LTE and WiMAX Comparison.docx

8/9/2019 LTE and WiMAX Comparison.docx

1/119

LTE and WiMAX Comparison

Tejas Bhandare

t b h a n d a r e @ s c u .e du

t b h a n d a r e @ y a h o o .c om

mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]


2/119

Santa Clara University

December 2008


3/119

LTE and WiMAX

Comparison

Audience

The target audiences of this paper are technical personnel from

Telecommunications and Networking industr! especiall engineers

working on the de"elopment of ne#t$ generation wireless technologies!

students from Electrical and Computer %cience &ackground! and anone

interested in a comparati"e stud of the two leading contenders for '(

&road&and wireless access technolog) LTE and WiMAX*


4/119

+ Tejas Bhandare


5/119

LTE and WiMAX

Comparison

Contents

Audience *****************************************************************************************************

*************************+

,"er"iew*****************************************************************************************************

************************'

-ntroduction*************************************************************************************************

*********************** . %stem

Architecture*************************************************************************************************

********** /

The LTE

Architecture******************************************************************************************

************ /

Baseline************************************************************************************************

*********************** / Towards LTE

***************************************************************************************************************0 %stem Architecture E"olution 1%AE2

********************************************************************* +3 %eamless

migration**********************************************************************************************

***** ++

The WiMAX Architecture

**********************************************************************************************+4

Network 5eference Model

***************************************************************************************+4 %eamless

integration with 6(77

networks**************************************************************+.

Air -nterface 5adio Aspects

********************************************************************************************* +0

8re9uenc &ands


6/119

********************************************************************************************************** +0

5adio Access Modes

**************************************************************************************************** +0

:ata rates

*****************************************************************************************************************

**** +0 Multiple Access Technolog

**************************************************************************************** +0

,8:MA 1WiMAX ;plink


7/119


8/119

LTE and WiMAX

Comparison

WiMAX ***********************************************************************************************

***********************'' @ualit of %er"ice1@o%2*************************************************************************************************** '.

%ecurit ***************************************************************************************************

************************** '. Comparison

%ummar**************************************************************************************************

****'> Market Analsis and challenges

**************************************************************************************'0 Conclusion

*****************************************************************************************************************

*******.3 Acronms

*****************************************************************************************************************

**********.+

5eferences***********************************************************************************************

************************* ./


9/119

6 Tejas Bhandare


10/119

LTE and WiMAX

Comparison

Overview

,"er the last few ears! there has &een increasing demands for

accessing the -nternet o"er the mo&ile de"ices* To address this! the

wireless telecommunication industr has &een stri"ing hard to dene

a new air interface for mo&ile communications to pro"ide a

framework for high mo&ilit &road&and ser"ices and increase the

o"erall sstem capacit reducing latenc and impro"ing spectral

ecienc and cell$edge performance*

Two emerging technologies! the -EEE 034*+> WiMAX 1Worldwide

-nteropera&ilit for Microwa"e Access2 and the 6(77 LTE 1Third

(eneration 7artnership 7roject Long Term E"olution2 aim to pro"ide

mo&ile "oice! "ideo and data ser"ices & promoting low cost

deploment and ser"ice models through -nternet friendl architectures

and protocols* Both these technologies are &eing considered as

candidates for the fourth generation 1'(2 of mo&ile networks*

This paper performs a detailed comparison of the LTE and WiMAX

standards and del"es into the intricacies of each of them* The paper

&egins with a &rief histor and technolog o"er"iew of WiMAX and LTE*

-t then performs a detailed comparison of the %stem Architecture for

each and also discusses the seamless integration of LTE and WiMAXtechnologies into the e"ol"ed 6(77 networks* -t performs a detailed

stud of the Air -nterface 5adio Aspects such as access modes!

transmission &andwidths! supported fre9uenc &ands! antenna

techni9ues the protocol aspects and "arious other features including

control mechanisms! @ualit of %er"ice 1@o%2 and securit for each of

them*


11/119

Towards the end! the paper pro"ides an o"er"iew of the competition in

the wireless market and challenges and roadmap for each of these

ne#t$generation wireless standards*

' Tejas Bhandare


12/119

LTE and WiMAX

Comparison

Introduction

The communication industr has &een formulating new standards to

efcientl deli"er high speed &road&and mo&ile access in a single air

interface and network architecture at low cost to operators and end

users* Two standards! -EEE 034*+> 1WiMAX2 and 6(77 LTE are leading

the pack towards forming the ne#t$generation of mo&ile network

standards*

The WiMAX 1-EEE 034*+> standard2 comes from -EEE famil of

protocols and e#tends the wireless access from the Local Area Network

1tpicall &ased on the -EEE 034*++ standard2 to Metropolitan Area

Networks 1MAN2 and Wide Area Networks 1WAN2* -t uses a new phsical

laer radio access technolog called ,8:MA 1,rthogonal 8re9uenc

:i"ision Multiple Access2 for uplink and downlink* While the initial

"ersions 034*+>$433' focused on #ed and nomadic access! the later

"ersion 034*+>$433.! an amendment to 034*+>$433' include man

new features and functionalities needed to support enhanced @o% and

high mo&ilit &road&and ser"ices at speeds greater than +43 Dm$433' is also called 034*+>d and is referred to as #ed

WiMAX while the 034*+>$433. is referred to as 034*+>e or Mo&ile

WiMAX* The Mo&ile WiMAX uses an all -7 &ack&one with uplink and

downlink peak data rate capa&ilities of upto /. M&ps depending on theantenna conguration and modulation! practica&le to +3 M&ps within a

> miles 1+3 Dm2 radius* The earliest iterations of WiMAX was appro"ed

with the T:MA T:: and 8:: with line of sight 1L,%2 propagation

across the +3 to >> (? fre9uenc range which was later e#panded to

include operation in the 4 to ++ (? range with non line of sight

1NL,%2 capa&ilit using the ro&ust ,8:MA 7F laer with su&$


13/119

channeli?ation allowing dnamic allocation of time and fre9uenc

resources to multiple users* The 034*+>m 1Mo&ile WiMAX 5elease 42

Task$force is currentl working on the ne#t$generation sstems with an

aim for optimi?ations for impro"ed interworking and coe#istence with

other access technologies such as 6( cellular sstems! Wi8i and

Bluetooth and enhance the peak rates to '( standards set & the -T;

under G-MT$Ad"ancedH um&rella which calls for data rates of +33 M&ps

for high mo&ilit and + (&ps for fi#ed


14/119

LTE and WiMAX

Comparison

6.3Dm


15/119

Figure-! "volution #at$ o% &obile wireless tec$nologies towards

'( )2*

> Tejas Bhandare


16/119

LTE and WiMAX

Comparison

System Arc$itecture

The LTE and WiMAX %stem Architecture aims to impro"e latenc!

capacit! and throughput while simplifing the core network and

optimi?ing the -7 trac and ser"ices* Both the architectures ensure

seamless integration into the e#isting 6(77 cellular wireless networks

and pro"ide simplied support and hando"er to 6(77 and non$6(77

access technologies*

+$e ,+" Arc$itecture

E"ol"ing from the 6(77 famil! the LTE takes the 6( ;MT%

architecture as the &aseline to dene a simplied model in tandem

with the 6(77 %AE 1%stem Architecture E"olution2 and E"ol"ed

7acket Core 1E7C2*

aseline

A 6($cellular logical &aseline architecture is shown in the gure &elow*


17/119

Figure-2! .(-Cellular ,ogical aseline Arc$itecture )'*

/ Tejas Bhandare


18/119

LTE and WiMAX

Comparison

The LTE focuses on enhancing and optimi?ing this &aseline

architecture! specicall simplifing the ;T5AN 1;ni"ersal Terrestrial5adio Access Network2 and ;T5A and

deli"er ser"ices utili?ing an E"ol"ed 7acket Core*

+owards ,+"

The aim of the LTE Architecture is to)

• 7ro"ide open interfaces to support multi$"endor deploments*

• 7ro"ide ro&ustness J no single point of failure*

• %upport multi$5AT 15adio Access Technolog2 with resources

controlled from the network*

• %upport of seamless mo&ilit to legac sstems as well as to

other emerging sstems including inter 5AT ando"ers and

%er"ice &ased 5AT %election*

• Maintain appropriate le"el of securit*

Based on the higher goals! the LTE model gets rid of the 5NC 15adio

Network Controller2* -n the 6( ;MT% network the 5NC is located in

the ;T5AN and controls one or more N,:E$Bs which are the Base

Transcei"er %tations* The LTE E$;T5AN 1E"ol"ed$;T5AN2 is greatl

simplied and has a new network element called eNB 1e"ol"ed Node$

B2 that pro"ides the E$;T5A user plane and control plane

terminations towards the ;E 1;ser E9uipment2* The figure &elow

shows the LTE architecture with E$;T5AN*


19/119

MME) Mo&ilit Management

Entit ;7E) ;ser 7lane Entit

eNB) e"ol"ed Node$B

;T5AN) ;ni"ersal Terrestrial 5adio Access Network

Figure-.! ,+" Arc$itecture wit$ "-U+/A ).*

0 Tejas Bhandare


20/119

LTE and WiMAX

Comparison

The eNBs are connected together through a new interface called X4!

ena&ling direct communication &etween the elements and eliminatingthe need to channel data &ack and forth through the 5NC* The E$;T5AN

is connected to the E7C 1E"ol"ed 7acket Core2 though the %+ interface!

which connects the eNBs to the mo&ilit management entit 1MME


21/119

Figure-'! Functional s#lit between "-U+/A and "1C )*

The eNB performs the following functions)

• 5adio resource Management

• -7 header compression and encrption

• %election of MME at ;E attachment

• 5outing of user plane data towards %$(W

• %cheduling and transmission of paging and &roadcast information

• Mo&ilit measurement and conguration reporting

= Tejas Bhandare


22/119

LTE and WiMAX

Comparison

The MME functions include)

