Lectures Synchronous Machines

Compensation Capacitors

For Lamp Circuits usingInductive Ballasts

A N e w L i g h t i n g E x p e r i e n c e

Compensation CapacitorsContents

1 Ballasts and Circuits 3

2 Compensation of Idle Current 4

2.1 Compensation using series capacitors 4

2.2 Parallel compensation 4

2.3 Ballast Directive 2000/55/EC and compensation of lighting systems 5

2.4 Uniform compensation method 6

3 Metallised Polypropylene Film Capacitors 6

3.1 Construction of a metallised polypropylene film capacitor 6

3.2 Capacitors with an automatic cut-out, secured, type Bcapacitors in accordance with IEC 61048 A2 7

3.3 Capacitors without an automatic cut-out, unsecured, type Acapacitors in accordance with IEC 61048 A2 8

4 Requirements for Installing Capacitors in Luminaires 9

5 Practical Notes on Using Compensation Capacitors 10

6 Impact of Voltage Overloads and Mains Harmonicson Parallel Compensation Capacitors 11

6.1 Impact of voltage overloads 11

6.2 Impact of mains harmonics 11

6.3 Special protective measures against voltage overloads and mains harmonics 12

7 Application Notes on Luminaire Capacitors 12

8 Capacitor Tables 14

8.1 Capacitors for fluorescent lamp circuits 15

8.2 Capacitors for high-pressure mercury vapour lamp circuits 16

8.3 Capacitors for high-pressure sodium vapour lamp circuits 16

8.4 Capacitors for low-pressure sodium vapour lamp circuits 16

8.5 Capacitors for metal halide lamp circuits 16

9 Technical Details of Vossloh-Schwabe Parallel Capacitors 17

9.1 Type A capacitors with a plastic casing 19

9.2 Type A capacitors with an aluminium casing 21

9.3 Type B capacitors with an aluminium casing 22

2

1. Ballasts and Circuits

When connected to a supply networksystem, discharge lamps – owing to theirunstable behaviour – require a ballast tostabilise the operating point, for which twobasic technologies are in current use:magnetic (inductive) ballasts, also calledinductors, and electronic ballasts. Bothtechnologies perform the same tasks: en-suring the lamp electrode is sufficiently pre-heated, providing the necessary voltage toignite the lamp possibly with the help of astarter or ignitor and keeping the lampcurrent within prescribed limits.

The main advantages of electronicballasts be seen in their cost-effective-ness and greater convenience of operation,whereby magnetic ballasts are notsensitive to external overloads, ensure along service life and suitable for universaluse.

The simplest and most robust operatingmethod for fluorescent lamps involves aninductive ballast plus a starter or an ignitorfor high-pressure discharge lamps.

In the case of fluorescent lamps, once thestarter contact has been made the preheatcurrent flows through the lamp electrodesand causes them to heat up.

When the starter contact is interrupted, theballast generates a sufficiently high inductivevoltage to ignite the lamp once the elec-trodes have preheated. The inductive resis-tance of the ballast then keeps the lamp'soperating current within permissible limits.

The electrodes of a high-pressure dischargelamp do not need to be preheated. Forthese lamps, a magnetic ballast combinedwith an ignitor provides the ignition voltagepulses required to ignite the lamp and thenlimits the operating current.

The generation of ignition voltage pulses isdetermined by various ignition methods.Superimposed ignitors generate the ignitionvoltage in the device itself whereas pulseignitors produce the requisite voltage incombination with the ballast, which mustbe adequately insulated against thehigh-voltage ignition pulses.

3

A ballast servesto preheat the

electrode,provide the

ignition voltageand limit the

lamp current.

Figure 1Circuit of a fluorescent lamp witha magnetic ballast

Figure 2Circuit of a high-pressure discharge lampwith a magnetic ballast and a superimposedignitor

Figure 3Circuit of a high-pressure discharge lampwith a magnetic ballast and a pulse ignitor

L

N

VG

L

N

VG

2. Compensation of Idle Current

When using magnetic ballasts a phase shiftoccurs between the mains voltage and thecurrent drawn. This phase shift is expressedby the power factor �, which generallyranges between a value of 0.3 and 0.7with inductive circuits.

As a result of this phase shift, reactive cur-rent, which does not boost the efficiency ofthe lighting unit, is also taken up from thepower supply network in addition to realpower. Power utility companies thereforerequire an increase of the power factor tovalues of over 0.85 for systems exceedinga certain size (usually upwards of 250 Wper external conductor).

Compensation capacitors are used tocounteract reactive current (increased powerfactor) and are basically either connectedin parallel or in series. Compensation capa-citors are not required when using electronicballasts, whose power factor is generally inthe region of 0.95.

2.1 Compensation usingSeries Capacitors

Series compensation employs a so-calleddual circuit (two fluorescent lamp circuitsconnected in parallel), whereby the capa-citor, which is connected in a branch of thecircuit, overcompensates the inductive reac-tive current to such an extent that it coversthe reactive current of both ballasts. Thistype of circuit is only used with fluorescentlamps. As series capacitors are dimension-ed for nominal-voltage and ballast toleran-ces, the lamp in the capacitor branch of thedual circuit operates with a higher currentand thus also with a higher rating. Apartfrom differences in brightness, power loss isalso higher in the circuit branch with thecapacitor.

Please note that series resonance betweenthe ballast and the capacitor leads to aseries capacitor operating at higher-than-mains voltage. The nominal voltage of aseries capacitor is thus higher than mainsvoltage.

An advantage of the dual circuit is that itprevents the radiated light from flickering.

A little known fact is that a so-called capa-citive lamp circuit operates with a highcurrent, which can lead to a higher lamprating (up to 14% increase) and a reductionof the lamp service lifetime (up to 20%shorter). This goes hand in hand with sub-stantial technical, ecological and economicdisadvantages.

Series capacitors have to meet very hightechnical requirements to suit variousaspects like temperature, nominal voltage,tolerances of the capacitance values, etc.

2.2 Parallel Compensation

During parallel compensation, each lampcircuit is assigned a capacitor connected inparallel to the mains. Only one capacitorproviding sufficient capacitance is neededfor luminaires with several lamps. Parallelcompensation does not affect current flowthrough a discharge lamp. The requirementsplaced on parallel capacitors are clearlylower than those for series capacitors.

