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The US Withdraws 1919 – President Wilson travels around US trying to force ratification of Versailles Treaty Suffers stroke in October 1919, incapacitated for remainder of term US Senate rejects Versailles Treaty US does not join League of Nations
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Page 1: Lecture5

The US Withdraws

1919 – President Wilson travels around US trying to force ratification of Versailles Treaty

Suffers stroke in October 1919, incapacitated for remainder of term

US Senate rejects Versailles Treaty US does not join League of Nations

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Postwar Britain

1916 – Easter Rising in Dublin – Crushed by British

1919 – Irish Revolutionary party Sinn Fein sweeps parliamentary Elections in Ireland

Do not join Parliament in London, instead form new government in Dublin, and start guerilla war against British in Ireland

1919-1921 – Anglo-Irish War – Irish guerillas against British police force & auxiliary forces (Black&Tans)

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Irish Independence

1921 – British & Irish Governments negotiate treaty

Southern 26 counties (Catholic) become Irish Free State, with acknowledgment (not allegiance) to the British Crown

Northern 6 counties (Protestant)– Northern Ireland – still loyal to Britain

Irish revolutionaries (IRA) continue to operate in Northern Ireland until 1997

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The growth of mass The growth of mass communicationcommunication

1890’s – Gugliemo Marconi & others 1890’s – Gugliemo Marconi & others invent wireless telegraphinvent wireless telegraph

Voice transmission perfected by Voice transmission perfected by 19061906

1920 – Radio emerged as a venue for 1920 – Radio emerged as a venue for news and entertainmentnews and entertainment– USA: Private networks/stationsUSA: Private networks/stations– Europe: Government-owned networksEurope: Government-owned networks

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FILMFILM

1892 – Edison Laboratory invents first practical 1892 – Edison Laboratory invents first practical motion picture cameramotion picture camera

1900-1903 – Films begin to use multiple shots 1900-1903 – Films begin to use multiple shots and build a narrative structureand build a narrative structure

1915 – 1915 – Birth of a NationBirth of a Nation – first ‘epic’ motion – first ‘epic’ motion picture – over 3 hours long – very popular – very picture – over 3 hours long – very popular – very racistracist

1920’s - film industry thriving in USA, Britain, 1920’s - film industry thriving in USA, Britain, France & GermanyFrance & Germany

Late 20’s – Practical sound-synchronization Late 20’s – Practical sound-synchronization begins begins

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Russia in turmiol

1918-1920 – Russia in civil war – Finally won by Bolsheviks, who establish Communist state, Union of Sovies Socialist Republics (USSR)

1920-1 – Famine in USSR 1921 – New Economic Program (NEP)

begun by Lenin – Allows for some free-market reforms to rebuild economy

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Death of Lenin

1922 – Lenin has 1st stroke 1924 – Lenin dies after 2nd stroke

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Who will rule?

1924-27 – Power struggle in USSR between Red army Founder Leon Trotsky and Communist Party secretary Josef Stalin

Stalin wins out Trotsky forced into exile,

assassinated by Stalin in 1940

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The tragedy of Weimar The tragedy of Weimar GermanyGermany

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A new government

Germany drafts new constitution in city of Weimar in 1919

New government called the Weimar Republic

Opposed by politicians on the right wing for being too weak, and by politicians on the left for being not revolutionary enough

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Weimar GovernmentWeimar Government

People elected People elected Reichstag Reichstag (legislature) and (legislature) and PresidentPresident

Power also rested Power also rested in hands of in hands of Chancellor, chosen Chancellor, chosen from Reichstagfrom Reichstag

German People

President Reichstag

Chancellor

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Early Problems

1921 – renegade army unit led by right-wing politician seizes control of German capital of Berlin – Kapp Pustch

Army refuses to intervene German President calls for general

strike to end pustch – is successful

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Early Problems

1923 – French Army occupies Ruhr Valley (Industrial center of Germany) due to lack of payment of reparations