• 7aging message distri&ution to eNBs

• %ecurit control

• -dle state mo&ilit control

• %AE &earer control

• Ciphering and integrit protection of non$access stratum 1NA%2

signaling

The functions performed & %$(W are)

• Termination of user$plane packets for paging reasons

• %witching of user plane for ;E mo&ilit

System Arc$itecture "volution 3SA"4

Concurrent to the LTE architecture is the %AE architecture which forms

the fundamental &aseline for the LTE and E"ol"ed 7acket Core* The

%stem Architecture E"olution 1%AE2 ensures future competiti"eness of

6(77 sstems while optimi?ing the network for -7 traKic towards an

All$-7 network* The gure &elow shows the %AE approach that LTE

uses*


23/119

MME) Mo&ilit Management

Entit ;7E) ;ser 7lane Entit

-A%A -nter$Access %stem Anchor

Figure-5! aseline o% SA" Arc$itecture )'*

The %AE Anchor is the Mo&ilit anchor &etween 6(77 access sstems

14(


24/119

LTE and WiMAX

Comparison

supports high throughput! low latenc LTE access* All ser"ices are onl

through the 7acket %witched domain and %AE does not support Circuit%witched domain*

Seamless migration

-n order to ensure smooth migration to LTE! the MME! ;7E! -nter A%

Anchor and (%N function entities are com&ined in one node called

AC(W 1Access Control (ateWa2

which ena&les inter$working with ;T5AN "ia -u interface and (75%

core network "ia (n interface* The gure &elow shows the AC(W wa

towards seamless migration to LTE*


25/119

Figure-6! Seamless migration to ,+" using AC(7 )5*

The %6! %' and %. &ecome internal interfaces in AC(W* 8rom ;T5ANHs

perspecti"e! A%(W is a %(%N and thus pro"ides complete -u interface

functionalities including -u$ 8le#! which &reaks the hierarchical

mapping of 5NCs to %(%Ns 1M%Cs2 and allows man$to$man relation

of 5NCs and %(%Ns 1and M%Cs2 ena&ling load sharing &etween %(%N

and AC(W* :epending on the ;E 14(


26/119


27/119

Figure-! 7i&A etwor9 /e%erence &odel )*

+4 Tejas Bhandare


28/119

LTE and WiMAX

Comparison

The WiMAX network can &e deploed as a green eld network 1no

legac support2 or as an o"erla to e#isting #ed legac circuitswitched sstems or mo&ile access networks such as 4(


29/119

The A%N performs "arious network functions re9uired to pro"ide radio

access to the M%* These include)

• Laer 4 connecti"it with the M%

• Transfer of AAA 1Authentication! Authori?ation and Accounting2

messages to the $N%7 1ome N%72

• 7referred N%7 disco"er and selection

• 5ela functionalit for esta&lishing laer 6 1L62 connecti"it with M%

• 5adio 5esource Management 155M2

• A%N and C%N anchored mo&ilit

• 7aging and location management

• A%N$C%N tunneling

The A%N ma &e implemented as an integrated A%N where allfunctions are collated in a single logical entit! or it ma ha"e a

decomposed conguration in which the A%N

+6 Tejas Bhandare


30/119

LTE and WiMAX

Comparison

functions are selecti"el mapped into two separate nodes! a B% 1Base

%tation2 and an A%N$(W 1A%N (atewa2

ase Station 3S4

The B% is a logical entit that primaril performs the radio related

functions of an A%N interface with the M%* Each B% is associated

with one sector with one fre9uenc assignment and ma

incorporate a :own Link


31/119

• AAA pro# or ser"er

• @o% polic and admission control &ased on user su&scription proles

• A%N$C%N tunneling support

• %u&scri&er &illing and inter$operator settlement

• -nter$C%N tunneling for roaming

• C%N$anchored inter$A%N mo&ilit

• Connecti"it to -M%! location &ased ser"ices! peer$to$peer

ser"ices! and &roadcast and multicast ser"ices

• ,"er$the$air acti"ation and pro"isioning

The protocol laers used in the elements connected through "arious

interfaces of the Network 5eference Model is depicted in the figure

&elow*

+' Tejas Bhandare


32/119

LTE and WiMAX

Comparison

Figure-8! 7i&A sim#le I1 based #rotocol structure )*

The architecture uses a simple -7 &ased protocol structure* The laers

dened in the M% and 56 interfaces respecti"el* The 54 interface is a logical

interface &etween the -7 laers of the M% and the C%Ns of isited

N%7m standard

which is &ased on ne#t$ generation -T; G-MT$Ad"ancedH specications

to support enhanced roaming! seamless Wi8i$WiMAX hando"er! 6(774

interworking! multimedia session continuit! support for femto$cells

and network optimi?ation*

Seamless integration wit$ .(11 networ9s


33/119


34/119

LTE and WiMAX

Comparison

Figure-:! Arc$itecture %or integrating mobile 7i&A wit$in .(11

"1C networ9 )*


35/119

All 6(77 access technologies are connected to the E7C through the %$

(W 1%er"ing (atewa2 while the WiMAX is tpicall connected through

the packet data network gatewa 17$(W2* The WiMAX A%N is directl

connected to the 7$(W through the %4a interface as a trusted access

through the 17M-7 MA(2 7ro# Mo&ile -7 Mo&ilit Access (atewa* The

E7C has the %% 1ome %u&scri&er %er"er2 which stores the user

su&scri&er information! a AAA ser"er which pro"ides the

authentication! authori?ation and accounting ser"ices for the user! and

a 7CC 17olic and Charging Control2 architecture for enforcing

charging and @o% policies* The WiMAX 7CC uses the 7C58 17olic and

Charging 5ules 8unction2 to recei"e the authori?ation en"elope for

associated @o% parameters that are enforced in the A%N$(W* TheBBE58 1Bearer Binding and E"ent 5eporting 8unction2 is used for

reporting e"ents for charging performed in the E7C* The AN:%8

1Access Network :isco"er and %election 8unction2 facilitates the

hando"er process & assisting in the disco"er of WiMAX cells and

pro"ide neigh&oring cell information such as @o% and ser"ice

capa&ilities! charging rate et al* when re9uested & the ;E 1;ser

E9uipment2* The 8A8 18orward Authentication 8unction2 is used to

authori?e access to 6(77 and prepare appropriate 6(77 resources on

its &ehalf while the ;E is still on the WiMAX network*

+> Tejas Bhandare


36/119

LTE and WiMAX

Comparison

8our major logical interfaces are deploed in the architecture to achie"e

the seamless integration*

• .(11 S+a

This is e9ui"alent to the WiMAX 56$AAA interface and is used for

AAA$&ased authentication of user e9uipment 1;E2 and

enforcement of precongured @o%*

• .(11 (;a

This is e9ui"alent to the WiMAX 56$7CC$7 and is used for

enforcement of dnamic @o% and charging rules*

• .(11 S2a

This is e9ui"alent to WiMAX 56$M-7 interface and is used for

laer 6 mo&ilit and &earer esta&lishment towards the core

network*

• .(11 S'

The %+' interface is used for inter$technolog network disco"er

and selection and for facilitating seamless hando"er &etween the

two technologies using the AN:%8 and 8A8 elements*

The architecture limits changes to the standard 6(77

interfaces


37/119


38/119


39/119

Data rates

7eak data rates for LTE range from +33 to 64>*'M&ps on the downlink

and .3 to 0>*' M&ps on the uplink depending on the antenna

conguration and modulation depth*

The WiMAX sstems ha"e peak data rate capa&ilities of /. M&ps in

the downlink and 4. M&ps in the uplink*

&ulti#le Access +ec$nology

:ownlink and uplink transmissions in LTE and WiMAX are &ased on the

multiple access technologies* A technolog called ,rthogonal

8re9uenc :i"ision Multiple Access 1,8:MA2 is used for downlink

transmission of LTE and for uplink and downlink transmission of

WiMAX* The uplink transmission for LTE uses a new technolog called

%C$8:MA 1%ingle Carrier 8re9uenc :i"ision Multiple Access2* The %C$

8:MA is superior to ,8:MA! howe"er is restricted to LTE uplink

&ecause the increased time domain processing of %C$8:MA would

entail considera&le &urden on

+0 Tejas Bhandare


40/119

LTE and WiMAX

Comparison

&ase stations* Both ,8:MA and %C$8:MA phsical laer technologies

are detailed further*

OFD&A 37i&A U#lin9=Downlin9 and ,+" Downlin94

,8:MA is deri"ed from ,8:M 1,rthogonal 8re9uenc :i"ision

Multiple#ing2! a digital multi$carrier modulation scheme which uses the

principle that information can &e transmitted on a radio channel

through "ariations of a carrier signalHs fre9uenc! phase or magnitude*

-nstead of transmitting all the information on to a single 58 carrier

signal! the high data rate input stream is multiple#ed into parallel

com&ination of low data rate streams* The parallel streams are

modulated onto separate su&carriers in the fre9uenc domain through

the use of in"erse fast 8ourier transform 1-88T2 and transmitted

through the channel* At the recei"er! the signal is demodulated using

an 88T process to con"ert a time "aring comple# wa"eform &ack toits spectral components! reco"ering the initial su&carriers with their

modulation and thus the original digital &it stream* The gure &elow

shows fre9uenc and time domain representation of an ,8:M signal*


41/119

Figure-0! OFD& signal re#resentation in %re


42/119

LTE and WiMAX

Comparison

Figure-! OFD& and OFD&A subcarrier allocation )2*

-n LTE and WiMAX! each su&carrier is modulated with a con"entional

modulation scheme depending on the channel condition* LTE uses

@7%D! +>@AM! or >'@AM while WiMAX uses B7%D! @7%D! +>@AM! or

>'@AM for modulation at a low sm&ol rate* The 88T si?es of +40! 4.>!

