Lipids. Lipid Molecules made up of long hydrocarbon chains Fatty Acids - single chain hydrocarbons with 4 – 22 carbons Triglycerides - 3-carbon glycerol.

Lipids

Lipid Molecules made up of long hydrocarbon chains

Fatty Acids - single chain hydrocarbons with 4 – 22 carbons

Triglycerides - 3-carbon glycerol backbone with one fatty acid attached to each of the 3 carbons

Diglycerides – as above with 2 fatty acids

Monoglycerides – as above with 1 fatty acid

Phospholipids - glycerol with fatty acids attached to carbons 1 & 2 with a phosphorous attached to the 3rd.

Cholesterol - 3 6-carbon & 1 5-hydrocarbon rings (modified to produce the various steroids)

EFA’sStructure of some lipids

Glycerol

Fatty Acids

Lipid Functions

Primary storage form of energy & major substrate for energy (especially at rest)

Absorption of Fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E, &K)

Source of the Essential Fatty Acids Linoleic and α-Linolenic (linoleic is made into arachidonic acid, α - linolenic is made into docosahexaenoic acid & eicosapentaenoic acid which are essential for prostaglandin, thromboxane, & leukotriene synthesis)

Common Food Sources (oils) linoleic: corn, safflower, soybeans, peanuts, sunflower seeds… α-linolenic: soybeans, linseed, flax, most other seed oils…

Synthesize steroid hormones from cholesterol

Synthesize bile from cholesterol & FFA

Membrane phospholipids

Essential component of PDH & α-kGDH

AI 12 & 17 g/day linoleic acid (C18:2; n6, 9 - all cis): F / M; based on on median intake1.1 & 1.6 g/day α-linolenic acid (C18:3; n9, 12, 15 - all cis) F / M; based on median intakeOr: 10 - 35% of total calories (9kcal/g)… so… lets see what you have to eat to…

Some older texts suggested a minimum total intake of 20g/day to insure a sufficient uptake of fat soluble vitamins which greatly underestimates the actual dietary lipid requirement (RDAs are based on fatty acid intake, not TG intake and eating exactly 12g linoleic acid or 1.1 g α-linolenic acid would obviously necessitate eating more than 13g total fat since the EFA are a small minority of total FFAs)

EFA Content of various foods in % of total FA

Linoleic α-Linolenic % Fat by WtCanola Oil ~ 26 - 100Corn Oil ~ 35 - 65 - 100Olive Oil ~ 3 - 20% ~ 1% 100Palm Oil ~ 6 - 12 ~ 0.5 100Peanut Oil ~ 14 - 43 ~ 0.4 100Flax Oil ~ 14 ~ 50 - 60 100Beef (grain-fed-trimmed) ~ 3.4 ~ 0.4 ~ 5Beef (grass-fed-trimmed) ~ 4.4 ~ 1.2 ~ 2.5Chicken (skinless-breast) ~ 21 ~ 0.9 ~ 4.5Salmon (Norway-wild) ~ 1 ~ 1 (2%EPA/20% DHA) ~ 3 - 4

Human Milk ~7 - 18 ~ 1 ~ 2 - 4Cow Milk Fat ~ 2.6 ~ 1.6 ~ 0, 1, 2, or ~3.5

Based on the EFA content of common foods (as a percent of total fatty acids) you clearly have to eat a lot more grams of fat than the RDA (as expressed in grams for the EFA’s)

so let’s figure it out… average calories/day for adults 19 – 50 yrs: ~ 2400 F ~ 3000 M at 10% - 35% calories from fat… (240 – 840 kcal) (300 – 1050 kcal)

EFA Content of various foods in % of total FA

Linoleic α-Linolenic % Fat *Fat intake / kCal Fat intake / kCal Total “Food” Intakeby Wt (g) (g) to meet RDA

Linoleic α-Linolenic (min g/kcal)