German economy collapses – Runaway inflation results

Economy rebuilds with Foreign (US) investment

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Cultural CenterCultural Center

Architecture – Bauhaus movementArchitecture – Bauhaus movement Film – “Metropolis”, “The Blue Angel” Film – “Metropolis”, “The Blue Angel”

– Peter Lorre, Marlene Dietrich– Peter Lorre, Marlene Dietrich Songwriting - “The Threepenny Songwriting - “The Threepenny

Opera”Opera” Berlin – Considered the party capital Berlin – Considered the party capital

of Europeof Europe

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Rejoining Europe Rapallo - Germany accorded the USSR de jure recognition (the first such recognition

extended to the Soviet government), and the two signatories mutually canceled all prewar debts and renounced war claims. Particularly advantageous to Germany was the inclusion of a most-favored-nation clause and of extensive trade agreements. The treaty enabled the German army, through secret agreements, to produce and perfect in the USSR weapons forbidden by the Treaty of Versailles.

Locarno - 1925 - German foreign minister Gustav Stresemann proposed that France, Germany and Belgium should recognize as permanent their frontiers that was agreed at Versallies. This included the promise not to send German troops into the Rhineland and the acceptance that Alsace-Lorraine was permanently part of France. The French foreign minister, Aristide Briand, agreed with Stressemann's proposals and signed the treaty. However, as Germany refused to guarantee its eastern frontiers France sought to give Poland and Czechoslovakia they security they required by signing treaties with them.

Dawes Plan - presented in 1924 by the committee headed (1923–24) by Charles G. Dawes to the Reparations Commission of the Allied nations. It was accepted the same year by Germany and the Allies. The Dawes committee consisted of ten representatives, two each from Belgium, France, Great Britain, Italy, and the United States; it was entrusted with finding a solution for the collection of the German reparations debt, set at almost 20 billion marks. Germany had been lagging in payment of this obligation, and the Dawes Plan provided that the Ruhr area be evacuated by Allied occupation troops, that reparation payment should begin at 1 billion marks for the first year and should rise over a period of four years to 2.5 billion marks per year, that the German Reichsbank be reorganized under Allied supervision, and that the sources for the reparation money should include transportation, excise, and custom taxes

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THE RISE OF FASCISMTHE RISE OF FASCISM

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FASCISMFASCISM

A governmental system led by a A governmental system led by a dictator having complete power, dictator having complete power, forcibly suppressing opposition and forcibly suppressing opposition and criticism, regimenting all industry, criticism, regimenting all industry, commerce, etc., and emphasizing an commerce, etc., and emphasizing an aggressive nationalism and often aggressive nationalism and often racism.racism.

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ITALYITALY

Dissatisfaction with WWI settlement – Dissatisfaction with WWI settlement – Prime Minister, Orlando, walked out Prime Minister, Orlando, walked out of Versailles, then returnedof Versailles, then returned

Political instabilityPolitical instability

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Benito MussoliniBenito Mussolini

Born 1883Born 1883 Begins as a socialist newspaper Begins as a socialist newspaper

writerwriter Serves in World War IServes in World War I

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Growth of a movementGrowth of a movement

““I just wanted to make the trains run on time”I just wanted to make the trains run on time” Postwar – combines political, industrial and labor Postwar – combines political, industrial and labor

movements under his control – uses roman fasces movements under his control – uses roman fasces symbol (sticks tied around an ax handle) for his symbol (sticks tied around an ax handle) for his movement – gives movement (and ideology) its movement – gives movement (and ideology) its namename

Followers known as “Black shirts”Followers known as “Black shirts” 1922 – followers start “March on Rome” – 1922 – followers start “March on Rome” –

Mussolini invited by king to be Prime MinisterMussolini invited by king to be Prime Minister

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Fascist ItalyFascist Italy

Opposition crushed, free press Opposition crushed, free press suppressedsuppressed