.+4! +34' and 43'0! corresponding to WiMAX and LTE channel

&andwidth of +*4.! 4*.! .! +3 and 43M? are used* -n time domain!

guard inter"als known as cclic pre# 1C72 are inserted &etween each

of the sm&ols to pre"ent inter$sm&ol interference at the recei"er

caused & multi$path dela spread in the radio channel* The normal C7

for LTE is '*>= s while for WiMAX it is +


43/119

Figure-2! OFD&A transmitting a series o% >1S? data symbols )'*

43 Tejas Bhandare


44/119

LTE and WiMAX

Comparison

SC-FD&A 3,+" u#lin94

The LTE uses a new modulation techni9ue called %ingle Carrier

8re9uenc :i"ision Multiple Access which in essence creates a single

carrier wa"eform and shift it to the desired part of the fre9uenc

domain* This new techni9ue pro"ides ro&ust resistance to multipath

without the pro&lem of high 7A5 17eak$to$a"erage ratio2 (aussian noise

which occurs in ,8:MA as the num&er of su&carriers increase* The

gure &elow pro"ides a comparison in time and fre9uenc domain&etween %C$8:MA and ,8:MA transmitting a se9uence of four 1M2

@7%D data sm&ols* -n real! LTE signals are allocated in units of +4

adjacent su&carriers*


45/119

Figure-.! Com#arison o% OFD&A and SC-FD&A transmitting a

series o% >1S? data symbols )2*

The %C$8:MA transmits the data sm&ols in series at four 1M2 times the

rate with each data sm&ol occuping M # +. D? as against ,8:MA

which transmits the sm&ols in parallel! one per su&carrier* The %C$

8:MA signal appears to &e more like a %ingle Carrier 1hence the name

G%CH2 with each data &eing represented & one wide signal* The %C$

8:MA sm&ol contains M Gsu&$sm&olsH that represent the modulating

data*

4+ Tejas Bhandare


46/119

LTE and WiMAX

Comparison

B transmitting M data sm&ols at M times the rate! the %C$8:MA

occupied &andwidth is the same as multicarrier ,8:MA! &ut the 7A517eak$to$A"erage 5atio2 remains the same as used in the original data

sm&ols and does not approach the (aussian noise as in ,8:MA*

&odulation 1arameters

The modulation parameters such as sstem &andwidth! sampling

fre9uenc! 88T si?e! su&carrier spacing! sm&ol duration! cclic prefi# et

al* for LTE and WiMAX are compared &elow*

,+"

The LTE has a scala&le channel &andwidth selecta&le from +*4. to 43

M? with a"aila&le sstem proles of +*4.! +*'! 4*.! 6! .! +3! +.! and

43 M? with &oth 8:: and T::* -t uses a su&carrier spacing of +. D?*

-f eMBM% 1e"ol"ed Multimedia Broadcast Multicast sstem2! a

techni9ue to com&ine multi$cell transmissions in the ;E is used! the

su&carrier spacing of /*. D? is deploed* The su&carrier spacing in

LTE is constant and is independent of channel &andwidth* The ,8:MA

and %C$8:MA sm&ol length is the same at >>*/ s o"er which the

su&carriers of +. D? 1downlink

,8:MA2 and >3 D? 1uplink %C$8:MA2 are each modulated & one @7%D

data sm&ol* The smallest amount of allocated resource in &oth the

downlink and uplink is called a resource &lock 15B2 which is +03 D?

wide and lasts for 3*. ms* An 5B consists of +4 su&carriers at +. D?

su&carrier spacing while for eMBM% the 5B is 4' su&carriers at /*. D?


47/119

spacing* The ma#imum num&er of 5Bs supported & the gi"en channel

&andwidth is gi"en in the ta&le &elow*

+able-! C$annel bandwidt$ Con%igurations )'*

The length of the Cclic 7re# 1C72 used in LTE depends on the channel

dela spread

and accordingl either short or long C7 is used* When short C7 is used! the

rst ,8:M

44 Tejas Bhandare


48/119

LTE and WiMAX

Comparison

sm&ol in a slot has slightl longer C7 than the remaining si# sm&ols to

preser"e slot timing 13*. msec2* The ta&le &elow lists the LTE modulationparameters*


49/119


50/119

LTE and WiMAX

Comparison

+able-.! 7i&A 802@6e &odulation 1arameters )5*

&ulti#le Antenna +ec$ni


51/119

Figure-'! Antenna +ec$ni


52/119

LTE and WiMAX

Comparison

,+"

• ,+" Downlin9

8or LTE downlink! three multiple antenna schemes are

supported "i?* T# di"ersit 1M-%,2! 5# di"ersit 1%-M,2 and

%patial Multiple#ing 1M-M,2*

-n the T# di"ersit! the open$loop conguration is used while the

more comple# closed$loop T# di"ersit is not supported* -t

supports either two or four antennas for T# di"ersit*

The 5# di"ersit is mandator for LTE ;ser E9uipment 1;E2 and

forms the &aseline recei"er capa&ilit* B ma#imum ratio

com&ining of recei"ed streams! the %N5 1%ignal$to$Noise$5atio2 is

impro"ed*

8or the M-M,! LTE uses the two or four antenna configurations* A

two

channel ;E recei"er allows 4#4 or '#4 M-M,! common &eing the 4#4

%ingle$

;ser M-M, 1%;$M-M,2 for LTE* -n %;$M-M,! the paload data is

di"ided into two code word streams with each code$word &eing

represented at diKerent

powers and phases on &oth antennas* -t uses the closed$loop

form of M-M, with pre$coding of streams where channel

information is o&tained from the

;E on the uplink control channel*


53/119

Figure-5! Single-User-&ulti#le In#ut &ulti#le Out#ut in ,+"

)2*

-n addition! a techni9ue called cclic dela di"ersit 1C::2 is

used which adds antenna$specic cclic time shifts to artificiall

create multi$path on the recei"ed signal and pre"ent signal

cancellation caused & the close spacing of transmit antennas*

• ,+" U#lin9

The LTE ;ser E9uipment 1;E2 uses onl one transmitter in order

to sa"e cost and &atter power* This conguration allows M;$

M-M, 1Multiple$;ser Multiple -nput Multiple ,utput2 in which two

diKerent ;E transmit in the same fre9uenc and time to the

eNB* ;nder ideal conditions! this

4. Tejas Bhandare


54/119

LTE and WiMAX

Comparison

conguration has the potential to dou&le the uplink capacit

without e#tra costs to ;E*

-n addition to the a&o"e conguration! a second transmit

antenna can &e used & the ;E to allow uplink T# di"ersit and

%;$M-M, thus ena&ling higher data

rates depending on channel conditions*

Figure-6! &ulti#le-User-&ulti#le In#ut &ulti#le Out#ut in

,+" )2*

8or the eNB! 5# di"ersit is the &aseline capa&ilit and LTE

supports two or four recei"e antennas*

7i&A

The WiMAX supports "arious Multiple Antenna %stem 1MA%2

technologies* WiMAX supports &oth open$loop M-M, as well as closed$

loop M-M,* ,pen Loop M-M, includes %pace$Time Block Coding 1%TBC


55/119

or Matri#$A2! open$loop %patial Multiple#ing 1%M$M-M, or Matri#$B2 and

adapti"e mode selection &etween the two* -n closed$ loop M-M,

1%patial Beamforming


56/119

LTE and WiMAX

Comparison

• 7i&A Downlin9

Both %TBC and %M$M-M, are downlink open$loop M-M,

schemes* The criterion to switch &etween Matri#$A 1%TBC2 and

Matri#$B 1%M$M-M,2 is &ased on which one gi"es high spectral

ecienc* This task is called the Adapti"e Mode %election*

The %TBC encoding is also known as the Alamouti scheme and

transmits each sm&ol twice! once per antenna* WiMAX denes

a num&er of space$time &lock coding schemes that can &e usedto pro"ide transmit di"ersit in the downlink* 8or transmit

di"ersit! there could &e two or more transmit antennas and one

or more recei"e antennas* The space$time &lock code 1%TBC2

used for the 4 #+ antenna case is the Alamouti codes! which are

orthogonal and amena&le to ma#imum likelihood detection* -n

addition to the 4 # + case! WiMAX also denes %TBCs for the

three$ and four$antenna cases*

The Mo&ile WiMAX scheme %M$M-M, also known as Matri#$B

supports two downlink data streams on the same fre9uenc

resource to one mo&ile recei"er* -t encodes a single stream of

data and then splitting each pair of modulation sm&ols &etween

the two antennas* -t dou&les the peak data rate and impro"es

the sstem performance when the sstem is &andwidth limited*

%pace$time coding cannot &e used for the downlink common

channel* -n this case! the Cclic %hift Transmit :i"ersit 1C%T:2

technolog can &e used to o&tain di"ersit gains* C%T:

technolog allows different delaed copies of the same data

stream to &e transmitted through different antennas* Multi$path

O>P


57/119

di"ersit is reali?ed! and the common channel co"erage is

enlarged* 8or data channels! C%T: can &e used in conjunction

with Matri# A or Matri# B to further enhance di"ersit

performance or di"ersit and multiple#ing performance *

•

The WiMAX ;plink also supports Colla&orati"e %patial Multiple#ing

1C%M2

technolog in which the terminals that correspond to two single

transmission

antennas are scheduled on the same time$fre9uenc resources thus

increasing

4/ Tejas Bhandare

7i&A U#lin9 %imilar to %M$M-M,! WiMAX supports a scheme called uplink

coordinated %pace :i"ision Multiple Access 1%:MA2 for uplink* -n

this scheme! an access point scheduler allows two uplink data

streams on the same time fre9uenc resource from two mo&ile

transmitters* ;sing the recei"er antenna arra! the access pointrecei"er separates the two data streams* %:MA too dou&les the

peak data rate and impro"es the sstem performance when thes stem is &andwidth limited*


