London buses Mike Weston

Hybrid User Forum26th May 2011

Mike Weston, Operations Director

Transport for London, London Buses

Presentation Overview

• Overview of the London Bus Network

• Environmental performance – current fleet

• Diesel hybrid bus trials

• Hydrogen bus trials

• Other Environmental Initiatives

• Barriers and opportunities to deployment of future technology

The London Bus Network

Network contracted by TfL from Private Operators

19,500 bus stops

8,500 buses700 routes

6.4 million journeys per week day

Buses operate 24 hours per day, 7 days a week

Simple, affordable fares‘Turn up and go’ frequencies

Low emissions

Reliable and quick

Simple information at the stop

Drivers trained in customer care and equality

CCTV / Policing support

Fully accessible

Better trafficmanagement

A Transformed Bus Service

Bus usage in London 1963-2010

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London bus network: service volume and usage 1963-2010

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Pax km(millions)

Air Quality in London

• Air pollution is a serious problem in London- 1,000 premature deaths per year- 1,000 hospital admissions per year

• Majority of Londoners concerned about poor air quality and want to see it improved

• Particular problems with emissions of particulate matter (PM) and nitrogen oxides (NOx)

• Road traffic major source of emissions

• Trucks, buses, and coaches largest individual emitters

• In depth understanding of environmental impact– Route 159 test cycle

• Evaluate new fuels and technologies using standardtest cycle

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Environmental achievements

Environmental achievements to date• Emissions – all buses meet minimum Euro 2 (1997) and diesel

particulate filter (DPF) by December 2005• March 2010 – 76% fleet meet Euro 3 (2001) and better• Noise – new buses are 3dBA lower than European noise limit

CO2 impact of the bus fleet

• 5% of London’s transport CO2 emissions comefrom buses

• Buses are largest contributor to TfL’s CO2footprint accounting for 38% of emissions

• Network consumes 240 million litres of diesel peryear

• 610,000 tonnes of CO2 emissions produced perannum

• Hybrid bus trials consist of evaluating 56 hybrid buses (2008-2012)

Hybrid Trials

Alexander Dennis E400H• 4.5ltr• BAE Systems HybriDrive driveline• Lithium Ion battery• Series hybrid system

Wrights/Volvo B5L• 5ltr• ISAM Parallel hybrid system• Lithium Ion battery

Optare Tempo Hybrid• 6.7ltr• Series/Parallel blended system• Nickle Metal Hydride battery

Wrights (2nd Gen)• Ford 2.4ltr D• Siemens Series• Lithium Ion battery

Wrights (1st Gen)• Ford 1.9Ltr D• Siemens Series• Lithium Ion battery

Alexander Dennis E200H• 4.5ltr• BAE Systems TB200 driveline• Lithium Ion battery• Series hybrid system