Government controls economyGovernment controls economy All information released as All information released as

propaganda touting fascism an the propaganda touting fascism an the new ideology of the 20new ideology of the 20thth Century Century

Heavily supported – restored stability Heavily supported – restored stability and national prideand national pride

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GERMANYGERMANY

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Adolf HitlerAdolf Hitler

Born 1888 in AustriaBorn 1888 in Austria Drops out of school in the 10Drops out of school in the 10thth grade grade Tries to gain admittance into Vienna Art Tries to gain admittance into Vienna Art

Academy as a painter – rejectedAcademy as a painter – rejected Absorbs anti-Semitic ideology in ViennaAbsorbs anti-Semitic ideology in Vienna Sees Germans as a “Master race”Sees Germans as a “Master race” 1913 – Moved to Munich, Germany1913 – Moved to Munich, Germany

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World War IWorld War I

Hitler joins German Army in 1914Hitler joins German Army in 1914 Serves as message runnerServes as message runner Decorated twice for braveryDecorated twice for bravery Wounded twice – ends war in military Wounded twice – ends war in military

hospitalhospital Strong believer in Dolchstoss – “Stab Strong believer in Dolchstoss – “Stab

in the back”in the back”

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Postwar DelusionsPostwar Delusions

DOLCHSTOSS – popular belief in Germany that DOLCHSTOSS – popular belief in Germany that WWI was not lost on the battlefield, but was lost at WWI was not lost on the battlefield, but was lost at home by Jewish political economic leaders (Walter home by Jewish political economic leaders (Walter Rathenau, Matthias Erzberger) and by politicians – Rathenau, Matthias Erzberger) and by politicians – called the “November Criminals” (Frederich Ebert, called the “November Criminals” (Frederich Ebert, Phillip Schiedemann, Gustav Stresseman)Phillip Schiedemann, Gustav Stresseman)

Widely believed is spite of the factsWidely believed is spite of the facts Belief encouraged by those who took part in Belief encouraged by those who took part in

events in 1918 and knew better (Hindenburg, events in 1918 and knew better (Hindenburg, Luddendorff)Luddendorff)

Revenge taken on those believed responsible – Revenge taken on those believed responsible – Rathenau & Erzberger both assassinatedRathenau & Erzberger both assassinated

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PostwarPostwar

1919 – Returns to Munich – is ordered 1919 – Returns to Munich – is ordered by Army to spy on political groupsby Army to spy on political groups

Attends meeting of small (~50 Attends meeting of small (~50 members) German Workers Party – Joinsmembers) German Workers Party – Joins

1921 – becomes undisputed head of the 1921 – becomes undisputed head of the rapidly-growing party – now National rapidly-growing party – now National Socialist German Workers (Nazi) PartySocialist German Workers (Nazi) Party

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Early SupportersEarly Supporters Gains support from returning veteransGains support from returning veterans Hitler blames economic problems and World War I defeat on Jews and Hitler blames economic problems and World War I defeat on Jews and

“November Criminals”“November Criminals” Many join SA – “Brown Shirts” - Nazi’s private armyMany join SA – “Brown Shirts” - Nazi’s private army Patterns his movement after MussoliniPatterns his movement after Mussolini Key Followers:Key Followers:

– Former army officers:Former army officers: Erich LuddendorfErich Luddendorf Ernst RohmErnst Rohm Hermann GoeringHermann Goering

– Writers:Writers: Josef GoebbelsJosef Goebbels Julius StreicherJulius Streicher

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The Beer Hall PutschThe Beer Hall Putsch