58/119

LTE and WiMAX

Comparison

uplink capacit through multiple#ing* The signal channels of

diKerent terminals are orthogonal to each other *

Figure-8! Collaborative s#atial multi#le;ing

S#atial eam%orming 3Closed-loo# &I&O4

To further increase sstem co"erage and capacit! WiMAX sstems

support &eamforming & using Adapti"e Antenna %stem 1AA%2* B

using arras of transmit and recei"e antennas! &eamforming antennas

control the directionalit and shape of the radiation pattern* -n the

GM-M, domainH closed$loop M-M, is &eamforming of signal processed

,8:M sm&ols or groups of sm&ols! so does not consider an

geographical &eam pattern! while in the GAA% domainH &eamforming is

reali?ed & directing the adapti"e &eams in space* The gure &elow

depicts spatial &eamforming*

O>P


59/119

Figure-:! S#atial eam%orming in 7i&A )6*

There are two tpes of closed$loop M-M, or &eamforming techni9ues*

-n the rst! known as Ma#imum 5atio Transmission 1M5T2! an antenna

&eam is formed on each ,8:M su&carrier* -n the second scheme! called

%tatistical Eigen Beamforming 1EB82 onl one antenna &eam is formed

across multiple allocated su&carriers* These &eamforming techni9ues

are howe"er optional features in the 034*+>e WiMAX standard*

40 Tejas Bhandare


60/119

LTE and WiMAX

Comparison

Air Inter%ace 1rotocol As#ects

The Air -nterface 7rotocol aspects detail the communication protocol

laers and their functionalities dened in the 6(77 LTE and -EEE 034*+>

WiMAX standards* A distinction &ased on protocol architecture! frame

structure! phsical channeli?ation! modulation! channel coding and

mapping! and "arious phsical laer control mechanisms for each LTE

and WiMAX is presented &elow*

1rotocol Arc$itecture

,+"

The gure &elow shows the radio interface protocol architecture dened

for the LTE sstem*


61/119

Circles &etween different laers or su&$laers indicate %er"ice Access 7oints 1%A7s2

Figure-20! ,+" /adio inter%ace #rotocol arc$itecture around t$e

#$ysical layer )2*

The LTE 7hsical Laer pro"ides the data transport ser"ices to the

higher laers which are accessed through the transport channels "ia

the Laer 4 MAC su&$laer* The MAC laer pro"ides the logical

channels to the Laer 4 5LC 15adio Link Control2 su&$laer* The

7hsical laer also has an interface with the Laer 6 55C 15adio

5esource Control2 laer*

A detailed 7rotocol %tack for Control 7lane and ;ser 7lane dened

for LTE are depicted and illustrated &elow*

4= Tejas Bhandare


62/119

LTE and WiMAX

Comparison

Figure-2! ,+" Control 1lane 1rotocol Stac9 )20*

The 7hsical laer is concerned with the modulation and

encoding


63/119

%tratum 1NA%2 in the control plane terminate in the wireless de"ice and

in the Mo&ilit Management Entit 1MME2 of the core network*

Figure-22! ,+" User 1lane 1rotocol Stac9 )20*

63 Tejas Bhandare


64/119

LTE and WiMAX

Comparison

7i&A

The WiMAX protocol structure dened in the -EEE 034*+>e is shown in

the gure &elow*

Figure-2.! 7i&A &AC=1B #rotocol structure in Control and

Data 1lane )*


65/119

The protocol structure of WiMAX is &uilt on a ,8:MA$&ased phsical

laer and a MAC laer* The MAC laer is composed of two su& laers)

MAC Common 7art %u&laer 1MAC C7%2 and Con"ergence %u&laer

1C%2*

The C% multiple#es "arious tpes of network trac into the MAC C7%*

The functional &locks in C7% are logicall classied into upper MAC

and lower MAC functions* -t ma also &e classified &ased on control

plane and data plane functions* The upper MAC

functional group includes protocol procedures related to radio

resource control and mo&ilit related functions such as)

• Network disco"er! selection and entr

• 7aging and idle mode management

• 5adio resource management

• Laer 4 mo&ilit management and hando"er

• @o%! scheduling! and connection management

• Multicast and Broadcast %er"ices 1MB%2

6+ Tejas Bhandare


66/119

LTE and WiMAX

Comparison

,n the control plane! the lower MAC functional group perform sleep

management! link control! resource allocation! multiple#ing andpro"ide laer 4 securit *

The 7F control &lock in the MAC C7% handles phsical signaling

such as ranging! measurement


67/119

Figure-2'! ,+" FS %rame structure )'*

8%+ is optimi?ed to co$e#ist with the 6*0' M&ps ;MT% sstems* This

structure consists of ten + ms su&$frames! each composed of two 3*.

ms slots! for a total duration of +3 ms* The 8%+ is identical in the uplink

and downlink in terms of frame! su&$frame! and slot duration howe"er

the allocation in terms of phsical signals and channels is diKerent* The

uplink and downlink transmissions are separated in the fre9uenc

domain *

64 Tejas Bhandare

O4P


68/119

LTE and WiMAX

Comparison

The 8%4 has a more Ie#i&le structure than 8%+* The 8%4 frame

structure is shown in the gure &elow*

Figure-25! ,+" FS2 %rame structure %or 5 ms Switc$-#oint

#eriodicity )'*

The e#ample of 8%4 a&o"e consists of two . ms half$frames for a total

duration of +3 ms for a . ms switch$point periodicit* %u&$frames

consist of either an uplink or downlink transmission! or a special su&$

frame containing the downlink and uplink pilot timeslots 1:w7T% and

;p7T%2 separated & a transmission gap 1(72* The allocation of su&$


69/119

frames for the uplink! downlink and special su&$frames is determined

& one of the se"en diKerent congurations* %u&$frames 3 and . are

alwas used for downlink transmissions! while su&$frame + is alwas a

special su&$ frame* The composition of other su&$frames "aries &ased

on the conguration*

7i&A

The WiMAX 034*+>e phsical laer supports &oth T:: and 8::

operation* The WiMAX -EEE 034*+>e 5elease +*3 includes onl T::

prole while the 8:: prole was added in

5elease +*.*

The gure &elow shows the T:: frame structure used in WiMAX 034*+>e

5elease +*3*

66 Tejas Bhandare


70/119


71/119

At the &eginning of each frame! downlink control information is

transmitted and has a pream&le! a 8rame Control eader 18C2 and a

Media Access 7rotocol 1MA72 message* The phsical channels dened

in the WiMAX frame and their functionalities are detailed &elow)

• 1reamble

-t is &roadcast in the rst ,8:M multiple#ed sm&ol of the frame

in :L and used & the M% for B% identication! timing

snchroni?ation and channel estimation* There are no pream&les

in the ;L e#cept for sstems using AA%*

•

Frame Control eader 3FC4-t follows the pream&le and pro"ides the frame configuration

information! such as MA7 message length and coding scheme

and usa&le su&$channels*

• D,-&A1 and U,-&A1

The :L$MA7 and ;L$MA7 pro"ide resource allocation and other

control information for the :L and ;L su&$frames! respecti"el* To

reduce the MA7 o"erhead! the sstem supports multicast su&$

MA7s that can carr trafc

6' Tejas Bhandare


72/119

LTE and WiMAX

Comparison

allocation messages at higher Modulation and coding %cheme

1MC%2 le"els for users closer to the B% and with higher C-N5conditions* Each MA7 message includes se"eral information

elements 1-Es2! and has a #ed part and a "aria&le part* The si?e

of "aria&le part is proportional to the num&er of downlink and

uplink users scheduled in that frame* The MA7 contains the

information such as the frame num&er! num&er of ?ones! and the

location and content of all &ursts* Each &urst is allocated & its

sm&ol oKset! su&$channel oKset! the num&er of su&$channels!

num&er of sm&ols! power le"el! and repetition coding *

•

• U, C>IC 3U#lin9 C$annel >uality Indicator C$annel4

The ;L C@-C is allocated for the M% to pro"ide feed&ack of

channel state information*

• U, AC? 3U#lin9 Ac9nowledgement4

The ;L ACD is allocated for the M% to feed&ack :L A5@

ACDs*

1$ysical C$anneliation and &a##ing

O6P


73/119

The phsical signals and phsical channels are appropriatel mapped

on to the frame structure for uplink and downlink transmission* The

phsical signals are generated in the Laer + and used for sstem

snchroni?ation! cell identication and radio channel estimation*

7hsical channels pro"ide a means of carring data from higher laers

including control! scheduling and user paload* The channels and

mapping details of LTE and WiMAX are discussed &elow*

,+"

The 7hsical signals dened in the LTE sstem for :L and ;L are listed

&elow)

