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Language Variation Language Variation Camila Navarro Camila Navarro Universidad de Santiago de Chile Facultad de Humanidades Departamento de Lingüística y Literatura Paradigmas Lingüísticos
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Page 1: Lingüística

Language VariationLanguage Variation

Camila NavarroCamila Navarro

Universidad de Santiago de Chile

Facultad de Humanidades

Departamento de Lingüística y Literatura

Paradigmas Lingüísticos

Page 2: Lingüística

Language Styles and Language Styles and Dialects.Dialects.

Page 3: Lingüística

DialectDialect

A distinct form of a languageA distinct form of a language

Regional dialectRegional dialectSocial dialectSocial dialectEthnic dialectEthnic dialect

Dialects are never purely regional, social Dialects are never purely regional, social or ethnic.or ethnic.

Page 4: Lingüística

Example: anymoreExample: anymore

For some english speakers For some english speakers anymore anymore stands for stands for nowadaysnowadays or or lately.lately.

Tools are expensive anymoreTools are expensive anymore

And for others And for others anymoreanymore can be use only if can be use only if there is a negative element, such as not.there is a negative element, such as not.

Tools are not cheap anymoreTools are not cheap anymore

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IdiolectIdiolect

Is the language spoken by a single Is the language spoken by a single individual. A person’s language is one of individual. A person’s language is one of the most fundamental features os self-the most fundamental features os self-identityidentity

Page 6: Lingüística

‘‘There is no such thing as a single There is no such thing as a single English language; rather, there are English language; rather, there are many English languages (dialects and many English languages (dialects and idiolects) depending on who is using idiolects) depending on who is using the language and what the context of the language and what the context of use is’use is’ Akmajan A, (2006; 288)Akmajan A, (2006; 288)

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Mutual intelligibilityMutual intelligibility

Even though native speakers of English Even though native speakers of English vary in their use of the language, their vary in their use of the language, their languages are similar in pronunciation, languages are similar in pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary to permit mutual grammar and vocabulary to permit mutual intelligibility i.e they can understand each intelligibility i.e they can understand each other.other.

e.g Papago and Pima: two Native e.g Papago and Pima: two Native American Languages.American Languages.

Page 8: Lingüística

Dialects and the Interplay of Dialects and the Interplay of Regional and Social Factors:Regional and Social Factors:

Research by William Labov (1972).Research by William Labov (1972).About social prestige on a regional dialectAbout social prestige on a regional dialect /r/ in NYC speech./r/ in NYC speech. Interviewed salespeople at 3 stores: Saks Interviewed salespeople at 3 stores: Saks

Fifth Avenue (high prestige), Macy’s Fifth Avenue (high prestige), Macy’s (middle), S. Klein (low prestige)(middle), S. Klein (low prestige)

““Excuse me, where are the women’s Excuse me, where are the women’s shoes?. “Fourth floor”.shoes?. “Fourth floor”.

Page 9: Lingüística

HypercorrectionHypercorrection

Involves imitating what is thought to be Involves imitating what is thought to be prestige language.prestige language.

e.g NYC speakers insert /r/ in words e.g NYC speakers insert /r/ in words where it does not actually occur in where it does not actually occur in spelling.spelling.

Saw [sɔr], Cuba [kyuwbr]Saw [sɔr], Cuba [kyuwbr]Drop out /r/ in some words and positions Drop out /r/ in some words and positions

and will insert /r/ in others.and will insert /r/ in others.

Page 10: Lingüística

““Standard” versus “Nonstandard” Standard” versus “Nonstandard” Language.Language.

StandardStandardUsed in news programs, language of legal Used in news programs, language of legal

goverment and in the schools.goverment and in the schools.

Social attitude, language prejudice.Social attitude, language prejudice.

Nonstandard: Black English.Nonstandard: Black English.

Page 11: Lingüística

Black English and the Ver Black English and the Ver BeBe

Example of nonstandard.Example of nonstandard.Used by Black residents of low-income Used by Black residents of low-income

ghettos in large urban areas of the U.S.ghettos in large urban areas of the U.S.

Present tense form of the verb Present tense form of the verb to be to be is is often dropped in casual speech.often dropped in casual speech.

Page 12: Lingüística

ExamplesExamples

StandardStandard Black EnglishBlack English

She’s the first one She’s the first one started us offstarted us off

She the first one started She the first one started us offus off

We’re on tapeWe’re on tape We on tapeWe on tape

They’re not caughtThey’re not caught They not caughtThey not caught

Page 13: Lingüística

Invariant beInvariant be

Indicates a habitual and repeatable action, Indicates a habitual and repeatable action, state, or event.state, or event.

Grammatical feature unique to BE.Grammatical feature unique to BE.e.ge.g I get a ball and then some children I get a ball and then some children bebe

on one team and some on one team and some bebe on another on another team.team.

Yes, there always Yes, there always bebe fights. fights.

Page 14: Lingüística

Formal and Informal Language Formal and Informal Language Styles.Styles.

Formal: in social conexts that are, serious, Formal: in social conexts that are, serious, formal, in which speakers feel they must formal, in which speakers feel they must watch their language.watch their language.

Informal: casual, relaxed social settings in Informal: casual, relaxed social settings in which speech is spontaneous.which speech is spontaneous.

Both follow sets of precise rules.Both follow sets of precise rules.