November 1923 – followers becoming restlessNovember 1923 – followers becoming restless Hitler starting to lose control, needs to make Hitler starting to lose control, needs to make

movemove Promised Bavarian (state) government he will not Promised Bavarian (state) government he will not

start revolutionstart revolution November 8 – Hitler announces start of revolution November 8 – Hitler announces start of revolution

at Munich Beer Hall, then does almost nothingat Munich Beer Hall, then does almost nothing November 9 – Nazis try to march on Munich army November 9 – Nazis try to march on Munich army

barracks to start a “March on Berlin “ – Fired on – barracks to start a “March on Berlin “ – Fired on – many arrested – Hitler flees, arrested 2 days latermany arrested – Hitler flees, arrested 2 days later

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Trial and prisonTrial and prison

Hitler tried for treasonHitler tried for treason Allowed to dominate courtroomAllowed to dominate courtroom Normal penalty-deportation (Hitler was NOT a Normal penalty-deportation (Hitler was NOT a

German Citizen at this point)German Citizen at this point) Hitler given 5 years in minimum security prison – Hitler given 5 years in minimum security prison –

serves 9 monthsserves 9 months Writes his political manifestoWrites his political manifesto Originally called “My 4 ½ year struggle against Originally called “My 4 ½ year struggle against

lies, stupidity and cowardice”lies, stupidity and cowardice” Re-titled “Mein Kampf” – My struggleRe-titled “Mein Kampf” – My struggle

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RebuildingRebuilding

1925 – Out of prison – Hitler spends 3 1925 – Out of prison – Hitler spends 3 years rebuilding splintered Nazi partyyears rebuilding splintered Nazi party

Decided to work for power within Decided to work for power within Weimar constitutionWeimar constitution

1925-1929 – Nazi party growth slows1925-1929 – Nazi party growth slows German political situation stabilizesGerman political situation stabilizes Economy grows with U.S. LoansEconomy grows with U.S. Loans

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DepressionDepression

October 1929 – U.S. Stock Market October 1929 – U.S. Stock Market crashes – starts worldwide depressioncrashes – starts worldwide depression

1930 – German Chancellor Heinrich 1930 – German Chancellor Heinrich Bruening – Bruening – Hunger Chancellor Hunger Chancellor – – makes President Hindenburg rule by makes President Hindenburg rule by executive decreeexecutive decree

Nazi support grows dramaticallyNazi support grows dramatically Hitler also gains support from leading Hitler also gains support from leading

German industrialists (Krupp, Thyssen)German industrialists (Krupp, Thyssen)

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Almost PresidentAlmost President 1932 – Hitler finally becomes German citizen1932 – Hitler finally becomes German citizen Runs for president – narrowly defeated by Hindenburg (age 83 and Runs for president – narrowly defeated by Hindenburg (age 83 and

very senile)very senile) 1932 – Nazis are largest party in Reichstag – not a majority1932 – Nazis are largest party in Reichstag – not a majority January 1933 – Hindenburg asks Hitler to be chancellor – January 1933 – Hindenburg asks Hitler to be chancellor –

Appointed on 1/30/33 – Hitler calls for new electionAppointed on 1/30/33 – Hitler calls for new election February 1933 – Reichstag building burns – Communists blamed, February 1933 – Reichstag building burns – Communists blamed,

most arrestedmost arrested

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Nazis Gain PowerNazis Gain Power March 1933 – Nazis actually lose seats in ReichstagMarch 1933 – Nazis actually lose seats in Reichstag Reichstag passes Enabling Act, giving full power to Reichstag passes Enabling Act, giving full power to

HitlerHitler Political parties outlawed within 1 yearPolitical parties outlawed within 1 year June 1934 – tensions growing between Army and SAJune 1934 – tensions growing between Army and SA Hitler needs army support with Hindenburg near Hitler needs army support with Hindenburg near

deathdeath June 30 – Night of the Long Knives – Hitler kills top June 30 – Night of the Long Knives – Hitler kills top

leaders of SA and any other possible oppositionleaders of SA and any other possible opposition August 1934 – Hindenburg dies – Hitler merges August 1934 – Hindenburg dies – Hitler merges

chancellor and President into one office-chancellor and President into one office-FuhrerFuhrer