However, parallel compensation can besubject to limitations when using audio-frequency ripple control pulses if the systemoperates with a connected rating of over5 kVA and ripple control frequencies of over300 Hz are used. The respective powerutility company should be consulted foradvice in such cases.

4

Power factorvalues rangebetween0.3 and 0.7with inductivecircuits.

Series capacitorshave to meetvery hightechnicalrequirements.

Figure 4Series compensation in a branch ofthe dual circuit with a series capacitor,magnetic ballasts and starters

Parallel compensation is used in fluorescentlamp and high-pressure discharge lampcircuits.

Advantages of parallel compensation forfluorescent lamp circuits:

• no additional noise suppression capacitorneeded

• longer lamp service lifetime due toimproved preheating

• lower lamp replacement and disposalcosts

• longer service lifetime of lamp com-ponents due to lower thermal load

• quicker start• energy savings due to lower system rating

2.3 Ballast Directive 2000/55/ECand Compensation of LightingSystems

In accordance with the ballast directive2000/55/EC, the total power consump-tion of lamp-ballast circuits must not exceedcertain limits.

5

Figure 5Parallel compensationof a fluorescent lamp circuit

Figure 6Parallel compensationof a high-pressure discharge lamp circuitwith a superimposed ignitor

Figure 7Parallel compensation of a high-pressuredischarge lamp circuit with a pulse ignitor

As defined by the directive (EuropeanStandard EN 50294 governing themeasurement of total power consump-tion), a series capacitor is considered tobe a part of the ballast. If the systemrating of the capacitive circuit contain-ing the lamps and ballasts is then de-termined in line with the above defini-tion, rating increases of up to 14% willbecome apparent in comparison tooperation without a series capacitor.Experience has shown that this in-creased power consumption oftenmeans devices fall in the directive's"banned" category. It is thereforestrongly advised that due considerationbe given to the elevated power con-sumption values common to using seriescapacitors for compensation purposes.

2.4 Uniform Compensation Method

In view of the increasing exchange ofgoods on the European and internationalmarkets, it would make sense to use auniform method of compensation withinthe lighting industry.

As parallel compensation offers substantialadvantages, this has become the acceptedmethod in the last few years.

While series compensation has been incommon use in German-speaking countriesup to now, parallel compensation is nowbeing given increasing preference in theseregions, too.

In addition to that, various European indus-trial associations recommend making paral-lel compensation the sole method of choiceto ensure the limits specified by the ballastdirective are safely observed, thus excludingany risk when retailing luminaires within thedirective's area of validity.

3. Metallised PolypropyleneFilm Capacitors

Metallised polypropylene film capacitorsare designed to compensate the inductiveidle current drawn by discharge lamps(fluorescent lamps, high-pressure mercuryvapour lamps, high-pressure sodium vapourlamps and metal halide lamps with a cera-mic discharge tube) in 50 Hz and 60 Hznetworks. All Vossloh-Schwabe compensa-tion capacitors (series and parallel) for lumi-naires feature a metallised polypropylenefilm dielectric. Compensation capacitorshelp to increase the power factor to valuesof over 0.85 as required by power utilitycompanies.

3.1 Construction of MetallisedPolypropylene Film Capacitors

VS MKP capacitors contain a low-lossmetallised polypropylene film dielectric,which is produced by vapour-depositing athin layer of zinc and aluminium or pure alu-minium onto one side of the polypropylenefilm. The contacts at either end of the capa-citor elements are created by spraying on alayer of metal and thus guarantee a highcurrent carrying capacity as well as a low-inductive connection between the terminalsand the elements.

All capacitors with a nominal voltage up-wards of 280 V are filled with oil or resinafter the coils have been inserted and thenhermetically sealed. This protects the ele-ments from environmental influences and re-duces partial discharge, which contributesto a long service lifetime and stable capaci-tance. Partial discharge effects only play alesser role with capacitors with a nominalvoltage of under 280 V so that thesedevices do not need to be filled.

In critical ambient conditions (high humidity,aggressive atmospheres, high temperatures),if the workload and power supply condi-tions are unknown as well as in situationsthat demand increased attention to safety,hermetically sealed, filled capacitors withan overpressure break-action mechanismshould always be used

All VS metallised polypropylene filmcapacitors are absolutely free of PCBs(polychlorinated biphenyls).

6

Parallel com-pensation has

become theaccepted

method in thelast few years.

Front contact layerWinding

Non-metallized strip

MKPPolypropylene film,

metal-coated on one side

In critical am-bient conditions,

hermeticallysealed, filled

capacitors withan overpressure

break-actionmechanism

should alwaysbe used.

VS MKP capacitors feature a self-healingdielectric. In the event of a dielectric break-down in the coil (short circuit), the metalcoating vaporises around the breakdownsite owing to the high temperature of thetransient arc that is produced. Owing tothe excess pressure generated during sucha breakdown, the metal vapour is pushedoutwards away from the centre of the sitewithin the space of just a few microseconds.This creates a coating-free corona aroundthe breakdown site that completely isolatesit and means the capacitor remains fullyfunctional during a dielectric breakdown.

The self-healing properties of a capacitorcan decrease with time and with constantoverloading. This bears the risk of a non-healing breakdown with a permanent shortcircuit. Therefore "self-healing" must not beconfused with "failsafe".

Compensation capacitors are divided intotwo type families (A and B) in accordancewith IEC 61048 A2.

• Type A capacitors are defined as:"Self-healing parallel capacitors; withoutan (overpressure) break-action mechanismin the event of failure".They are referred to as unsecuredcapacitors.

• Type B capacitors are defined as:"Self-healing capacitors for series connec-tion in lighting circuits or self-healingparallel capacitors; with an (overpressure)break-action mechanism in the event offailure".These are referred to as hermeticallysealed, secured capacitors.

In accordance with the standard, the dis-charge resistor of both capacitor familiesmust be capable of reducing capacitorvoltage to a value of under 50 V withinof 60 seconds.