D, SignalsFull name Function

7$%C 7rimar ;sed for cell search and identication

& ;E* %nchroni?ation Carries part of cell -: 1,ne of

three

signal orthogonal se9uences2

6. Tejas Bhandare

U, /anging The ;L ranging su&$channel is allocated for an M% to perform

closed$loop time! fre9uenc and power adjustment! and &andwidth


74/119

LTE and WiMAX

Comparison

%$%C %econdar

%nchroni?ationsignal

5% 5eference %ignal ;sed for :L channel estimation* E#act

17ilot2 se9uence deri"ed from cell -: 1,ne of 6 #

+>0

.3' pseudo random se9uences2

U, SignalsFull name Function

5% 5eference signal ;sed for snchroni?ation to the ;E and

;L 1:emodulation and channel estimation

sounding2

+able-'! ,+" U#lin9 and Downlin9 1$ysical Signals

The LTE phsical channels which carr the user and sstem

information are listed in the ta&le &elow* The LTE has no dedicated

channels which is a characteristic of a packet$onl sstem and is a

de"iation from the earlier circuit switched supporting sstems*

D, C$annels Full name Function

7BC 7hsical &roadcast Carries cell$speci c information

channel

7MC 7hsical multicast Carries the MC transport channel

channel

7:CC 7hsical downlink%cheduling! ACD0 &inar se uences2


75/119

shared channel

7C8-C

7-C

D, C$annels Full

name Function 75AC

7;CC

7;%C 7hsical uplink 7aload

shared channel

+able-5! ,+" U#lin9 and Downlin9 1$ysical C$annels

6> Tejas Bhandare

7hsicalcontrol

formatindicator

:enes num&er of 7:CC

,8:MA sm&ols per su&$

7hsicalh&rid

A5@ indicator

channel

Carries A5@ACD


76/119


77/119

The frame structure is dened in units of T s! which is the shortest time

inter"al of the

sstem dened as +


78/119

LTE and WiMAX

Comparison

Figure-28! FS %rame ma##ing %or u#lin9 %or 1USC )2*

The reference signals 15%2 for demodulation are transmitted in the

fourth sm&ol of the slot on all su&carriers of allocated 7;%C

resource &locks to ena&le the eNB to

demodulate the signal & uplink channel estimation*


79/119

Figure-2:! FS %rame ma##ing %or u#lin9 %or 1UCC %ormat 0 or

)2*

The num&er of sm&ols in a slot depends on the C7 length* There

are / %C$8:MA sm&ols per slot for a normal C7 while for an

e#tended C7 there are > %C$8:MA

60 Tejas Bhandare


80/119

LTE and WiMAX

Comparison

sm&ols per slot* When no 7;CC or 7;%C is scheduled in the uplink!

the eNB can re9uest transmission of the sounding reference signal1%5%2 for uplink channel estimation*

The phsical channels mapped on to the frame structure for

transmission re9uires to &e transported &etween the phsical! MAC and

higher laers* 8or this purpose corresponding trac and control

channels are defined* The list &elow shows the downlink and uplink

trac and control channels and their respecti"e mappings to the

phsical channels*

Downlin9

+rC 3+raic Full name 1$ysical

c$annel ma##ing C$annel4

:L$%C :ownlink %hared Channel 7:%C

BC Broadcast Channel 7BC

7C 7aging Channel 7:%C

MC Multicast Channel 7MC

Control

In%ormation

C8- Control 8ormat -ndicator 7C8-C

- A5@ -ndicator 7-C

:C- :ownlink Control -ndicator 7:CC

U#lin9

+rC 3+raic Full name 1$ysical

c$annel ma##ing C$annel4


81/119

;L$%C ;plink %hared Channel 7;%C

5AC 5andom Access Channel 75AC

Control

In%ormation

;C- ;plink Control -nformation 7;CC

+able-6! 1$ysical c$annel ma##ing to +raic c$annels and Control

In%ormation

7i&A

-n WiMAX! the data to &e transmitted is mapped to phsical su&carriers in

two steps)

8or the rst step! data is mapped to one or more logical su&$channels

called slots* This is controlled & the scheduler* A slot is a &asic unit of

allocation in the fre9uenc$ time grid* -t is + su&$channel in fre9uenc

& +! 4! or 6 sm&ols in time* The slots ma

6= Tejas Bhandare


82/119

LTE and WiMAX

Comparison

&e further grouped and assigned to segments &ased on the

application and can &e used & the B% for diKerent sectors in a cellularnetwork*

8or the second step! the logical su&$channels are mapped to phsical

su&carriers* The phsical data and pilot su&carriers are uni9uel

assigned &ased on the tpe of su&$ channeli?ation used* %u&$

channeli?ation is an ad"anced form of 8:MA in which multiple

su&carriers are grouped into su&$channels to impro"e sstem

performance* These su&$channels are formed & two tpes of

su&carrier allocations)

• Distributed allocation

This allocation pseudo$randoml distri&utes the su&carriers o"er

the a"aila&le &andwidth thus pro"iding fre9uenc di"ersit in

fre9uenc selecti"e fading channels and inter$cell interference

a"eraging*

• AdEacent allocation

This allocation groups su&carriers adjacent to each other in the

fre9uenc domain* -t is useful for fre9uenc nonselecti"e and

slowl fading channels! implementing Adapti"e Modulation and

Coding 1AMC2! and assignment of the su&$channel with the &est

fre9uenc response to the user*

Contiguous sm&ols that use specific tpe of su&$channel assignment

are called permutation ?ones! or ?ones* There are se"en ?one tpes)

8;%C! ,8;%C! 7;%C! ,7;%C! AMC! T;%C+! and T;%C4 each of which is


83/119

descri&ed in detail ahead* A single frame ma contain one or more

?ones* The :L su&$frame re9uires at least one ?one and it alwas

starts with 7;%C* The e#act num&er of ?ones used in the frame

depends on the network conditions* Antenna techni9ues such as

Matri#$A and Matri#$B can &e used for the 7;%C and AMC ?ones* The

?one tpes used for downlink and uplink are as follows)

• Downlin9 1artial Usage o% Sub-c$annels 3D, 1USC4

This ?one marks the start of all :L frames following the

pream&le* -n this ?one! pairs of pilots swap positions on alternate

sm&ols! a"eraging one in se"en of the su&carriers* :edicated

pilots are onl transmitted when corresponding data is a"aila&le*

%u&carriers are grouped into clusters of +' contiguous su&carriers

per sm&ol* A group of two clusters forms a su&$channel and one

su&$channel o"er two ,8:M sm&ols forms a slot* The su&$

channels in a :L 7;%C ?one can also &e mapped into larger

groups called segments and up to three segments can &e created

from the larger groupings* The rst 7;%C ?one is alwas %-%,

while further 7;%C ?ones can &e specied for M-M,*

'3 Tejas Bhandare


84/119

LTE and WiMAX

Comparison

• U#lin9 1artial Usage o% Sub-c$annels 3U, 1USC4

-n this ?one! four contiguous su&carriers are grouped o"er three

sm&ols to form a tile* %i# tiles form a su&$channel! and one su&$

channel o"er three sm&ols forms a slot* ,"er the duration of

one tile! one in three su&carriers is a pilot with its position

changing with each sm&ol*

• Ada#tive &odulation and Coding 3A&C4

The structure of this ?one is same for :L and ;L and has a

slightl wider &andwidth than the 7;%C and 8;%C* A contiguous

&lock of su&carriers form a su&$channel* A slot is one su&$channel

wide in logical fre9uenc allocation and its length changes

according to the ?one* The position of the pilots in the :L

changes in a rotating pattern that repeats e"er fourth sm&ol*

• Downlin9 Full Usage o% Sub-c$annels 3D, FUSC4

This ?one uses all su&carriers thus pro"iding a high degree of

fre9uenc di"ersit* The su&carriers are di"ided into '0 groups of

+> su&carriers* A su&$ channel is formed & taking one su&carrier

from each group* ,ne su&$channel o"er one ,8:MA sm&ol forms

a slot* The pilots are regularl distri&uted with their position

alternating with each sm&ol *

•

spaced & eight data su&carriers *

•

O6P

Downlin9 O#tional FUSC 3D, OFUSC4 This ?one is a slight "ariation of 8;%C where pilot su&carriersare e"enl O6P


85/119

su&carriers wide & three sm&ols long *

•

The 8igure &elow shows an ,8:MA frame mapping with the "arious ?ones*

'+ Tejas Bhandare

U#lin9 O#tional 1USC 3U, O1USC4

This ?one is same as ;L 7;%C e#cept that it uses a tile si?ethat is three O6P

+ile Usage o% Sub-c$annels 3+USC and +USC24 These optional ?ones are onl a"aila&le in the :L using AA%*

The are similar to :L 7;%C and ,7;%C &ut use a differente9uation for assigning the su&carriers

within the su&$channel* With the e#ception of the :L 7;%C!which is assigned after the :L pream&le! all other ?ones can &e


86/119

LTE and WiMAX

Comparison

Figure-.0! one ma##ing on 7i&A OFD&A %rame ).*

As shown in the gure! the :L 7;%C ?one follows the pream&le and is

the onl mandator ?one in the frame* The :L su&$frame also shows a

second 7;%C ?one! a 8;%C ?one! and an AMC ?one* The ;L su&$frame

follows the TT( and contains a 7;%C! ,7;%C! and AMC *

&odulation

O6P


87/119

arious Modulation schemes are deploed in LTE and WiMAX on the

downlink and uplink signals and phsical channels*

,+"

,n the downlink! the channels 7BC! 7:CC! 7C8-C use @7%D

modulation* Channel

7:%C and 7MC use @7%D! +>@AM! or >'@AM* The 7-C uses B7%D

modulated on - and @ with spreading factor of 4 or ' Walsh codes*

The downlink phsical signal 5% use a comple# 1-Qj@2 pseudo random

se9uence 1length$6+ (old se9uence2 for modulation which is deri"ed

from the cell -:* The phsical signal 7$%C use one of three RadoK$Chu

se9uences while the phsical signal %$%C uses Two 6+$&it B7%D M$

se9uence for modulation*

,n the uplink! the phsical channel 7;CC use B7%D or @7%D for

modulation* The

7;%C use @7%D! +>@AM! or >' @AM while the phsical channel 75AC

uses u th

root

RadoK$Chu for modulation*

'4 Tejas Bhandare


88/119

LTE and WiMAX

Comparison

The uplink phsical signal G:emodulation 5%H use RadoK$Chu for

modulation while G%ounding 5%H use another modulation scheme &asedon RadoK$Chu*

7i&A

The data can &e modulated using one of the three modulation tpes)