Hybrid types

Parallel system• Retains mechanical drive between

engine and axle• Electrical motor / generator blended in

to assist acceleration and retardation• Drive to the rear axle comes from the

engine and electric motor in combination

Series system• No mechanical link between engine

and axle• Engine drives a generator, electric

motor connected to axle• Able to operate in zero emission mode

Emissions Standards and TestingDOUBLE-DECK

Vehicle System Euro HC (g/km) CO (g/km) NOx (g/km) Pm (g/km) CO2

(g/km)Fuel litres / 100km mpg

Diesels

Scania Diesel EGR E4 0.049 0.090 11.546 0.130 1572.1 59.380 4.8

Wright Gemini 2 Diesel SCR E5 0.028 1.985 7.734 0.053 1250.6 47.350 6.0

ADL Enviro400 Diesel SCR E4 0.051 1.620 8.646 0.045 1253.1 47.600 5.9

Volvo B9TL / ADL Diesel SCR E4 0.000 0.013 8.583 0.030 1670.3 63.080 4.5

Hybrids

Wright Gemini 1H Siemens Series E4 0.012 0.039 7.616 0.060 866.0 32.800 8.6

Wright Gemini 2H Siemens Series E4 0.044 0.115 5.248 0.097 734.4 27.746 10.2

ADL Enviro400H BAE Series E4 0.053 0.815 8.792 0.029 856.1 32.380 8.7

Volvo ISAM E5 +EEV 0.020 0.152 6.738 0.043 937.3 35.400 8.0

DOUBLE-DECK

Vehicle System Euro HC (g/km) CO (g/km) NOx (g/km) Pm (g/km) CO2

(g/km)Fuel litres / 100km mpg

Diesels

Scania Diesel EGR E4 0.049 0.090 11.546 0.130 1572.1 59.380 4.8

Wright Gemini 2 Diesel SCR E5 0.028 1.985 7.734 0.053 1250.6 47.350 6.0

ADL Enviro400 Diesel SCR E4 0.051 1.620 8.646 0.045 1253.1 47.600 5.9

Volvo B9TL / ADL Diesel SCR E4 0.000 0.013 8.583 0.030 1670.3 63.080 4.5

Hybrids

Wright Gemini 1H Siemens Series E4 0.012 0.039 7.616 0.060 866.0 32.800 8.6

Wright Gemini 2H Siemens Series E4 0.044 0.115 5.248 0.097 734.4 27.746 10.2

ADL Enviro400H BAE Series E4 0.053 0.815 8.792 0.029 856.1 32.380 8.7

Volvo ISAM E5 +EEV 0.020 0.152 6.738 0.043 937.3 35.400 8.0

Emissions Standards and Testing

DOUBLE-DECK

Vehicle System Euro HC (g/km) CO (g/km) NOx (g/km) Pm (g/km) CO2

(g/km)Fuel litres / 100km mpg

Diesels

Scania Diesel EGR E4 0.049 0.090 11.546 0.130 1572.1 59.380 4.8

Wright Gemini 2 Diesel SCR E5 0.028 1.985 7.734 0.053 1250.6 47.350 6.0

ADL Enviro400 Diesel SCR E4 0.051 1.620 8.646 0.045 1253.1 47.600 5.9

Volvo B9TL / ADL Diesel SCR E4 0.000 0.013 8.583 0.030 1670.3 63.080 4.5

Hybrids

Wright Gemini 1H Siemens Series E4 0.012 0.039 7.616 0.060 866.0 32.800 8.6

Wright Gemini 2H Siemens Series E4 0.044 0.115 5.248 0.097 734.4 27.746 10.2

ADL Enviro400H BAE Series E4 0.053 0.815 8.792 0.029 856.1 32.380 8.7

Volvo ISAM E5 +EEV 0.020 0.152 6.738 0.043 937.3 35.400 8.0

Emissions Standards and Testing

Hybrid performance (06/02/2011 – 05/03/2011)

PERIOD 12 YTD MPG

PERIOD 12 MPG

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276 (S) Op 360 (S) WB 371 (S) ADL E8 (S) Op 129 (S) WB 76 (D) V 141 (D) All 328 (D) WB 24 (D) All 482 (D) ADL 16 (D) ADLMPG (Hybrid) 6.7 7.7 10.4 6.8 3.2 7.1 6.4 4.8 6.9 7.7 6.6

MPG (BM) 6.2 7.6 8.5 7.9 6.1 4.9 4.9 4.3 5.9 5.8 5.8

MPG (depot) 7.2 7.6 8.6 6.1 6.4 5.0 4.6 4.3 5.8 5.8 5.7

% change 9% 2% 22% -14% -47% 45% 31% 12% 18% 34% 15%

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276 (S) 360 (S) 371 (S) E8 (S) 129 (S) 76 (D) 141 (D) 328 (D) 24 (D) 482 (D) 16 (D)

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Route (Single/Double) →

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276 (S) 360 (S) 371 (S) E8 (S) 129 (S) 76 (D) 141 (D) 328 (D) 24 (D) 482 (D) 16 (D)MPG (Hybrid) 6.6 7.5 10.0 6.6 8.9 7.1 5.8 4.9 6.7 7.8 6.9

MPG (BM) 6.4 7.7 8.4 8.2 6.1 4.9 4.7 4.2 5.7 5.6 5.6

MPG (depot) 6.9 7.5 8.5 6.4 6.8 5.0 6.2 4.4 5.2 5.5 5.5

% change 3% -3% 19% -19% 45% 45% 24% 16% 18% 38% 22%

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276 (S) 360 (S) 371 (S) E8 (S) 129 (S) 76 (D) 141 (D) 328 (D) 24 (D) 482 (D) 16 (D)

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Route (Single/Double) →

Hybrid bus benefits and concerns

Hybrid Benefits

• Low emissions – Global warming – CO2– Local air quality – NOx, particulates

• Better fuel economy

• Smooth acceleration and performance

• Quieter operation

• More reliable than alternative fuels

Operator Concerns

• Added cost and weight

• Relatively immature technology

• Training & maintenance requirements

• High voltage concerns

• Battery life

• Vehicle financing

Financial Incentives

• Green Bus Fund

• Fuel Saving

• Tax Incentives (6p/km in UK)

£

Time?

Targeting 30% CO2 Saving

Hybrid bus costs

Hydrogen Hybrid Fuel Cell bus for 2011

• A fleet of 8 hydrogen hybrid buses will operate on routeRV1 and will be introduced in phases throughout 2011

• The new vehicles contain hybrid technology using ahydrogen fuel cell and energy storage system. Thesevehicles have greater range and higher efficiency than theprevious generation

Other Environmental Initiatives

• Ethanol

• Biodiesel

• Gas to Liquid (GTL)

• NOx Abatement equipment– Retrofit programme

• Eco-Driving (fuel efficient driving)– Training and technology– Acceleration control

• Automatic engine shut down

Annual bus emissions forecasts

Conclusions

• London has an expanding bus fleet catering for bothpopulation increase and the move to sustainable transport

• Good progress made so far in reducing local pollutants,especially particulates, from the bus fleet

• Next step is to address carbon dioxide

• Hybrids will start to make a substantial reduction in CO2emissions over the medium term (2012 – 2020)

• Hydrogen and fuel cell technology forms part of the longterm vision as commercialisation unlikely until 2020

www.tfl.gov.uk