3.2 Capacitors with an AutomaticCut-Out, secured Type B Capacitorsin accordance with IEC 61048 A2

Self-healing capacitors do not requireshort-circuit protection for normal operationas they automatically regenerate after adielectric breakdown. However, as a resultof frequent self-healing caused by overload-ing (voltage, current, temperature) ortowards the end of the capacitor's servicelifetime, overpressure can build up in thecapacitor (due to the decomposition prod-ucts of the vaporised polypropylene).

In order to prevent the capacitor casingfrom exploding in such cases, hermeticallysealed capacitors in accordance withIEC 61048 A2 (Type B capacitors) arefitted with an overpressure break-action me-chanism. If excess pressure builds up withinthese capacitors, e.g. due to overload ther-mal or excessive voltages or at the end ofthe capacitor's service lifetime, a concertinasection opens out that causes the casing toexpand lengthways. As a result, the wireruptures at a predetermined break-ing point, which irreversibly interrupts thecurrent.

This type of overpressure-protected capa-citor with contact breaker is also referred toas a flame- and explosion-proof capacitorwith a break-action mechanism.

Type B capacitors with a break-actionmechanism are available in an aluminiumcasing.

7

The integrateddischarge resis-tor of a capa-citor must becapable of re-ducing capacitorvoltage to avalue of under50 V in 60seconds.

Contact breaker

max. 8 mm

breakingpoint

"Self-healing"must not beconfused with"failsafe".

3.3 Capacitors without a Break-Action Mechanism, unsecured,Type A Capacitors in accordancewith IEC 61048 A2

IEC 61048 A2-compliant Type A capa-citors are also self-healing and require noshort-circuit protection for normal operation.

However, in contrast to Type B capacitors,Type A capacitors are not fitted with a spe-cific failsafe mechanism as prescribed bythe standards for Type B capacitors. Never-theless, the requirements laid down in thestandard for Type A capacitors, especiallywith regard to temperature and servicelifetime tests, are designed to ensure a suffi-cient degree of device safety and availa-bility provided the device wascorrectly installed and operatedunder calculable and knownambient operating conditions.

Even so, in rare cases these capacitors canstill develop erratic behaviour due to over-loading or at the end of the device's servicelifetime.

For that reason, Type A capacitors shouldonly be integrated into luminaires for opera-tion in ambient conditions that are uncriticalwith regard to flammable materials. Lumi-naires should feature protection againstsecondary damage inside and outside theluminaire in the event of a defect.

Temperature-protected capacitors are afurther development of Type A capacitorsand are fitted with a thermal fuse that istriggered by overheating as a result of elec-trical or thermal overloading. They aretested in accordance with EN 61048 A2and comply with Type A requirements.Excess temperatures cause the two wireends of the element inside the fuse to meltinto bead shapes that are fully isolated fromeach other by special insulation. In 99%of all the rare cases of critical capacitorfailure, this is preceded by a gradual in-crease in the loss factor, which is in turnalways accompanied by an increase inthe winding temperature.

By disconnecting the device from themains, the fuse thus provides effectivethermal protection in most cases ofcapacitor failure.

Vossloh-Schwabe recommends that pre-ference be given to Type A capacitors witha thermal fuse as a matter of course forreasons of safety.

Type A capacitors normally featurea plastic casing.

8

Type A capa-citors shouldonly be inte-

grated intoluminaires due

for operation inuncriticalambient

conditions.

VS recommendsthat preferencebe given to TypeA capacitorswith a thermalfuse as a matterof coursefor reasonsof safety.

Special compoundCasing

Thermal element

4. Requirements for InstallingCapacitors in Luminaires

Luminaire safety is tested in accordancewith the luminaire standard IEC 60598-1,which therefore also includes the require-ments placed on capacitors destined forinstallation in luminaires. Section 12 ofIEC 60598-1 specifies endurance andtemperature tests, which also take consider-ation of the ambient temperature when theluminaire is in use (application temperature).If a luminaire is not marked to the contrary,it will have been designed for operation atan ambient temperature of 25° C. Tempera-ture readings at the capacitor within a lumi-naire are therefore also taken on the basisof this standard ambient temperature forluminaires.

Table 12.1 of IEC 60598-1 specifies themaximum permissible temperatures for lumi-naire components. In accordance with thistable, components with a tc marking likecapacitors, starters, electronic ballasts orconverters, etc. must comply with thesetc values during lamp operation. tc valuescan be exceeded by a maximum of 5 K.

The test voltage applied when reading thetemperature at the tc point of a capacitormust equal 1.06 times the nominal voltage.Thus, a test voltage of 243.8 V test voltageneeds to be applied given a 230 V powersupply and a 230 V ballast and a testvoltage of 254.4 V given a 240 V powersupply. The maximum permissible tempe-rature at a capacitor's tc point (surface ofthe capacitor) must not be exceeded atthese test voltages. The best place to installa capacitor in a luminaire must be deter-mined under these thermal conditions.Ballasts and lamps, in the latter caseespecially the regions around the lampelectrodes, can have an unfavourable effecton the capacitor's thermal load, which ismade up of its inherent heating, the ambienttemperature and any heat possibly radiatedby the lamp.

When determining where to install a com-pensation capacitor in a luminaire (basedon measurements of the thermal load) it mustbe remembered that the thermal balancewithin the luminaire can change as thelamp's rating will change in the course ofits service lifetime.

Apart from the normal effects associatedwith an ageing lamp, like a drop inefficiency with higher lamp temperatureswithin the luminaire, the rectifier effect andbulb blackening towards the end of thelamp's service lifetime can lead to a clearincrease in temperature within the luminaire,in particular with high-pressure dischargelamps.

The built-in thermal fuses or temperatureswitches are only triggered to interrupt thelamp circuit when maximum temperaturelimits are reached. Operation under suchcircumstances exerts substantial thermalstress on the capacitor. Temperature in-creases of 10° C, caused by bulb blacken-ing, are not uncommon and are still normaloccurrences. The rectifier effect can evencause substantially higher temperatures.

Against this background in particular, capa-citors installed in luminaires should remainwell within the set temperature limits. A safemargin up to the maximum capacitor tempe-rature is a further indicator of luminairequality.

To avoid critical temperatures lamps shouldtherefore be exchanged at the first sign ofhaving reached the end of their servicelifetime.