@7%D! +>@AM! or >'@AM* -n the uplink! the >'@AM is not mandator*

The B7%D modulation scheme is used for the pream&le! pilots! and for

modulating su&carriers in the ranging channel*

The 8C uses a ro&ust @7%D rate S modulation with four data

repetitions* The &ursts also use @7%D S dumm sm&ols per need*

1$ysical ,ayer Control &ec$anisms

%e"eral phsical laer control procedures are associated with LTE and

WiMAX which are specied in each of the standards*

,+"

LTE uses Adapti"e Modulation and Coding 1AMC2 as a mechanism for

link adaptation to impro"e data throughput in a fading channel*

Cell search is used & ;E to ac9uire time and fre9uenc

snchroni?ation with a cell and detect its cell -:*


89/119

7ower control is used for uplink power control and downlink power

allocation* -t determines the energ per resource element 1E75E2* 8or

the uplink! upwards of nine parameters co"er the 7;%C! 7;CC! and

%5%* %pecial procedures are also used for allocation of 5B to ;E at cell

edges*

5andom access procedures are used for transmission of random

access pream&le 1carried on the 75AC2 and random access

response* There are also procedures related to 7:%C! 7;%C! 7:CC

and 7;CC*

To achie"e seamless mo&ilit within the LTE network! LTE species

intra$LTE hando"er which is a network controlled hando"er scheme*

-n this scheme! the decision to hando"er is taken & the source

eNB*

The 5adio 5esource Management 155M2 in LTE co"ers the procedures

and performance re9uirements that are used to make eKecti"e use of

the radio resources*

'6 Tejas Bhandare


90/119

LTE and WiMAX

Comparison

-nitial cell selection and cell reselection procedures &etween "arious

5adio Access Technologies 15AT2! hando"er and measurementperformance are some of the 55M re9uirements for LTE*

7i&A

WiMAX control procedures include ranging! fast feed&ack and &rid

Automatic 5epeat 5e9uest*

5anging is used for se"eral functions such as &andwidth re9uests!

timing and power control! periodic maintenance! and hando"er*

8ast feed&ack slots are used & the M%s when the B% urgentl re9uires

information from the M%* A part of the &eginning of ;L su&$frame is

allocated for this function* -nformation such as C-N5! M-M,! antenna!

and spatial multiple#ing can use this channel*

The A5@ is used & the recei"er to pro"ide acknowledgement on

successfull recei"ing data or notifing missing &locks of data* -t

com&ines the pre"ious and retransmitted data to gain time di"ersit*

With A5@! Mo&ile WiMAX can deli"er high performance with speeds in

e#cess of +43 Dm


91/119

connection to a B%* This techni9ue is suita&le to handle low latenc

"oice ser"ices* 8or data trac 1e*g* we& &rowsing! e$mail2! hard

hando"er is used as soft hando"er results in lower spectral ecienc

due to the &urst nature of the trac which does not re9uire

continuous hando"er*

5adio 5esource Management 155M2 in WiMAX is used to manage radio

resources in the air interface* 55M is supported &etween the 55A

15adio 5esource Agent2 and 55C 15adio 5esource Controller2! located

in the Base %tation and A%N (atewa respecti"el*

'' Tejas Bhandare


92/119

LTE and WiMAX

Comparison

>uality o% Service 3>oS4

LTE supports End$to$End @o%! meaning that &earer characteristic are

dened and

controlled throughout the duration of a session &etween the mo&ile

de"ice 1;E2 and the 7$(W* @o% is characteri?ed & an inde#! @C- 1@o%

Class -dentier2! and the

parameter A57 1Allocation and 5etention 7riorit2* Bearer tpes

&elong to two main classes with guaranteed and non$guaranteed

rates and LABELs specif in more detail

what "alues of packet dela and loss can &e tolerated for an gi"en

&earer *

The WiMAX MAC laer has a connection$oriented architecture that is

designed to support a "ariet of applications! including "oice and

multimedia ser"ices* WiMAX supports "e tpes of @o%) ;(%

1;nsolicited (rant %er"ice2! rt7% 15eal time polling %er"ice2! ert7%

1E#tended 5eal$time 7olling %er"ice2! nrt7% 1Non$real$time 7olling

%er"ice and BE 1Best eKort ser"ice2* The ;nsolicited (rant %er"ice

1;(%2 is designed to support real$time ser"ice Iows that generate

fi#ed$si?e data packets on a periodic &asis! such as T+


93/119

LTE species a new laering of securit and the enforcement of a

clearer separation of control plane securit and user plane securit

pro"iding strong securit features*

LTE has support for ;EA+! ;-A+! ;EA4 1%N,W algorithm supporting

4.> &its of kes2 and ;-A4* %ignaling at ;7E and MME relocation

allows the transfer of algorithm

information to target ;7E! MME and ;E *

WiMAX supports strong encrption! using Ad"anced Encrption

%tandard 1AE%2! and has a ro&ust pri"ac and ke$management

protocol* -t supports 7ri"ac and De Management $ 7DM"+ 5%A!

MAC! AE%$CCM and 7DM"4 J EA7! CMAC! AE%$CT5! MB% %ecurit* The

AE% and the 6:E% are mandator features and new high$performance

coding schemes! such as TC and Low :ensit 7arit Check 1L:7C2 are

included* The sstem also oKers "er Ie#i&le authentication

architecture &ased on E#tensi&le Authentication 7rotocol 1EA72! which

allows for a "ariet of user credentials! including username


94/119

LTE and WiMAX

Comparison

Com#arison Summary

The ke highlights of the comparison &etween the two ne#t

generation &road&and wireless access technologies) 6(77 LTE and

WiMAX -EEE 034*+>e is presented in the

ta&le &elow*

As#ect .(11-,+" &obile 7i&A 3I"""

802@6e4

Legac (%M


95/119

:L

;L

Channel

&andwidth

Cell radius . Dm

Cell Capacit U433 users V .M? +33$433 users

U'33 users for larger BW

Mo&ilit)

%peed

ando"er

Antenna %cheme)M-M, M-M,

:ownlink 4T# X 45# 4T# X 45#

;plink 4T# X 45# +T# X N5# 1Colla&orati"e2

No* of code words4 +

'> Tejas Bhandare

,8:MA%C$8:MA

,8:MA,8:MA

+33 to64>*'M&ps

.3 to 0>*' M& s

/. M&ps

4. M&ps%cala&le from +*4. to

43 M? with sstemproles +*4.! +*'! 4*.!

%cala&le from +*4. to

43 M? with sstemproles +*4.! 4*.! .! +3!

43*/ km for 6*. or

/M? BW 0*' km for .

;p to 6.3 Dm


96/119

LTE and WiMAX

Comparison

As#ect .(11-,+" &obile 7i&A 3I"""

802@6e4

5oaming New Auto through e#isting

(%M


97/119

'/ Tejas Bhandare


98/119

LTE and WiMAX

Comparison

&ar9et Analysis and c$allenges

The demand for higher data rates for &road&and mo&ile access has

&een increasing in the recent ears with more and more &andwidth

hogging applications &eing de"eloped and operators desiring to &undle

and deli"er "oice! "ideo and data ser"ices on mo&ile platform* 8or the

telecommunication ser"ice pro"iders worldwide! the most pressing

issue at hand is to decide which ne#t$generation technolog to deplo

to satisf these demands* The leading contenders for the '(

&road&and wireless access technolog are the 6(77 Long Term

E"olution 1LTE2 and the Mo&ile WiMAX -EEE 034*+>m with &oth mo"ing

strongl to fulll the &andwidth and mo&ilit demand*

Currentl! the -EEE 034*+>d 1#ed2 and 034*+>e 1mo&ile2 WiMAX

technolog has reached "arious markets throughout the world with

trials and commercial deploments while the WiMAX 034*+>m and

6(77 LTE are currentl in the de"elopment and testing stages* The LTE

is aggressi"el e"ol"ing from its 6(77 predecessors ;MT%


99/119

de"elopment* Also! challenges in seamless integration of LTE and

WiMAX with each other as well as with the legac and other access

technologies are &eing addressed and congurations for hando"er

&etween them are &eing dened and de"eloped* Critical parts of

transmit and recei"e chain are sstematicall designed and de"eloped

to sol"e impairments such as non$linearities and eKecti"e noise gure

in an 58 up$con"erter or down$con"erter! phase and amplitude

distortion from power amplier! channel impairments such as multi$

path and fading! and impairments associated with the #ed &it$width

of &ase&and hardware* The num&er of simultaneous fre9uenc &ands

the sstem supports adds to the o"erall comple#it of the sstem

design* -n Addition! time$to$market goals and sstem performance are

ke to the success of LTE and WiMAX products* 8or WiMAX! the WiMAX8orum assists the certication and standardi?ation of the WiMAX

products and introduces 5eleases which include mandator -EEE

features and optional features re9uired for enhanced mo&ilit @o% et

al*

Although the LTE is still in de"elopment! it has won support of three

large mo&ile operators worldwide! including odafone! eri?on! and

ATT* ,n the other hand

'0 Tejas Bhandare


100/119

LTE and WiMAX

Comparison

-ntel has &een a main force &ehind WiMAX which has also won support of

"arious

C7E 1Customer 7remises E9uipment2 and data card manufacturers and

plans large

incorporation with the e#isting 7C products *

As regards to market a"aila&ilit! the WiMAX ser"ice is alread rolled

out! and ;% %print has launched its Xohm WiMAX ser"ice & end of

%eptem&er 4330! whereas the LTE is currentl in the de"elopment

phase and earliest LTE$related ser"ice will not &e a"aila&le until the end

of 43+3* This is an ad"antage for WiMAX with respect to accumulation

of customer &ase and co"erage with more compati&le ;E &eing seen at

the dawn and e#isting 6( cellular ser"ices failing to pro"ide high speed

&road&and mo&ile -nternet ser"ices*

8or e#isting non$6(77 :%L and ca&le operators WiMAX seems to &ethe eKecti"e solution to pro"ide &road&and wireless mo&ile access to

the users & deploing a green eld network! whereas for e#isting

6(77 cellular ser"ice pro"iders LTE ma &e a choice of con"enience*

This ma howe"er change with WiMAX e"ol"ing rapidl to integrate

itself seamlessl with e#isting 6(77 networks and -M%* Thus! &oth LTE

and WiMAX e#pect to co$e#ist and major telecom "endors ha"e

alread in"ested resources in &oth technologies*

E#cept for Ericsson which has concentrated on LTE since the "er

start! other major "endors ha"e in"ested considera&le 5:

manpower in the de"elopment of WiMAX

e9uipment * %amsung and MotorolaHs WiMAX de"ices are among the

rst of the 4*. (? certied products and e#pect to &enet the %print

O+3P

O+3P

O+3P

O+3P


101/119

and ClearwireHs WiMAX deploment in the ;nited %tates * Companies

enrolled in LTE initiati"e include Alcatel$Lucent! Ericsson! ,range! NX7!

