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Living Stander: Incomes, Inequality, and poverty 學學 : 學學 學學學 9642035 學學 學學學 9642009
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Living Stander: Incomes, Inequality, and poverty

Jan 12, 2016

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Living Stander: Incomes, Inequality, and poverty. 學生 : 碩二 歐婉如 9642035 碩二 謝皇儀 9642009. Living Stander: Incomes, Inequality, and poverty. 學生 : 碩二 歐婉如 9642035 碩二 謝皇儀 9642009. 9.1 Income Growth 9.2 Poverty 9.2.1 Rural Poverty 9.2.1.1 Official Poverty Line - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Page 1: Living Stander: Incomes, Inequality, and poverty

Living Stander: Incomes, Inequality, and poverty

學生 : 碩二 歐婉如 9642035

碩二 謝皇儀 9642009

Page 2: Living Stander: Incomes, Inequality, and poverty

Living Stander: Incomes, Inequality, and poverty

學生 : 碩二 歐婉如 9642035

碩二 謝皇儀 9642009

Page 3: Living Stander: Incomes, Inequality, and poverty

• 9.1 Income Growth• 9.2 Poverty 9.2.1 Rural Poverty 9.2.1.1 Official Poverty Line 9.2.1.2 World Bank Internationally Comparable Poverty Line 9.2.1.3 Explaining Poverty Trends 9.2.2 Urban Poverty 9.2.3 Overall Poverty• 9.3 Inequality 9.3.1 Accounting for all Income Sources• 9.4 Physical Quality of Indicators 9.4.1 Life Expectancy at Birth 9.4.2 Other Health-Related Indicators 9.4.3 Education 9.4.4 Human Development Index• 9.5 Income, GDP Per Capita, and Purchasing Power Parity Once Again• 9.6 Conclusion

Page 4: Living Stander: Incomes, Inequality, and poverty

9.1 Income Growth

• Growth of household income, convert in 2004 CPI

• Three periods :

1991-2004

1985-1991

1978-1985

Page 5: Living Stander: Incomes, Inequality, and poverty

• Shoddy rural CPI

• Other limitations to the official data

1.migrants and others with intermediate

status are not covered

2.different measurement

• Affections:

limit comparability ; overstate

Page 6: Living Stander: Incomes, Inequality, and poverty

table 9.1

Page 7: Living Stander: Incomes, Inequality, and poverty

9.2 Poverty9.2.1 Rural Poverty

9.2.1.1 Official Poverty Line

• 1978 250 million

1985 125 million

2004 26 million

• Poverty is fundamentally a rural phenomenon

Page 8: Living Stander: Incomes, Inequality, and poverty

Figure 9.1

Page 9: Living Stander: Incomes, Inequality, and poverty

9.2.1.2 World Bank Internationally

Comparable Poverty Line• 2002 poverty line :

Ravallion and Chen : 850 RMB per person

Chinese standard : 627 RMB per person

poverty : 3.2% 12.5%

29million 114millioin

Page 10: Living Stander: Incomes, Inequality, and poverty

9.2.1.3 Explaining Poverty Trends

In early 1980s :

• The term of trade of agriculture

1.price 2.modern inputs 3.dissolution of collectives

After the mid-1980s

• Leading Group for Poverty Reduction in 1986

Page 11: Living Stander: Incomes, Inequality, and poverty

After the mid-1980s

• Leading Group for Poverty Reduction

1.Geographic targeting of designated

poor counties

2.Appraisals

3.Government funding

4.the designation dose raise economic

growth in poor counties by around 1%

annually

Page 12: Living Stander: Incomes, Inequality, and poverty

During 1993-1996

• marketization of rural procurement and

government provided support prices for farmers

• nonfarm rural employment and migration

Page 13: Living Stander: Incomes, Inequality, and poverty

Since 1996 • growth was highly concentrated in urban

coastal areas• Farm prices fell in the late 1990s• Urban reforms created urban

unemployment and increasing labor-market competition

• Fiscal system Since 2000 • Western Development Program : infrastructure investment

Page 14: Living Stander: Incomes, Inequality, and poverty

9.2.2 Urban Poverty• Ravallion and Chen :

in 2002 , the cost of living in the city was 41% higher than in the countryside ;

poverty line 1,200 yuan per person per year in the city

0.5% of the urban population was in poverty in 2001

their sample covered permanent urban residents only

Page 15: Living Stander: Incomes, Inequality, and poverty

9.2.3 Overall Poverty

• Ravallion and Chen find that 8% of China’s total population was in poverty in 2001 ,down form 22% in 1991

• Decline in rural poverty – 11%

urbanization – 3%

the reduction in poverty in urban areas

– <0.5%

Page 16: Living Stander: Incomes, Inequality, and poverty

9.3 Inequality

• Egalitarian

• Gini coefficient

• The unusual phenomenon

• Simon Kuznets (1995)

Page 17: Living Stander: Incomes, Inequality, and poverty

• Inequality in urban area :

1.capital

2.market distortion

• Inequality in rural area :