Lamp manufacturers list the following signsof a lamp having reached the end of itsservice lifetime:

• major change in light colour• major reduction in brightness• cyclic starting behaviour• failure to start

9

If a luminaire isnot marked tothe contrary, itwill have been

designed foroperation at an

ambienttemperature

of 25° C.

5. Practical Notes on UsingCompensation Capacitors

Capacitors can be installed any way upand are fixed using M8 screws or M12base screws. In addition, in plastic casingcapacitors are also available with a sideclip. However, capacitors fitted with over-pressure protection require clearance of atleast 10 mm above the contacts so ensurethe casing can expand unhindered if thecontact breaker is triggered.

Next to the installation conditions,special attention needs to be paid to thecapacitor's voltage and temperature. VScapacitors are designed for continuousoperation at the specified nominal voltageand temperature, whereby IEC 61048 A2provides for a permissible failure rate of 3%over the capacitor's service lifetimeof 30,000 hours. Exceeding either thenominal voltage or temperature will shortenthe capacitor's service life. The specifiedmaximum temperature refers to the per-missible temperature (tc point) at the surfaceof the capacitor.

Exceeding the nominal voltage of thecapacitor is only permissible within theframework of the stipulated maximum values(in accordance with the standard):

Excess Voltage Service Lifetime1.0 x Un 100 %

1.1 x Un 42 %

1.15 x Un 28 %

1.2 x Un 19 %

1.3 x Un 9 %

The table shows how sensitive capacitorsare to excess voltage. The following formula(as used for the figures in the table) can beused to calculate service lifetime in the eventof excess voltage:

This means that increasing the operatingvoltage of a capacitor rated for a nominalvoltage of 250 V by just 10 V to 260 V willshorten its service lifetime by 30%. The ex-pected service lifetime will thus only attain70% of its potential.

Capacitors must not be subjected to con-densation. The specified humidity levelsmust not be exceeded, even during storageas this also bears the risk of impairing thedevice's capacitance and shortening itsservice lifetime.

10

Capacitors mustnot be subjectedto condensation.

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 10075 85 95

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

70

Class F Relative humidity (%)

Am

bien

ttem

pera

ture

(°C

)

21°C 23°C

25°C

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 90 10065 75 85

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

70

Class G Relative humidity (%)

Am

bien

ttem

pera

ture

(°C

)

24°C 25°C 27°C

Maximum Relative Humidity Values of theComponent's Ambient Atmosphere as determinedby the Ambient Temperature for Classes F and G(in accordance with IEC 60068-2-3)

=Service lifetimeat excess voltage

9Nominal VoltageExcess Voltage

Service lifetimeat nominal voltage

x( )

The following table provides experiencevalues regarding the service lifetime ofcapacitors. A 3% to 10% reduction in capa-citance and a failure rate of 1‰ per 1,000hours of operation can be expected overa capacitor's service lifetime. Overheating,voltage overloads, mains harmonics andhigh humidity levels all go to shorten theservice lifetime of a capacitor.

Capacitor Type Expected ServiceLifetime (hrs)

Parallel capacitors withoverpressure protection approx. 75000

Parallel capacitors withoutoverpressure protection with aplastic or aluminium casing approx. 50000

Series capacitors withoverpressure protection approx. 50000

Next to overheating, excess operatingvoltages or high humidity levels and undulyhigh mains harmonics levels can alsoshorten a device's service lifetime or in-crease its failure rate.

All of Vossloh-Schwabe's plastic capacitorcasings are made of flame-retardant (self-extinguishing) materials. The fire load ofan MKP capacitor amounts to approx.40 MJ/kg.

VS capacitors are free of PCBs, solventsand other hazardous or banned substancesand therefore do not need to be marked inaccordance with the directive on hazardoussubstances. The requirements of the RoHSDirective 2002/95/EG (Restriction of theUse of Hazardous Substances) have beencomplied with by Type B capacitors pro-duced since May 2005 and by Type Acapacitors produced since November 2005.

6. Impact of Voltage Overloads andMains Harmonics on Parallel Com-pensation Capacitors

6.1 Impact of Voltage Overloads

Most luminaire capacitors rated for anominal voltage of 250 V are operated ata nominal mains voltage of 230 V. In somecountries, like the UK, the nominal mainsvoltage is 240 V. Taking account of per-missible tolerances, voltages can rangebetween 210 V and 264 V. However,practical experience has shown that somepower supply networks can achieve volta-ges of more than 275 V for a variety ofreasons (capacitive overload, stepped-uptransformers and low-load operation).

Brief periods of substantially higher voltagesare conceivable and must be expectedshould lightning strike or in the event of shortinterruptions, uncontrolled switching opera-tions, sudden load variations and mainssupply problems.

The original safety margin of a 250 Vcapacitor has long been exhausted as aresult of deteriorating mains power quality.

6.2 Impact of Mains Harmonics

There is no doubt that the impact of mainsharmonics on electrical systems, devicesand components has steadily increased inthe last few years. In many regions andconsumer systems the tolerable limits are notonly not observed, but are in part consider-ably exceeded, particularly during low-loadperiods. There is a general increase indamage resulting from mains harmonics,a problem that particularly affects parallelcompensation capacitors.

In many European power supply regions itis therefore mandatory to fit larger compen-sation capacitors and central compensationsystems with harmonic filter reactors in orderto protect capacitors.

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All of Vossloh-Schwabe's

plastic capacitorcasings are

made of flame-retardant

materials. Thefire load of anMKP capacitor

amounts toapprox.

40 MJ/kg.

The safety mar-gin of a 250 Vcapacitor haslong beenexhausted as aresult of deterio-rating mainspower quality.

6.3 Special Protective Measuresagainst Voltage Overloads andMains Harmonics

The special conditions affecting the sub-sequent on-site operation of a lighting sys-tem, e.g. ambient temperatures, humidity,possibly chemical influences or radiation,overloads and mains harmonics, areunknown during the planning stage.

Often enough, capacitors already comeclose to their thermal limits during normaloperation. If voltage overloads or increasedmains harmonics are then added at theactual place of operation, a capacitor canoverheat and in the case of unsecured TypeA capacitors can even catch fire as thistype of capacitor is not disconnected fromthe mains when it reaches this criticaloverheating point.

This constant rise in mains harmonics isparticularly responsible for causing increas-ingly frequent problems with electricalappliances and components.