%amsung! Nokia! Nokia %iemens Networks! @ualcomm! Nortel! T$

Mo&ile! odafone! RTE! Agilent! China Mo&ile! uawei! L( Electronics!

Motorola! NTT :oCoMo! 5ohde %chwar?! %ingalion! Telecom -talia!

and Telefonica *

The e9uipment "endors supporting LTE ha"e accelerated the

de"elopment of LTE technolog! and the WiMAX 034*+>m group is also

aggressi"el working to satisf '( re9uirements with seamless

integration with 6(77 and non$6(77 networks* -t is therefore e"ident

that the competition &etween WiMAX and LTE is "er ripe and the

market is read to accept &oth technologies for their ne#t$generationdeploment*

'= Tejas Bhandare


102/119

LTE and WiMAX

Comparison

Conclusion

The increasing demand for high speed &road&and wireless access

supporting high

data rate deli"ering capa&ilities for triple pla 1oice! "ideo! data2

with mo&ilit has created an interest in the telecom circles to

formulate new technologies and

architectures to oKer such ser"ices at low cost and high ecienc to

the operators and end users*

With the -T; dening the re9uirements for '( under the G-MT

Ad"ancedH tag! two technologies "i?* WiMAX and 6(77 Long Term

E"olution 1LTE2 are the major contenders for attaining the G'(H crown*

The comparati"e stud re"ealed that LTE and WiMAX are technicall

"er alike pro"iding similar access technologies! radio

access modes! 88T si?es! channel &andwidth! cell radius! antenna

congurations! @o%! and mo&ilit in an All$-7 network* owe"er! in

terms of market perspecti"e! the two technologies diKer in terms of

legac and time$to$market* WiMAX deploments ha"e alread &egun

throughout the world while LTE is still in the de"elopment phase* EKorts

are &eing made in the telecom circles to pro"ide seamless integration!