1.TVEs

2.individual entrepreneurship

Page 18: Living Stander: Incomes, Inequality, and poverty

Figure 9.2 evolution of Gini coefficient

0.33

0.447

Page 19: Living Stander: Incomes, Inequality, and poverty

9.3.1 Accounting for all Income Sources

• 透過學者、中國社會科學學會 (Chinese Academy of Social Sciences ) 、國家統計局 (National Statistical Bureau) 規模的合作計算出更大的鄉村和都市居民重要的所得來源,整合基期年數 1988 、1995 、 2002 代表了中國各省的子樣本。

• Khan 、 Riskin (KR) 和 Chen 、 Ravallion(CR)

的比較。 Figure9.2• 數據計算上可能有不同,但不同方法皆得到所得

不均提高的結果。

Page 20: Living Stander: Incomes, Inequality, and poverty

9.4 (9.4.1-9.4.3) Physical Quality of Life Indicators

• 由美國海外開發委員會提出的,於 1977 年作為測量貧困地區居民的生活質量指數,屬於一種綜合指標 。

• 以瑞典為基準的綜合指數

Page 21: Living Stander: Incomes, Inequality, and poverty

• 主要由三種指標所構成1. 預期壽命 – 9.4.1 Life Expectancy at Birth

2. 健康相關的指標 :

嬰兒死亡率 (Infant mortality)

自然死亡率 (Nature of mortality)

– 9.4.2 Other Health-Related Indicator

3. 教育 ( 如識字率 ) : Basic needs

-9.4.3 Education

Page 22: Living Stander: Incomes, Inequality, and poverty

PQLI 的特色 :• 這三個指標都是社會普遍關心的問題,是“需

要” (Basic needs) 的基本構成要素• 每個指標都是很好的綜合指數,反映了社會在滿

足基本需要方面的許多特徵,是社會發展成就的綜合體現;

• 有廣泛的國際可比性• PQLI 是識字率指數、嬰兒死亡率指數和預期壽

命指數三者的算術平均值,計算簡單,易於理解 。

Page 23: Living Stander: Incomes, Inequality, and poverty

PQLI 的缺點 :• 沒有反映一個國家全部的社會福利。• 只反映健康狀況的有兩個指標,這實際上是賦予

健康指標以雙倍的權重。• 這可能適用於最貧窮的國家,對富國更缺乏敏感

性 • PQLI 只是測度了一個國家社會發展的結果,而未

能反映出發展的過程。 參考資料 : 網路 MBA 智慧百科 網址 : http://wiki.mbalib.com/w/index.php?title=

%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8%E7%94%9F%E6%B4%BB%E8%B4%A8%E9%87%8F%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B0&variant=zh-tw

Page 24: Living Stander: Incomes, Inequality, and poverty

9.4.4 Human Development Index

• 聯合國開發計畫署( United Nations Development Program-UNDP ),自 1990 年起定期編製發佈的 HDI ( 人類發展指數 ) 國際比較報告

• 壽命、知識(成人識字率與粗在學率 - 學生註冊人數),及生活水準(依購買力平價計算平均每人國民生產毛額)等三個領域統計數值,用以衡量一國整體的發展概況。

• 同時衡量了人民的健康、教育情況和經濟表現

Page 25: Living Stander: Incomes, Inequality, and poverty

• 人類發展指數介乎於 0 至 1 之間,可分為: 高度人類發展地區:人類發展指數在 0.8 或以上 中度人類發展地區:人類發展指數在 0.5 至 0.799

低度人類發展地區:人類發展指數在 0.5 以下

參考資料 : Quality Taiwan 中文品質百科 網址 http://qualitytaiwan.atwiki.com/page/Human%20Development%20Index,

%20HDI%20%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B8%20The%20Quality%20of%20Life

Page 26: Living Stander: Incomes, Inequality, and poverty

Table 9.3

沿海

西部

Page 27: Living Stander: Incomes, Inequality, and poverty

9.5 Income, GDP Per Capita, and Purchasing Power Parity Once

Again

• 檢測 PPP GDP per capita 與 ordinary GDP per capita

• 以 PPP 計算出的 GDP 可以用來和其他國家比較,除去相對物價的問題

• 表 9.3— 比較人均 GDP( 以 PPP 計算 ) 和人均 GDP( 以市場匯率 ) 及兩個相除的比率

Page 28: Living Stander: Incomes, Inequality, and poverty

Table9.2

Page 29: Living Stander: Incomes, Inequality, and poverty

• 較窮困的國家 PPP 算出來的人均 GDP 會比用 Exchange rate 算出的人均 GDP 高很多

• 窮困的國家中有大量充足的非技術勞務人口與財貨,屬於非交易財。

• 中國的非交易財很多,且價格又特別的低,例如 都市的房子 健康保險 基本的食物產品,這都降低了他們的生活成本,,因此計算出 PPP GDP 會較高。

Page 30: Living Stander: Incomes, Inequality, and poverty

9.6 Conclusion

• 沒有任何一種單一的指標可以告訴我們在中國的經濟成長有多少,但是我們可以藉由許多指標的組合來描繪出中國,對於其他發展中國家的情況。

• 提升生活品質 提高教育素質 提升健康水準,以迎接下一階段的經濟成長。