As mains-parallel capacitors are at specialrisk from voltage overloads and mains har-monics, every Vossloh-Schwabe luminairecapacitor is subjected to special testing thatlargely takes account of the additional stresscaused by the altered power supply condi-tions. These tests attach special importanceto increased current and pulse carryingcapacity. These measures, which far ex-ceed the requirements of IEC 61048 A2,ensure a high degree of safety, qualityand availability.

However, although a residual risk remains,this can be nearly completely eliminated byintegrating a fuse into the electrical circuit toprotect against overloading.

Type A capacitors should also be fittedwith an "emergency brake" of this kind. TheVS product range therefore includes afavourably priced Type A capacitor with athermal fuse that has been shown to preventthe capacitor from overheating with a 99%degree of certainty and thus to exclude anydanger to the environment.

7. Application Noteson Luminaire Capacitors

The capacitance required to compensate forthe inductive reactive current of a magneticballast is specified by the ballast manu-facturer and can be taken from the technicaldocumentation of the ballast. The recom-mended capacitances for standard VS bal-lasts are also detailed in Section 8 of thisinformation brochure.

The technical and constructive selectioncriteria for compensation capacitors forluminaires are:

• Type of circuitParallel/Series

• Mains Voltage/Mains ConditionsConsideration is taken of externalinfluences like voltage overloads andmains harmonics

• Thermal LoadDue to inherent heating in the luminairebut also due to external influences at theplace of installation

• Environmental InfluencesMajor temperature changes, e.g. outdoorluminaires, extreme humidity, e.g. ingreenhouses, impact of chemicals, etc.

• Luminaire ConstructionConstruction to protect against externalsecondary damage in the event ofcapacitor damage

• Place of OperationSpecial risks for luminaire components,e.g. due to shock and impact in gym-nasiums; equally, danger to the public inthe event of a fault, e.g. when operatedin sensitive environment conditions

The above criteria are designed to helpluminaire manufacturers make a targetedand critical choice with regard to an appli-cation-relevant capacitor. Luminaire con-struction and on-site operational loadingdetermine the resulting requirements andthe risk potential.

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Any residualrisk can

be nearlycompletely

eliminated byintegrating afuse into the

electrical circuitto protect

againstoverloading.

Choosing a luminaire capacitor shouldalways be determined by the capacitor'stechnical suitability for its intended purpose.However, this golden rule is not alwaysfollowed in practice owing to constantlyrising price pressure and also due to

Typical Applications

Typical Applications/Special Factors Recommended Capacitor TypeLuminaires operated with series compensationat 230...240 V mains

Type B series capacitor, 480 V

Luminaires for greenhouse use (extreme humidity) Filled Type B capacitor, filled Type A capacitor with a thermalfuse (e.g. VS Q102 attachment for 250 W, 400 W und 600W luminaires)

Luminaires for outdoor installation(temperature changes, humidity)

Type B capacitor

Recess-mounted ceiling luminaires, open to the bottom, and com-parable constructions (without constructive protection against se-condary damage inside and outside of the luminaire in the eventof capacitor damage)

Type B capacitor, Type A capacitor with a thermal fuse

Luminaires exposed to high thermal loads Type B capacitor (tc max. 100 °C)Type A capacitor with athermal fuse (tc max. 85 °C, possibly with an aluminium can)

Luminaires for highly stressed mains conditions(poor mains quality with overloads and mains harmonicsand if the mains quality is unknown)

Type B capacitors (possibly rated for a higher nominalvoltage than 250 V) Type A capacitor with a thermal fuse(max. available nominal capacitor voltage = 250 V)

Luminaires for sensitive environments (critical in the case of fire:hospitals, schools, department stores, etc. and in cases whereliquid fillings are not desired)

Dry Type B capacitor (max. available nominal capacitorvoltage = 250 V)Type A capacitors with a thermal fuse

Interior lighting with a moderate thermal load and constructiveprotection against secondary damage inside and outside of theluminaire in the event of capacitor damage

Type A capacitor with a thermal fuse, Type A capacitorwithout a thermal fuse (for use in non-critical environments andunder normal mains conditions)

increasing carelessness because of lowcomponent failure rates. Unsecured Type Acapacitors should only be used after care-fully weighing the possible risks. If in doubt,a secured capacitor should always begiven preference.

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If in doubt,a secured

capacitor shouldalways be given

preference.

The above table can only sketch out thevarious factors and influences that must betaken into consideration when selecting acapacitor. It is not exhaustive and servesonly as a recommendation.

If there is any uncertainty as to loadingconditions, a capacitor should always beselected in line with the principle of "safetyfirst". A Type B capacitor will thus alwaysbe the No. 1 choice and can safely re-place any Type A capacitor from a techni-cal point of view. In the event of a voltageoverload or a defect, regardless of whetherthis occurs externally or internally, a Type Bcapacitor will be permanently disconnectedfrom the mains. The basic function of theluminaire will remain unaffected and therewill be no risk for third parties.

For functional and manufacturing reasons,aluminium can capacitors (all Type B capa-citors) cannot be provided with an ALFterminal or with a side clip.

8. Selection Tables for Capacitors

The capacitance values assigned to theindividual luminaires are detailed in thefollowing tables, whereby the capacitancevalues required to compensate reactive cur-rent are dependent on the induction valuesof the respective ballast. Changes to theballasts can lead to necessary changes inthe capacitance values of the compensationcapacitors.

Owing to the advantages of parallel com-pensation and the widespread use of thistype of circuit, Vossloh-Schwabe's rangemainly comprises capacitors suitable forparallel compensation circuits.

The range includes Type A parallel capaci-tors in plastic and aluminium casings withan integrated discharge resistor. Thesedevices can be provided with push-in aswell as IDC terminals for automaticluminaire wiring.

Type A capacitors can also be as on optionprovided with an integrated thermal fuse.

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In addition, Type B parallel capacitors arealso available with an aluminium casingwith an integrated discharge resistor andpush-in terminals or flat connectors.

