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CONCEPTS AND ISSUES

INMEASUREMENT &INSTRUMENTATIONLecture 1Instructor :Dr Alivelu M Parimi


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Measurement A method to obtain information regarding

the physical values of the variable.

Instrumentation Devices used in measurement system

For the result to be meaningful, the following two requirementsmust be met Standard that is used for comparison must be well

established, highly accurate and reproducible. The measurement devices and calibration procedure adopted

in the act of measurement must have proven reliability.

2

Definition


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In the case of process industries andindustrial manufacturing

To improve the quality of the product To improve the efficiency of production To maintain the proper operation. Measurement is an integral part of

automation, scientific research,technological inventions and our day today life. 3

Why measurement?


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BRIEF HISTORY OFMEASUREMENT

Weights and measures were among the earliest tools inventedby man

Foot , forearm, hand, or finger "inch," "foot," and " yard meter , gram, liter

a mass unit for gems, was derived from thecarob seed (1 carat = 200 mg)


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THE SYSTEM INTERNATIONALmeter (m) distance "The meter is the length of the path traveled by light in vacuum

during a time interval of 1/299 792 458 of a second."kilogram (kg) mass "The kilogram is equal to the mass of the international prototype

of the kilogram."second (s) time "The second is the duration of 9 192 631 770 periods of the

radiation corresponding to the transition between the twohyperfine levels of the ground state of the caesium 133 atom."

ampere (A) electriccurrent

"The ampere is that constant current which, if maintained in twostraight parallel conductors of infinite length, of negligiblecircular cross-section, and placed 1 meter apart in vacuum, would

produce between these conductors a force equal to 2 10 -7 newton per meter of length."

kelvin (K) temperature

"The kelvin is the fraction 1/273.16 of the thermodynamictemperature of the triple point of water."

mole (mol) amount ofsubstance

"The mole is the amount of substance of a system which containsas many elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012 kilogramof carbon 12. When the mole is used, the elementary entities must

be specified and may be atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, other particles, or specified groups of such particles."

candela (cd) intensityof light

"The candela is the luminous intensity, in a given direction, of asource that emits monochromatic radiation of frequency 540 10 12 hertz and that has a radiant intensity in that direction of 1/683

watt per steradian."


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Supplementary and derived units

Derived Unit Measures Derivation Formal Definition

hertz (Hz) frequency /s s-1

newton (N) force kg(m/s 2) kgms -2

pascal (Pa) pressure N/m 2 kgm -1s-2

joule (J) energy or work Nm kgm 2s-2

watt (W) power J/s kgm 2s-3

coulomb (C) electric charge As As

volt (V) electric potential W/A kgm 2s-3A-1

farad (F) electric capacitance C/V kg-1m -2s4A2

ohm (omega) electric resistance V/A kgm 2s-3A-2

siemens (S) electric conductance A/V kg-1m -2s3A2

weber (Wb) magnetic flux Vs kgm 2s-2A-1

tesla (T) magnetic flux density Wb/m 2 kgs -2A-1

henry (H)

inductance

Wb/A

kgm2

s-2

A-2

degree Celsius (C) temperature K - 273.15 K

radian (rad) plane angle mm -1

steradian (sr) solid angle m 2m -2

lumen (lm) luminous flux cdsr cdsr

lux (lx) illuminance lm/m 2 m -2cdsr -1

becquerel (Bq) activity /s s-1

gray (Gy) absorbed dose J/kg m 2s-2

sievert (Sv) dose equivalent Gy(multiplier) m2s

-2

katal (kat) catalytic activity mol/s mols -1

Second column provides the measure and for the unit, the third column shows how each

unit is derived from the preceding units, and the fourth column gives the formalequivalence of the unit in terms of the base units.
http://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/dictH.htmlhttp://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/dictN.htmlhttp://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/dictP.htmlhttp://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/dictJ.htmlhttp://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/dictW.htmlhttp://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/dictC.htmlhttp://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/dictV.htmlhttp://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/dictF.htmlhttp://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/dictO.htmlhttp://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/dictS.htmlhttp://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/dictW.htmlhttp://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/dictT.htmlhttp://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/dictH.htmlhttp://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/dictD.htmlhttp://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/dictR.htmlhttp://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/dictS.htmlhttp://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/dictL.htmlhttp://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/dictL.htmlhttp://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/dictB.htmlhttp://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/dictG.htmlhttp://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/dictS.htmlhttp://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/dictK.htmlhttp://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/dictK.htmlhttp://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/dictS.htmlhttp://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/dictG.htmlhttp://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/dictB.htmlhttp://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/dictL.htmlhttp://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/dictL.htmlhttp://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/dictS.htmlhttp://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/dictR.htmlhttp://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/dictD.htmlhttp://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/dictD.htmlhttp://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/dictD.htmlhttp://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/dictH.htmlhttp://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/dictT.htmlhttp://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/dictW.htmlhttp://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/dictS.htmlhttp://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/dictO.htmlhttp://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/dictF.htmlhttp://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/dictV.htmlhttp://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/dictC.htmlhttp://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/dictW.htmlhttp://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/dictJ.htmlhttp://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/dictP.htmlhttp://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/dictN.htmlhttp://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/dictH.html


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Classifications of types ofmeasurement applications

Monitoring Control Experimental


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Monitoring Measuring device keeps track of the quantity


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Control of processes


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Experimental engineeringanalysis


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To acquire data or information (hence dataacquisition) about parameters, in terms of:

putting the numerical values to the physical quantities making measurements otherwise inaccessible. producing data agreeable to analysis (mostly in

electrical form)

Data Acquisition Software (DAS) data isacquired by the instrumentation system.

13

Why instrumentation?


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Conclusion The history, definition and importance of measurement


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Find the relationship between applied force F and resulting friction torquesTf in the simple brake.

Prob: 1.3 b on page 8

Exercise

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