Canola Oil ~ 26 - 100 48/432 - -Corn Oil ~ 35 - 65 - 100 18-34 /162-306 - -Olive Oil ~ 3 - 20 ~ 1 100 60-400/54-3600 110/990 110/990Palm Oil ~ 6 - 12 ~ 0.5 100 100-200/900-1800 220/1980 220/1980Peanut Oil ~ 14 - 43 ~ 0.4 100 30-85/270-765 275/2475 275/2475Flax Oil ~ 14 ~ 50 - 60 100 86/774 2-3/18-24 86/774Beef (grain-trimmed) ~ 3.4 ~ 0.4 ~ 5 353/3177 275/2475 7060/30,005Beef (grass-trimmed) ~ 4.4 ~ 1.2 ~ 2.5 272/2448 916/819 10,880/44,880Chicken (skinless-breast)~ 21 ~ 0.9 ~ 4.5 57/513 122/1098 2711/11,454Salmon - Norway - wild ~ 1 ~ 1 ~ 3-4 1200/10,800 110/990 30,000/125,000 Human Milk ~7 - 18 ~ 1 ~ 2-4 67-171/603-1539 110/990 4275/ why botherCow Milk (butter fat) ~ 2.6 ~ 1.6 ~ 2 461/4149 69/621 23,050/ “

Based on the EFA content of common foods (as a percent of total fatty acids) you clearly have to eat a lot more grams of fat than the RDA (as expressed in grams for the EFA’s)

*Fat Intake calculated for an (“average”) adult female (for males, the intake would be approximately 25% higher). Calculations of total food intake are based on that single food item being the sole source of EFAs.

From these values it is clear that eating less than 30% of calories from common sources of fat is a near guarantee of EFA (borderline?) deficiency. It also is clear that the fat in meats & milk is not very relevant in terms of significant contributions to total EFA intake. Fats in “spreads”, cooking oils, and cheeses seem to make the most difference… and of the added fats, cold-press, virgin olive oil (tends to be at the lower end in linoleic content) and butter/cheese from cows, along with cooked fish 2x/week and maybe a small amount of added flax oil would be the most logical frequent choices to ensure adequate intake of the EFAs as well as the anti-inflammatory omega3 FA: DHA & EPA .

Α-Linolenic

EPA

DHA

~ 0.2%

~ 37%

~ 63%

Pawloski et al. 2001

Some of those “awesome Omega 3’s”

One of those “evil” trans-fats

Steroid hormonesare made fromcholesterol

Bile acids are also synthesized from cholesterol . . .

Prostaglandins, thromboxanes, & leukotrienes are synthesized from arachidonic acid (& EPA/DHA which are synthesized from the essential fatty acids)

Digestion/Absorption

- Mastication in mouth Bolus w/ saliva/mucus

- Lipids break up to tiny droplets in chyme from stomach/acid action

- Bile from liver bile salts & acids made from cholesterol, fatty acids, sodium, potassium & chloride

-Lipases from Pancreas

-Emulsification by bile salts and bile acids

-FFA, MG, PL, gycerol, CHOL, absorbed

-Glycerol metabolized, lipids resynthesized and packaged into chylomicrons

(apoB-48, *apoC-II, apoC-III, apoE)

Chylomicrons - Lipoprotein + lipids TG PL Chol ~85% ~9% ~4%

released into lymph/blood ~ 50 : 50

ApoC-II activates lipoprotein lipase in capillaries

Tissues remove FFA, PL

Liver picks up chylomicron remnants

Lipoprotein content of the chylomicron changes as it circulates throughout the body - acquiring the apo E & C2 from HDL

apoE & apoB-48 are ligands for liver uptake of remnants . . . apoCII is ligand to activate lipoprotein lipase for removal of fatty acids in tissues . . .

Deliver dietary TG and PL to cells dietary CHOL to liver . . .

apoE is ligand for liver uptake & apoB-100 is ligand for tissue uptake . . . apoCII is ligand to activate Lipoprotein lipase for removal of fatty acids

Delivers endogenous TG and PL to cells . . .

Delivers CHOL to cells . . .

HDL really serves as a circulating resevoir for apoE and apoC’s for efficient removal of LDL’s and lipids from the blood

Note that HDL also picks up CHOL from tissues and returns it to the liver for bile synthesis (CHOL excretion pathway)

Function of these apoprotein ligands and the cellular receptors that recognize them have important implications for atherosclerosis