8.1 Capacitors for Fluorescent Lamp Circuits

Lamp Parallel Compensation Capacitor (µF ±10% at 250 V) Series Compensation Capacitor (µF ±4%)Output Type 220–240 V/50 Hz 220–230 V/60 Hz 220 V/50 Hz 230 V/50 Hz 220 V/60 HzW µF µF µF µF µF4 T 2** 2** — — —6 T 2** 2** — — —8 T 2** 2** — — —10 T 2 2 — — —13 T 2 2 — — —14 T 4.5 4.5 — — —15 T 3.5 or 4* 3 or 4* — — —16 T 2 2 — — —18 T 4.5 or 4* 4** 2.9/440 V 2.8/480 V 2.4/440 V20 T 4.5 or 4* 4** 2.9/440 V 2.8/480 V 2.4/440 V23 T 3.5 3 — — —25 T 3.5 3 — 2.3/450 V —30 T 4.5 4 3/420 V 2.9/450 V —36 T 4.5 4 3.4/450 V 3/420 V36-1m T 6.5 — — — —38 T 4.5 4 — — —40 T 4.5 4 3.4/450 V 3/420 V42 T 6.5 — — — —58 T 7 6 5.7/450 V 5.3/450 V 4.8/420 V65 T 7 6 5.7/450 V 5.3/450 V 4.8/420 V70 T 6 — — — —75 T 6 — — — —80 T 9 8 — 7.2/420 V —85 T 8 6.5 — 8.4/420 V —100 T 10 9 — — —115 T 18 16 — — —140 T 14 14 — — —160 T 14 14 — — —16 T-U 2 2 — — —18/20 T-U 4.5 or 4* 4** 2.9/440 V 2.8/480 V 2.4/440 V36/40 T-U 4.5 4 3.6/420 V 3.4/450 V 3/420 V58/65 T-U 7 6 — — —22 T-R 5 4.5 — 3.2/440 V —32 T-R 5 4.5 — 3.4/450 V —40 T-R 4.5 4 3,6/420 V 3.4/450 V 3/420 V5 TC-S 2** 2** — — —7 TC-S 2** 2** — — —9 TC-S 2** 2** — — —11 TC-S 2 2 — — —10 TC-D/TC-T 2 2 — — —13 TC-D/TC-T 2 2 — — —18 TC-D/TC-T 2 2 — — —26 TC-D/TC-T 3.5 3 — — —10 TC-DD 2 2 — — —16 TC-DD 2 2 — — —21 TC-DD 3 3 — — —28 TC-DD 3.5 3 — — —38 TC-DD 4.5 4 — — —18 TC-L/TC-F 4.5 or 4* 4** — — —24 TC-L/TC-F 4.5 4 — — —34 TC-L/TC-F 4.5 4 — — —36 TC-L/TC-F 4.5 4 — — —

*) Two lamps connected to a ballast in series **) Applies to one lamp connected to a ballast or two lamps connected in series

15

8.2 Capacitors for High-Pressure Mercury Vapour Lamp Circuits

Lamp Compensation Capacitor (µF ±10%)Output Type 220 V/50 Hz 230 V/50 Hz 240/252 V/50 Hz 220 V/60 HzW µF µF µF µF

50 HM 7 7 7 680 HM 8 8 8 7

125 HM 10 10 10 10250 HM 18 18 18 15400 HM 25 25 25 25700 HM 40 40 40 35

1000 HM 60 60 60 50

8.3 Capacitors for High-Pressure Sodium Vapour Lamp Circuits

Lamp Compensation Capacitor (µF ±10%)Output Type 220 V/50 Hz 230 V/50 Hz 240/252 V/50 Hz 220 V/60 HzW µF µF µF µF

35 HS 6 6 6 550 HS 8 8 8 870 HS 12 12 12 10

100 HS 12 12 12 10150 HS 20 20 20 16250 HS 32 32 32 25400 HS 50 50 50 40600 HS 65 65 65 55

1000 HS 100 100 100 85

8.4 Capacitors for Low-Pressure Discharge Lamp Circuits

Lamp Compensation Capacitor (µF ±10%)Output Type 230 V/50 HzW µF

35 LS 2055 LS 2090 LS 26

135 LS 40180 LS 40

8.5 Capacitors for Metal Halide Lamp Circuits

Lamp Compensation Capacitor (µF ±10%)Output Current Type 220 V/50 Hz 230 V/50 Hz 240/252 V/50 Hz 220 V/60 HzW A µF µF µF µF

35 HI 6 6 6 570 HI 12 12 12 10

100 HI 12 12 12 10150 HI 20 20 20 16250 HI 32 32 32 25400 HI 35/45 35/45 35/45 35/45

1000 HI 85 85 85 752000 16.5 HI 125 125 125 125

380 V/50 Hz 400 V/50 Hz 420 V/50 Hz 380 V/60 Hz2000 8.8 HI 37 37 37 372000 10.3 HI 60 60 60 602000 11.3 HI 60 60 60 602000 18 HI 100 100 100 100

16

9. Technical Details of Vossloh-Schwabe Parallel Capacitors

All VS capacitors comply withIEC 61048 A2 (Safety) and IEC 61049(Operation). Capacitors rated 250 V and280 V also bear the ENEC mark.

• Nominal voltage250 V, 50/60 Hz;280 V, 50/60 Hz;450 V, 50/60 Hz (dependent on type)

• Capacitance tolerance: ±10 %; ±5 %• Temperature range: –40 to +85 °C• Relative humidity load:

Class F for Type B capacitors75 % annual mean95 % peak value on 30 daysClass G for Type A capacitors65 % annual mean85 % peak value on 30 days

• Capacitors must not be subjectedto condensation

• Failure rates it maximum voltage,current and temperature values arecomplied with = 1 ‰ per 1000operating hours

• Permissible torque on the base screw:M8x10 – 5.0 Nm (aluminium casing)M8x10 – 2.2 Nm (plastic casing)

• Split fixing pins with a clearance of20 mm for plastic casings (side clip)

• Optional thermal fuse(Type A capacitors)