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Some rules of the grammar Some rules of the grammar of informal style in english.of informal style in english.

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Greater amount of abbreviation, Greater amount of abbreviation, shortening, contraction and deletion.shortening, contraction and deletion.

Auxiliaries Do, Have and BeAuxiliaries Do, Have and Be

This dialect is in no way defective or This dialect is in no way defective or ilogical, since it follows rules as Standard ilogical, since it follows rules as Standard English does.English does.

Page 17: Lingüística
Page 18: Lingüística

Where phonology, morphology, Where phonology, morphology, syntax and pragmatic conext meet.syntax and pragmatic conext meet.

e.g Deletione.g Deletion

Dependent on the phonological process of Dependent on the phonological process of contraction.contraction.

Only contractable verbs can be deleted, Only contractable verbs can be deleted, (morphology).(morphology).

It concerns the way sentences are formed in the It concerns the way sentences are formed in the abreviated style, (syntax).abreviated style, (syntax).

Context in which the abbreviated sentences are Context in which the abbreviated sentences are actually use.actually use.

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Other Language VarietiesOther Language Varieties

Page 20: Lingüística

Lingua Francas, Pidgins and Lingua Francas, Pidgins and Creoles.Creoles.

Lingua FrancaLingua Franca

Given language known to all the participan, Given language known to all the participan, it is selected by common agreement.it is selected by common agreement.

PidginPidgin

No native Speakers, use as medium of No native Speakers, use as medium of communication. communication.

Based on linguistic features of one or more Based on linguistic features of one or more languages.languages.

Page 21: Lingüística

Hawaiian Pidgin English, Bickerton Hawaiian Pidgin English, Bickerton (1981)(1981)

English vocabulary + syntax of the native English vocabulary + syntax of the native language of the individual user.language of the individual user.

a. da pua pipl awl poteito ita. da pua pipl awl poteito itThe poor people ate only potatoesThe poor people ate only potatoes

b. wok had dis piplb. wok had dis piplThese people work hardThese people work hard

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Under certain circumstances, children may Under certain circumstances, children may learn a pidgin as their first language ---> learn a pidgin as their first language ---> Creole. Creole.

When a pidgin becomes creolized it When a pidgin becomes creolized it undergoes expansion of its vocabulary undergoes expansion of its vocabulary and grammar and begins to acquire and grammar and begins to acquire complex rules.complex rules.

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Cape York Peninsula in Australia. Cape York Peninsula in Australia. Crowly and Rigsby (1979)Crowly and Rigsby (1979)

Im bin ran Im bin ran He ran (bin used to mark past)He ran (bin used to mark past) Im go ranIm go ranHe will run (go used to mark future)He will run (go used to mark future)

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Jargon, secret languages and Jargon, secret languages and “Mother-in-Law” Language Varieties.“Mother-in-Law” Language Varieties.

JargonJargonSpecial vocabulary use by special-interest groups.Special vocabulary use by special-interest groups.

Secret languagesSecret languagesPart of initiation rituals. Warlpiri, central Part of initiation rituals. Warlpiri, central

Australia.Upside-Down language.Australia.Upside-Down language.e.g that one is small --> I am short.e.g that one is small --> I am short.

Mother-in-law languageMother-in-law languageIn presence of certain relatives.

Page 25: Lingüística

Language and Sex Roles: Male Language and Sex Roles: Male and Female Speech.and Female Speech.

Koasati, native american language. Hass Koasati, native american language. Hass (1944).(1944).

Women’s formWomen’s form Men’s formMen’s form

lakáwlakáw lakáwslakáws He is lifting itHe is lifting it

Í:pÍ:p Í:psÍ:ps He is eating itHe is eating it

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Sexism in languageSexism in language If anyone needs a book, If anyone needs a book, he he can get one can get one

here.here.Nowdays this situation has change, using Nowdays this situation has change, using

both pronouns or both pronouns or they they instead.instead.

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Slang and Taboo LanguageSlang and Taboo Language

SlangSlang

Part of casual, informal styles of language Part of casual, informal styles of language use. use.

It changes quite rapidly. It changes quite rapidly. Associated with a particualr social group.Associated with a particualr social group.

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Taboo language.Taboo language.

Words that are avoid entirely, or in polite company. Determined by culture.

Related to swears words.Damn --> darnHell --> heckAnd also to deathTo pass away, to kick the bucket

Page 29: Lingüística

Code-switching and BorrowingCode-switching and Borrowing

Code-switchingCode-switchingMixture of distintic language varieties.Mixture of distintic language varieties.e.ge.gWe must not permit the State of California We must not permit the State of California

to deplete the water supply of the State of to deplete the water supply of the State of Arizona. Ain’t no way we’re gonna give em Arizona. Ain’t no way we’re gonna give em that water.that water.

Page 30: Lingüística

It’s now ocho y media on a Saturday night It’s now ocho y media on a Saturday night and we’re gonna hear a new artist con his and we’re gonna hear a new artist con his new group. You’re in tune with la máquina new group. You’re in tune with la máquina rítmica.rítmica.

Bilingual or multilingual areas.Bilingual or multilingual areas.

Page 31: Lingüística

BorrowingBorrowinge.g e.g Está Está leakleakiando ---> It’s leakingiando ---> It’s leakingBorrow words form another language.Borrow words form another language.