roaming and mo&ilit among these two technologies and also with their

legac and non$6(77 Wi8i and other wireless access technologies*

New ser"ice pro"iders! ca&le operators and non$6(77 :%L ser"ice

pro"iders wishing to instantl deli"er their customers with a mo&ile

&road&and access ma select Mo&ile WiMAX as their &road&and

wireless access sstem* ,n the other hand! the e#isting 6(77

;MT%


103/119

natural wa to upgrade their sstems to the '( standard* 8or the

(%M


104/119

LTE and WiMAX

Comparison

Acronyms

4( J %econd (eneration

6:E% $ Triple :ata Encrption

%tandard 6( J Third (eneration

6(77 J Third (eneration 7artnership

7roject 6(774 $ Third (eneration

7artnership 7roject 4 '( J 8ourth

(eneration

AAA J Authentication Authori?ation and

Accounting AA% J Adapti"e Antenna %stem

AC(W $ Access Control

(ateWa ACD $

Acknowledgement

AE% $ Ad"anced Encrption %tandard

AE%$CT5 $ Ad"anced Encrption %tandard $

Counter A8 $ Assured 8orwarding

AMC J Adapti"e Modulation and Coding

AN:$%8 J Access Network :isco"er And %election

8unction A57 J Allocation and 5etention 7riorit

A5@ J Automatic 5epeat

5e9uest A% J Access %stem

A%N $ Access %er"ice Network

A%N$(W $ Access %er"ice Network

(atewa AuC J Authentication Center

BBE58 J Bearer Binding and E"ent 5eporting

8unction BC J Broadcast Channel

BE $ Best Effort ser"ice


105/119

BM$%C $ Broadcast


106/119

LTE and WiMAX

Comparison

C@-C J Channel @ualit -ndicator

Channel C% J Con"ergence %u&laerC%C8 $ Call %ession Control

8unction C%M J Colla&orati"e

%patial Multiple#ing C%N J

Connecti"it %er"ice Network

C%T: J Cclic %hift Transmit

:i"ersit CTC J Con"olutional

Tur&o Coding

:C $ :irect Current

:C- J :ownlink Control -ndicator

:C7 $ :namic ost Conguration

7rotocol :L $ :ownlink

:L J :ownlink Media Access

7rotocol :L$%C J :ownlink

%hared Channel :%L J :igital

%u&scri&er Line

:w7T% $ :ownlink 7ilot Time

%lots e4e J End$to$End

EA7 J E#tensi&le Authentication

7rotocol EB8 J Eigen Beam 8orming

E:(E J Enhanced :ata 5ate for (%M

E"olution E-5 $ E9uipment -dentit

5egister

eMBM% J E"ol"ed Multimedia Broadcast Multicast

%stem eNB J E"ol"ed Node$B

E7C J E"ol"ed 7acket Core


107/119


108/119

LTE and WiMAX

Comparison

(T7 $ (75% Tunneling

7rotocol A J ome AgentA5@ J &rid Automatic 5epeat 5e9uest

- J &rid Automatic 5epeat 5e9uest

-ndicator L5 J ome Location 5egister

MAC $ ash Message Authentication

Code $N%7 J ome Network Access

7ro"ider %:7A $ igh$%peed

:ownlink 7acket Access %7A $ igh

%peed 7acket Access

%% $ ome %u&scri&er

%er"er -A%A J -nter$Access

%stem Anchor -E J

-nformation Element

-EEE $ -nstitute of Electrical and Electronics

Engineers -ET8 $ -nternet Engineering Task

8orce

-88T J -n"erse 8ast 8ourier

Transform -M% $ -7 Multimedia

%u&sstem

-M%$M(W $ -7 Multimedia %u&sstem Media

(atewa -MT $ -nternational Mo&ile

Telecommunications

-7 J -nternet 7rotocol

-7' J -nternet 7rotocol

ersion ' -7> $ -nternet

7rotocol ersion >

-T; J -nternational Telecommunication

;nion L+ J Laer +


109/119

L4 J Laer 4

L6 J Laer 6

LAN J Local Area Network

L:7C $ Low$:ensit 7arit$

Check L,% J Line of %ight

LTE J Long Term

E"olution MAC J Media

Access Control

MA( J Mo&ilit Access

(atewa MAN J Metropolitan

Area Network MA7 J Media

Access 7rotocol

MA% J Multiple Antenna

%stem MB% $ Multicast

Broadcast %er"ices

MC$C:MA $ Multi Carrier Code :i"ision Multiple

Access MC J Multicast Channel

M-M, J Multiple -nput Multiple ,utput

M-M,$B8 J Multiple -nput Multiple ,utput$ Beam

8orming M-7 J Mo&ile -nternet 7rotocol

MME J Mo&ilit Management Entit

M587 $ Multimedia 5esource 8unction 7rocessor

.6 Tejas Bhandare


110/119

LTE and WiMAX

Comparison

M5T J Ma#imum 5atio

Transmission M% J Mo&ile%tation

M%C $ Mo&ile %witching Center

M%:; J Media Access Control %er"ice

:ata ;nit MT J Mo&ile Terminal

M;$M-M, J Multiple ;ser Multiple -nput Multiple

,utput NACD $ Negati"e Acknowledgement

NA7 J Network Access

7ro"ider NA% $ Non$Access

%tratum NL,% J Non Line

of %ight

N5M J Network 5eference

Model nrt7% $ Non$real$time

7olling %er"ice N%7 $ Network

%er"ice 7ro"ider ,C% $ ,nline

Charging %er"er

,8:MA J ,rthogonal 8re9uenc :i"ision Multiple

Access ,MA J ,pen Mo&ile Alliance

,7;%C J ,ptional 7artial ;sage of %u&$

Channels 7A5 J 7eak$to$A"erage 5atio

7BCM J 7hsical Broadcast

Channel 7CC J 7olic and

Charging Control 7C J 7aging

Channel

7C58 $ 7olic Control and Charging 5ules

8unction 7$C%C8 J 7ro#$Call %ession

Control 8unction 7:CC J 7hsical

:ownlink Control Channel 7:C7 $ 7acket

:ata Con"ergence 7rotocol


111/119

7:8-C J 7hsical Control 8ormat -ndicator

Channel 7:( $ 7acket :ata (atewa

7:N $ 7acket :ata Network

7:%C $ 7hsical :ownlink %hared

Channel 7:; J 7rotocol :ata ;nit

7$(W J 7acket data network (atewa

7-C J 7hsical &rid A5@ -ndicator

Channel 7F $ 7hsical

7DM $ 7ri"ac De

Management 7MC J 7hsical

Multicast Channel

7M-7 J 7ro# Mo&ile -nternet

7rotocol 75AC J 7hsical 5andom

Access Channel 7$%C J 7rimar

%nchroni?ation Channel 7%% $

7acket %witched %treaming

7;CC J 7hsical ;plink Control

Channel 7;%C J 7artial ;sage of

%u&$Channels 7;%C J 7hsical

;plink %hared Channel

.' Tejas Bhandare


112/119

LTE and WiMAX

Comparison

@AM J @uadrature Amplitude

Modulation @C- J @ualit$of$%er"iceClass -ndicator @o% J @ualit of

%er"ice

@7%D $ @uadrature 7hase %hift

Deing 5AC J 5andom Access

Channel

5AT J 5adio Access

Technolog 5B J5esource

Block

58 J 5adio 8re9uenc

5( J 5esidential

(atewa 5LC $ 5adio

Link Control

5NC J 5adio Network

Controller 5oC J 5o&ust

eader Compression 55A J

5adio 5esource Agent

55C $ 5adio 5esource Control

55M J 5adio 5esource

Management 5% J 5eference

%ignal

5% J 5ela atation

5%A $ 5i"est$ %hamir$

Adleman rt7% $ 5eal$time

7olling %er"ice 5X $

5ecei"er

%AE $ %stem Architecture E"olution


113/119

%C$8:MA J %ingle Carrier J 8re9uenc :i"ision

Multiple Access %:MA J %pace :i"ision Multiple

Access

%(%N $ %er"ing (75% %upport

Node %$(W J %er"ing

(atewa

%(W$ %er"ing (atewa

%-%, J %ingle -nput %ingle

,utput %LA J %er"ice Le"el

Agreement %L8 $ %u&scri&er

Locator 8unction

%M$M-M, J %patial Multiple#ing Multiple -nput Multiple ,utput

%M%$(M%C $ %hort Message %er"ice (atewa Mo&ile %witching Centre

%M%$-WM%C $ %hort Message %er"ice -nterworking Mo&ile

%witching Centre %M%$%C $ %hort Message %er"ice $ %er"ice

Centre

%N5 J %ignal to Noise

5atio %% J %u&scri&er

%tation

%$%C J %econdar %nchroni?ationchannel %TBC J %pace Time Block

coding

%;$M-M, J %ingle ;ser Multiple -nput Multiple

,utput T:: J Time :i"ision :uple#ing

T:MA J Time :i"ision Multiple

Access TE J Terminal E9uipment

TrC J Trac Channel

.. Tejas Bhandare


114/119


115/119

.> Tejas Bhandare


116/119

LTE and WiMAX

Comparison

/e%erences

)* ?amran "temad@G HOverview o% &obile 7i&A +ec$nology

and "volutionJ I""" Communications &againeJ Kolume '6J o@

0J October 2008@

)2* Agilent +ec$nologiesJ .(11 ,ong +erm "volution! System

OverviewJ 1roduct Develo#ment and +est C$allengesJ

A##lication oteJ literature number 5:8:-8.:"J &ay :J 2008@

).* Agilent +ec$nologiesJ &obile 7i&A 1B ,ayer 3/F4!

O#eration and &easurementJ A##lication oteJ literature

number 5:8:-8.0:"J Luly J 2008@ )'* &oray /umney et

al@J HIntroducing t$e .(11 ,+" Downlin9J Agilent

&easurement LournalJ Issue 5J 2008@

)5* Fan 7ang et al@G H&obile 7i&A Systems! 1er%ormance

and "volutionJ I""" Communications &againeJ Kolume '6J

o@ 0J October 2008@

)6* Deng C$unmeiJ H&ulti-Antenna s$ar#ens 7i&AMs

com#etitivenessJ uawei +ec$nologiesJ CommunicateJ Issue

'J Lune 2008@

)* &i9e 7ollebenJ H7$at >oS classes e;ists in ,+"NJ ,+"

UniversityJ ,+" FA>@ (url:

h ttp : //lt e un ive r s ity .c o m /b lo g s /lt e fa q /a r c h iv e /200 8 /1 1 /0 3 /w ha t q o s c la s s e s e ! is t in

lte.asp!")8* +utorials 1ointJ H7i&A - Salient FeaturesJ

/obust security@ (url:

h tt p : //www .tu to r ia ls p o in t.c o m /w im a ! /w im a ! # s a lie n t# fe a tu r e s .h tm"

):* "ricssonJ S.-06005J HOn security algorit$m selection %or

,+"J .(11 +S( SA 7(. SecurityJ SA.'5J As$burnJ USAJ .

October - . ovemberJ 2006@

http://lteuniversity.com/blogs/ltefaq/archive/2008/11/03/what-qos-classes-exist-in-http://lteuniversity.com/blogs/ltefaq/archive/2008/11/03/what-qos-classes-exist-in-http://lteuniversity.com/blogs/ltefaq/archive/2008/11/03/what-qos-classes-exist-in-http://www.tutorialspoint.com/wimax/wimax_salient_features.htmhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/wimax/wimax_salient_features.htmhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/wimax/wimax_salient_features.htmhttp://www.tutorialspoint.com/wimax/wimax_salient_features.htmhttp://lteuniversity.com/blogs/ltefaq/archive/2008/11/03/what-qos-classes-exist-in-http://lteuniversity.com/blogs/ltefaq/archive/2008/11/03/what-qos-classes-exist-in-http://lteuniversity.com/blogs/ltefaq/archive/2008/11/03/what-qos-classes-exist-in-http://lteuniversity.com/blogs/ltefaq/archive/2008/11/03/what-qos-classes-exist-in-http://lteuniversity.com/blogs/ltefaq/archive/2008/11/03/what-qos-classes-exist-in-http://lteuniversity.com/blogs/ltefaq/archive/2008/11/03/what-qos-classes-exist-in-http://lteuniversity.com/blogs/ltefaq/archive/2008/11/03/what-qos-classes-exist-in-http://lteuniversity.com/blogs/ltefaq/archive/2008/11/03/what-qos-classes-exist-in-http://lteuniversity.com/blogs/ltefaq/archive/2008/11/03/what-qos-classes-exist-in-http://lteuniversity.com/blogs/ltefaq/archive/2008/11/03/what-qos-classes-exist-in-http://lteuniversity.com/blogs/ltefaq/archive/2008/11/03/what-qos-classes-exist-in-http://lteuniversity.com/blogs/ltefaq/archive/2008/11/03/what-qos-classes-exist-in-http://lteuniversity.com/blogs/ltefaq/archive/2008/11/03/what-qos-classes-exist-in-http://lteuniversity.com/blogs/ltefaq/archive/2008/11/03/what-qos-classes-exist-in-http://lteuniversity.com/blogs/ltefaq/archive/2008/11/03/what-qos-classes-exist-in-http://lteuniversity.com/blogs/ltefaq/archive/2008/11/03/what-qos-classes-exist-in-http://lteuniversity.com/blogs/ltefaq/archive/2008/11/03/what-qos-classes-exist-in-http://lteuniversity.com/blogs/ltefaq/archive/2008/11/03/what-qos-classes-exist-in-http://lteuniversity.com/blogs/ltefaq/archive/2008/11/03/what-qos-classes-exist-in-http://lteuniversity.com/blogs/ltefaq/archive/2008/11/03/what-qos-classes-exist-in-http://lteuniversity.com/blogs/ltefaq/archive/2008/11/03/what-qos-classes-exist-in-http://lteuniversity.com/blogs/ltefaq/archive/2008/11/03/what-qos-classes-exist-in-http://lteuniversity.com/blogs/ltefaq/archive/2008/11/03/what-qos-classes-exist-in-http://lteuniversity.com/blogs/ltefaq/archive/2008/11/03/what-qos-classes-exist-in-http://lteuniversity.com/blogs/ltefaq/archive/2008/11/03/what-qos-classes-exist-in-http://lteuniversity.com/blogs/ltefaq/archive/2008/11/03/what-qos-classes-exist-in-http://lteuniversity.com/blogs/ltefaq/archive/2008/11/03/what-qos-classes-exist-in-http://lteuniversity.com/blogs/ltefaq/archive/2008/11/03/what-qos-classes-exist-in-http://lteuniversity.com/blogs/ltefaq/archive/2008/11/03/what-qos-classes-exist-in-http://lteuniversity.com/blogs/ltefaq/archive/2008/11/03/what-qos-classes-exist-in-http://lteuniversity.com/blogs/ltefaq/archive/2008/11/03/what-qos-classes-exist-in-http://lteuniversity.com/blogs/ltefaq/archive/2008/11/03/what-qos-classes-exist-in-http://lteuniversity.com/blogs/ltefaq/archive/2008/11/03/what-qos-classes-exist-in-http://lteuniversity.com/blogs/ltefaq/archive/2008/11/03/what-qos-classes-exist-in-http://lteuniversity.com/blogs/ltefaq/archive/2008/11/03/what-qos-classes-exist-in-http://lteuniversity.com/blogs/ltefaq/archive/2008/11/03/what-qos-classes-exist-in-http://lteuniversity.com/blogs/ltefaq/archive/2008/11/03/what-qos-classes-exist-in-http://lteuniversity.com/blogs/ltefaq/archive/2008/11/03/what-qos-classes-exist-in-http://lteuniversity.com/blogs/ltefaq/archive/2008/11/03/what-qos-classes-exist-in-http://lteuniversity.com/blogs/ltefaq/archive/2008/11/03/what-qos-classes-exist-in-http://lteuniversity.com/blogs/ltefaq/archive/2008/11/03/what-qos-classes-exist-in-http://lteuniversity.com/blogs/ltefaq/archive/2008/11/03/what-qos-classes-exist-in-http://lteunive

LTE and WiMAX Comparison.docx

Documents