• Connecting wires:parallel capacitors for fluorescent lamps

• Casing diameter 25–30 mm:0.5-–1 mm2 and IDC terminalsfor H05V-U 0.5 conductors

• Casing diameter >30 mm:0.5–1 mm2

parallel capacitorsfor high-pressure lamps

• Casing diameter 25–30 mm:0,5–1 mm2 and IDC terminalsfor H05V-U 0.5 conductors

• Casing diameter >30 mm:0.5–1.5 mm2

17

Type A Capacitors Type B Capacitors

18

11,6

5,9

L±2

10+1

D++

11

M8

20±0,1

Ø 3,8+0,1

H 19

4,8

ma

x.1

40,8

1

8M

10+1

D+

1

L±213+1

2

D+

1

10+1L ±2,516±1

8M

7

12

M

D+

1

16+1

12,5+3

L±2

14

+1

8

D+

1

148 ±2,516±11

2M

16+1

9

D±1

L+2/-3

13±1

18-1

3

D+

1

9+1

L±2

4

h

2L±2

10+1

D+

1

10

D±1

L+2/-3

5

D+

1

10+1

L±2

13+1

6

9.1 Type A Capacitors with a Plastic Casing – 250 V

Capaci-tanceµF

Ref. No. Type Drawings. p. 18

DimensionØ/Lengthmm

Mounting Filled/Dry

Terminal ThermalFuse

ApprovalMark

Unit

pcs.

Quantity/Palletpcs.

For T/TC Fluorescent Lamps2 500296.03 40930 1 25/57 M8x10 bolt Dry IDC/Push-in

terminal— I 72 7920

2 500296.05 40930 2 25/57 M8x10 bolt Dry Push-in terminal — I 530 15900

2 508397.05 40954 3 25/57 Side clip Dry Push-in terminal — I 530 15900

2.5 500299.03 40931 1 25/57 M8x10 bolt Dry IDC/Push-interminal

— I 72 7920

2.5 500299.05 40931 2 25/57 M8x10 bolt Dry Push-in terminal — I 530 15900

2.5 525659.05 41019 2 25/57 M8x10 bolt Dry Push-in terminal yes I 530 15900

2.5 529014.05 41111 2 25/57 M8 bolt without a nut Dry Push-in terminal — I 530 15900

2.5 529015.05 41110 3 25/57 Side clip Dry Push-in terminal — I 530 15900

3 500300.03 40932 1 25/57 M8x10 bolt Dry IDC/Push-interminal

— I 72 7920



— I 72 7920



— I 72 7920



— I 72 7920


4 526169.01 40969 4 30/57 M8x10 bolt Dry 250 mm wire — I 300 9000


— I 72 7920



4.5 529012.05 41113 2 25/70 M8 bolt without a nut Dry Push-in terminal — I 450 13500

4.5 529013.05 41112 3 25/70 Side clip Dry Push-in terminal — I 450 13500


7 529009.05 41115 2 30/70 M8 bolt without a nut Dry Push-in terminal — I 320 9600






I: ENEC, KEMA 0029985.02 (MKP E01/05)*capacitors marked with “–” in the “Thermal Fuse” column can also be ordered with a thermal fuse (new reference number).

19


Capaci-tanceµF



Mounting Filled/Dry


ApprovalMark

Unit

pcs.

Quantity/Palletpcs.

For T/TC Fluorescent Lamps and HS/HI/HM/LS Discharge Lamps5 500304.03 40936 1 25/70 M8x10 bolt Dry IDC/Push-in terminal — I 72 7920


6 500305.03 40937 1 25/70 M8x10 bolt Dry IDC/Push-in terminal — I 72 7920




6.5 500306.03 40938 1 30/70 M8x10 bolt Dry IDC/Push-in terminal — I 72 7920





7.5 500308.03 40940 1 30/70 M8x10 bolt Dry IDC/Push-in terminal — I 72 7920








9 508674.05 41016 2 30/70 M8x10 bolt Dry Push-in terminal yes I 320 9600










12 509585.01 40944 5 30/94 Side clip Dry 300 mm wire — I










18 508670.01 40959 3 35/95 Side clip Dry Push-in terminal — I 50




20


Capaci-tanceµF



Mounting Filled/Dry


ApprovalMark

Unit

pcs.

Quantity/Palletpcs.

For T/TC Fluorescent Lamps and HS/HI/HM/LS Discharge Lamps20 508671.05 40960 3 35/95 Side clip Dry Push-in terminal — I 190 5700

20 520891.01 40965 5 35/95 Side clip Dry 300 mm wire — I 50 3500














For HS/HI/HM/LS Discharge Lamps50 500699.01 41004 2 55/95 M8x10 bolt Dry Push-in terminal — I 18 1260


9.2 Type A Capacitors with an Aluminium Casing – 250 V

Capaci-tanceµF



Mounting Filled/Dry


ApprovalMark

Unit

pcs.

Quantity/Palletpcs.

For HS/HI/HM/LS Discharge Lamps2 504243.01 41064 6 25/47 M8x10 bolt Dry Push-in terminal — II 98 10780

4 504242.01 41065 6 25/54 M8x10 bolt Dry Push-in terminal — II 98 10780






32 525548.01 41075 6 35/135 M8x10 bolt Dry Push-in terminal yes II 50 4500











II: ENEC, KEMA 2029985.04 (MKP E02/06)

21

9.3 Type B Capacitors with an Aluminium Casing

Capaci-tanceµF



Mounting Filled/Dry

Terminal ProtectionDevice

ApprovalMark

Unit

pcs.

Quantity/Palletpcs.

For T/TC Fluorescent Lamps – 250 V, flame- and explosion-proof with break-action mechanism2 526324.01 41043 7 25/55 M8x10 bolt Dry Push-in terminal FPU VI 98

4 526325.01 41044 7 25/73 M8x10 bolt Dry Push-in terminal FPU VI 98


7 526862.01 41039 7 25/73 M8x10 bolt Dry Push-in terminal FPU VI 98 11760




13.5 529016.01 41038 7 30/81 M8x10 bolt Dry Push-in terminal FPU VI 72 6480


18 526861.01 41040 7 35/81 M8x10 bolt Dry Push-in terminal FPU VI 50 6000


For T/TC Fluorescent Lamps – 280/300 V, flame- and explosion-proof with break-action mechanism60 505871.01 41068 7 45/148 M8x10 bolt Vegetable oil Push-in terminal FPU III 32 1920

65 505872.01 41069 7 45/148 M8x10 bolt Vegetable oil Push-in terminal FPU III 32 1920





125 500330.01 41106 8 60/148 M12x16 bolt Vegetable oil Blade connector FPU III 18 1080

