Li-cense: Public domain Contributors: Self-drawn in CorelDraw. Original artist: Mysid

• File:Flag_of_Thessaloniki.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Flag_of_Thessaloniki.svg License: Pub-lic domain Contributors:

• Thessaloniki_Municipal_Flag.png Original artist: Thessaloniki_Municipal_Flag.png: Ωριγένης• File:Greek_Macedonia_map_with_subdivisions.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Greek_Macedonia_map_with_subdivisions.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors:

• Greece_2011_Periferiakes_Enotites.svg Original artist: Greece_2011_Periferiakes_Enotites.svg: Pitichinaccio• File:Jewish_museum_thessaloniki_sign.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Jewish_museum_thessaloniki_sign.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Sam. SALTIEL

• File:KRITOPOULOS_1627.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/KRITOPOULOS_1627.JPG License:Public domain Contributors: http://rzbs4.bibliothek.uni-regensburg.de/portrait/images/1024x768/pos/kf/0190.jpg Original artist: Heyden,Jakob ¬van der¬ (1573-1645)

• File:Kastoria1_200704.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Kastoria1_200704.JPG License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Pvasiliadis

• File:Kavalapanorama.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Kavalapanorama.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0Contributors: https://www.flickr.com/photos/karpidis/6493532699 Original artist: Andreas Kontokanis

• File:Location_map_of_Macedonia_(Greece).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Location_map_of_Macedonia_%28Greece%29.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Philly boy92

• File:Macedonianslavicinwestmacedonia.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Macedonianslavicinwestmacedonia.png License: Public domain Contributors: (Original text: Data gathered from Usage des languesminoritaires dans les départements de Florina et d’Aridea (Macédoine) by Anthropologist, Riki Van Boeschoten. Map data from Officialpolitical map of municipalities and communities of the Florina prefecture, published by the Greek Ministery of Interior Affairs (EYSE)and Image:Florina prefecture, Greece - political map - municipality level - numbered.svg. Aridaia map data from Map of Pella Prefectureand Image:Pella_municipalities.svg.) Original artist: PMK1

• File:Marble_Quarry,_Thasos.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Marble_Quarry%2C_Thasos.jpg Li-cense: CC BY-SA 2.5 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Lokal_Profil

• File:Naousa_view_from_St_Theologos_hill_4.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Naousa_view_from_St_Theologos_hill_4.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Frangiscoder

• File:New_Greece.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/New_Greece.jpg License: ? Contributors:Macedonian Heritage, an online review of the affairs, history and culture of Macedonia. Original artist: Anonymous

• File:Pella_House_atrium.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Pella_House_atrium.jpg License: Copy-righted free use Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

• File:Philip_II_larnax_vergina_greece.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Philip_II_larnax_vergina_greece.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: http://www.flickr.com/photos/sarah_c_murray/3542796664/ Original artist: Sarah Mur-ray

• File:Philippi_city_center.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Philippi_city_center.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

• File:Platamonas,_Pieria_prefecture,_Greece.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Platamonas%2C_Pieria_prefecture%2C_Greece.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Originally from en.wikipedia; description page is/was here. Orig-inal artist: Original uploader was JFKennedy at en.wikipedia

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10.3 Content license 17

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• File:South-Balkan-Romance-languages.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/South-Balkan-Romance-languages.png License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: self-made, based on the map published in "Ko-ryakov Y.B. Atlas of Romance languages. Moscow, 2001". Map #8. That map is based in turn primarily on Karte 1 from “Kramer J.Rumänische Areallinguistik II. Aromunisch ; Lexikon der romanistischen Linguistik / Hrsg. von G. Holtus, M. Metzeltin, Ch. Schmitt.Tübingen, 1991, Bd. III.”. Original artist: Koryakov Yuri

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