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Lecture 8 immunology Autoimmunity Dr. Dalia Galal
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Page 1: Lecture 8 immunology Autoimmunity Dr. Dalia Galal.

Lecture 8 immunology

Autoimmunity

Dr. Dalia Galal

Page 2: Lecture 8 immunology Autoimmunity Dr. Dalia Galal.

Autoimmunity

Basically means immunity to self

A condition that occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys healthy body tissue.

Page 3: Lecture 8 immunology Autoimmunity Dr. Dalia Galal.

Pick an organ, any organ . . .Autoimmunity can affect ANY organ/organ system in the human body

Pemphigus

Multiple Sclerosis

Sjogren’s Syndrome

Rheumatic Fever

Autoimmune Hepatitis

Ulcerative Colitis

Goodpasture’s Syndrome

Diabetes

Autoimmune Uveitis

Autoimmune hemolytic Anemia

Addison’s Disease

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Autoimmune Oophoritis

Page 4: Lecture 8 immunology Autoimmunity Dr. Dalia Galal.

Autoimmunity Classification

Can be classified into clusters that are either organ-specific or systemic

Page 5: Lecture 8 immunology Autoimmunity Dr. Dalia Galal.

Examples of Organ Specific

Lungs of a patient with Goodpasture’s

VitiligoHashimoto’s disease (thyroiditis)

Page 6: Lecture 8 immunology Autoimmunity Dr. Dalia Galal.

Examples of Systemic Autoimmunity

SLE

Page 7: Lecture 8 immunology Autoimmunity Dr. Dalia Galal.

Examples of Systemic Autoimmunity

Sjogren’s Syndrome

Page 8: Lecture 8 immunology Autoimmunity Dr. Dalia Galal.

Causes of Autoimmunity

Page 9: Lecture 8 immunology Autoimmunity Dr. Dalia Galal.

I- Genes and Autoimmunity The concept that a single gene mutation leads to a single

autoimmune disease is the EXCEPTION not the rule.

Genetic Autoimmune diseases

Disease Gene Mechanism

APS-1(Autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 1)

AIRE Decreased expression of self-antigens in the thymus, resulting is a defect in negative selection

IPEX(Immunodysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy,

X-linked)

FOXP3 Decreased generation of Tregs

ALPS(autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome )

FAS, FASL Failure of apoptotic death of self reactive T or B cells

Page 10: Lecture 8 immunology Autoimmunity Dr. Dalia Galal.

Complex Disease and GeneticsThere have been numerous disease associated genes or

disease “susceptibility” genes linked to autoimmunity

Page 11: Lecture 8 immunology Autoimmunity Dr. Dalia Galal.

II- Environment and Autoimmunity

Pathogens, drugs, hormones, and toxins are just a few ways that the environment can trigger autoimmunity

Page 12: Lecture 8 immunology Autoimmunity Dr. Dalia Galal.

Pathogens

Page 13: Lecture 8 immunology Autoimmunity Dr. Dalia Galal.

Rheumatic fever is a classic example of molecular mimicry

Page 14: Lecture 8 immunology Autoimmunity Dr. Dalia Galal.

Drugs and Toxins Drugs

Examples: Procainamide (Pronestyl) Drug induced lupus

Toxins Examples: Toxic Oil Syndrome Occurred in Spain in 1981 after people ate contaminated olive

oil. People developed unique illness marked by lung disease,

eosinophilia, and excessive IgE

Hormones Females are much more likely to develop autoimmune illness Rise in hormones associated with pregnancy may even cause

abortion of the fetus (RSA)

Page 15: Lecture 8 immunology Autoimmunity Dr. Dalia Galal.

III- Immune Regulation and Autoimmunity

A defect in any arm of the immune system can trigger autoimmunity

Complement

T cells B cells

Page 16: Lecture 8 immunology Autoimmunity Dr. Dalia Galal.

Complement Deficiencies

Presence of CD59 or CD55 – autoimmune hemolytic anemia autoimmune thrombocytopenia

Deficiencies in the classical complement pathway develop immune complex diseases SLE RA

Page 17: Lecture 8 immunology Autoimmunity Dr. Dalia Galal.

B cell and Autoimmunity Myasthenia Gravis

Disease marked by progressive weakness and loss of muscle control

Classified as a “B cell” Disease

Autoantibodies against nicotinic acetylcholine receptors

Page 18: Lecture 8 immunology Autoimmunity Dr. Dalia Galal.

T cell and Autoimmunity

Diabetes Disease in which the body does not produce or properly use insulin

“ T cell” Disease

T cells attack and destroy pancreatic beta cells

Page 19: Lecture 8 immunology Autoimmunity Dr. Dalia Galal.

Symptoms of autoimmunity

Initial diagnosis may be missed in patients as diseases present with general symptomsFever, muscle ache, fatigue, joint pain

Disease specific manifestsSLE – rashSjogren’s – dry mouth, dry eyes

Page 20: Lecture 8 immunology Autoimmunity Dr. Dalia Galal.

Diagnosis of autoimmunity

General tests C Reactive Protein Autoantibody titers (anti DNA, anti phospholipids, etc) Presence of Rheumatoid Factor

Disease specific tests Neurological exam – Multiple Sclerosis Fasting glucose - Diabetes

Page 21: Lecture 8 immunology Autoimmunity Dr. Dalia Galal.

Treatment of autoimmunity

The key to treating autoimmunity is

Immunomodulation

Page 22: Lecture 8 immunology Autoimmunity Dr. Dalia Galal.

Treatment Options

• Anti-inflammatory drugs Example: Corticosteroids• Immunosuppressant drugs Example: Methotrexate• Radiation • Plamapheresis• Cell Blocking Reagents