For T/TC Fluorescent Lamps – 450 V, flame- and explosion-proof with break-action mechanism13 505831.01 41062 7 35/85 M8x10 bolt Vegetable oil Push-in terminal FPU V 50 4500

18 505866.01 41063 7 40/85 M8x10 bolt Vegetable oil Push-in terminal FPU V 36 3240



37 500335.01 41204 10 45/124 M8x10 bolt Vegetable oil Blade connector FPU V 32 1920






For T/TC Fluorescent Lamps – 480 V, series, flame- and explosion-proof with break-action mechanism3.4 526096.01 41029 7 25/68 M8x10 bolt Vegetable oil Push-in terminal FPU IV 98 10780

III: ENEC, VDE 40001220 (E12)IV: ENEC, VDE 40000218 (E13)V: VDE, VDE 40001461 (E33)VI: ENEC, VDE 40001178 (E11)

22

Please visit our website:www.vossloh-schwabe.com

We will gladly send yousales documentation for furtherlighting components on request.

23

Subsidiaries

Vossloh-SchwabeDeutschland GmbHP.O. Box 28 69 · D-58478 LüdenscheidGermany, Austria, NetherlandsSwitzerland:Phone: +49/(0) 23 51/1010Fax: +49/(0) 23 51/[email protected]:Phone: +49/(0) 23 51/1010Fax: +49/(0) 23 51/1013 [email protected]

BelgiumVossloh-Schwabe vbrMolstraat 303001 Leuven, BelgiumPhone: +32/(0)16/25 33 30Fax: +32/(0)16/25 50 [email protected]

ChinaVossloh-Schwabe Electrical AppliancesTrading (Shanghai) Co., Ltd.705# room, D building,80# CaoBao RoadShanghai EverbrightConvention & Exhibition CenterShanghai, China P.C. 200235Phone: +86/21/6432 6410Fax: +86/21/6432 67 [email protected]

East EuropeVossloh-Schwabe Deutschland GmbHSales Office East EuropeBrunnerova ul. 416300 Prague 6, Czech RepublicPhone: +4 20/2 35 3122 88Fax: +4 20/2 35 3122 [email protected]

FranceVossloh-Schwabe France S.a.r.l.ZI.-Nord20, rue A. Kiener68016 Colmar, FrancePhone: +33/(0)3 89/201212Telex: 880201Fax: +33/(0)3 89/2418 [email protected]

Great Britain, IrelandVossloh-Schwabe UK Ltd.42 Tanners DriveBlakelandsMilton Keynes, MK14 5BWGreat BritainPhone: +44/(0)19 08/5178 00Fax: +44/(0)19 08/[email protected]

www.vossloh-schwabe.com

HungaryVossloh-Schwabe Deutschland GmbHSales Office HungaryRòbert Kàroly krt. 16/a1138 Budapest, HungaryPhone: +36/30/298 4300Fax: +36/1/270 [email protected]

IndiaVossloh-Schwabe India Pvt. Ltd.A-491, 12 & 133rd Pasta Lane, ColabaMumbai 400 005, IndiaPhone: +91/22/2 88 33 55Fax: +91/22/2 8813 [email protected]

Italia, Portugal, GreeceVossloh-Schwabe Italia S.p.A.Via Strada S. Martino 1547027 Sarsina/Forlí, ItaliaPhone: +39/05 47/9 8111Fax: +39/05 47/9 82 [email protected]

KoreaVossloh-Schwabe Korea#807, 8th Fl., Renaissance TowerKorea Social Welfare Center456 Gongduk-dong, Mapo-kuSeoul, Korea, 121-020Phone: +82/2/6377 7750/-1Fax: +82/2/6377 7752

PolandVossloh-Schwabe Deutschland GmbHSales Office Polandul. Torowa 3 F30435 Kraków, PolandPhone: +48/(0)12/2 69 06 35Fax: +48/(0)12/2 69 06 [email protected]

RomaniaVossloh-Schwabe Deutschland GmbHSales Office RomaniaCalea Mosilor Nr. 288, bl. 32Sc. 1, Ap. 6, Sector 2020895 Bucharest, RomaniaPhone: +4 02/1610 74 37Fax: +4 02/1610 74 [email protected]

Serbia, MontenegroVossloh-Schwabe Deutschland GmbHSales Office Belgrade/Serbia andMontenegroStraska Pindzura 9/111000 BelgradePhone: +381/63/28 63 30Fax: +381/11/3 54 19 [email protected]

SingaporeVossloh-Schwabe Pte. Ltd.10 Toh Guan Road# 04–02 TT International Trade ParkSingapore 608838Phone: +65/62 75 75 33Fax: +65/62 75 76 [email protected]

Spain, South AmericaVossloh-Schwabe Ibérica, S.L.Avenida Drassanes N° 6–8, 7°, 1a

08001 Barcelona, SpainPhone: +34/93/4 8170 70Fax: +34/93/4 8170 [email protected]

Sweden, Denmark,Finnland, NorwayVossloh-Schwabe Skandinavien A.B.Kungsporten 1c42750 Billdal, SwedenPhone: +46/(0) 31/9149 40Fax: +46/(0) 31/9140 [email protected]

TaiwanVossloh-Schwabe Pte. Ltd.Taiwan Branch9. FL-2, No. 80Sung Chiang RoadTaipei, TaiwanPhone: +8 86/(0)2/25 68 36 22Fax: +8 86/(0)2/25 68 36 20

ThailandVossloh-Schwabe (Trading) Ltd.3rd Floor (Unit 1) BUI Building 1175–177 Soi Anumarnratchathon 1Surawong RoadKwaeng SuriyawongseKhet Bangrak, Bangkok 10500ThailandPhone: +66/(0)2/6 34-7311Fax: +66/(0)2/6 [email protected]

TunisiaVossloh-Schwabe Tunisie S.A.Rue de l'énergie, BP. 299Zone Industrielle de Ben Arous 2013Tunis, TunisiaPhone: +216/71/38 49 00Fax: +216/71/38 49 [email protected]

USA, Canada, MexicoVossloh-Schwabe, Inc.55 Mayview RoadLawrence, PA 15055, USAPhone: +1/724/743 47 70Fax: +1/724/743 47 [email protected] 01

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