Lecture 1

LectureLecture 1 1

Metrology as a science. Physical Metrology as a science. Physical sizes. Measuring means.sizes. Measuring means.

assass. . NN..II. . BurmasBurmas

OutlineOutline

1.1. MetrologyMetrology. . The state service of metrology The state service of metrology and standardization. and standardization.

2. A physical size: essence, numerical value and 2. A physical size: essence, numerical value and units.units.

3. Basic and derivatives of PhS and their units.3. Basic and derivatives of PhS and their units.4. The system of units of PhS of CI.4. The system of units of PhS of CI.5. The measuring means and them metrological 5. The measuring means and them metrological

descriptions (characteristics). descriptions (characteristics). VideoVideo - Introduction to the Study of Mechanical - Introduction to the Study of Mechanical

MeasuremenMeasuremen

1. 1. MetrologyMetrology. . The state service of The state service of metrology and standardization.metrology and standardization.

Metrology Metrology (from grec. tetron is a measure of (from grec. tetron is a measure of and logos it is a word) is a science about a and logos it is a word) is a science about a measurementmeasurement, methods and means of , methods and means of ensuring of their unity and ways of ensuring of their unity and ways of achievement of necessary exactness. achievement of necessary exactness. Consequently, metrology is studies (learning) Consequently, metrology is studies (learning) about measures.about measures.

The assignment of metrologyThe assignment of metrology : : The measurementThe measurement is finding of the physical size

by an experimental way by the special of technical means.

The unity of The unity of measurementsmeasurements is such state of measurements , at which their results are shown in the legalized units and the errors of measurements are known with the given probability.

The exactness of The exactness of measurementsmeasurements characterizes by approaching of their results to the actual meaning of the measuring size.

Metrology is divided into such Metrology is divided into such kinds:kinds:

theoretical metrolotheoretical metrologgyy;;

practical (applied) metrolopractical (applied) metrologgyy;;

legal metrololegal metrology;gy;

The theoretical metrology is devoted to The theoretical metrology is devoted to studying of the theoretical bases.studying of the theoretical bases.

The practical (applied) metrology is devoted The practical (applied) metrology is devoted to the study of questions of practical to the study of questions of practical application in the different spheres of application in the different spheres of activity of results of theoretical researches activity of results of theoretical researches within the framework (limits) of metrological within the framework (limits) of metrological and positions of legal metrology.and positions of legal metrology.

The legal metrologyThe legal metrology includes the complexes of correlation general rules, requirements and norms, and also other questions which the require regulation and control from the side of the state, and directed on providing the unity of measurements and of the same type of means of the measurements .

Law „About metrology and metrological Law „About metrology and metrological activity”activity”

In 11 February, 1998 in Ukraine after 113//98-In 11 February, 1998 in Ukraine after 113//98-VRVR

The determines legal basics of providing the The determines legal basics of providing the unity of unity of measurements in Ukraine, regulates in Ukraine, regulates public relations in the sphere of metrological public relations in the sphere of metrological activity and directed on protecting of citizens activity and directed on protecting of citizens and the national economy from the and the national economy from the consequences of unreliable results of consequences of unreliable results of measurementsmeasurements..

The metrological service is a net of The metrological service is a net of organizations, separate organization or organizations, separate organization or separate subsection, on which the laid separate subsection, on which the laid responsibility for the metrological providing responsibility for the metrological providing of the of the measurementsmeasurements..

The state system of standardization is the system, which determines a basic aim and principles of operation, forms and general organizational-technical rules of the performance of all works with standardization.

The state metrological service enter:The state metrological service enter:

accordingly subdivisions of central device of States consumer standartion of Ukraine

state scientific metrologic centers which belong to the sphere of operation of States consumer standartion of Ukraine: Kyiv – UkrCSM, Kharkiv – „Metrology”, Lviv – „System”, higher educational establishment

territorial organs of States consumer standartion of Ukraine are in Autonomous Republic of Crimea, region, Kyiv and Sevastopol and cities of regional submission, 35 DCSMS

The state service of the sole time and standard frequencies The state service of standard samples of composition and

properties of substances and materials The state service of standard reference facts about physical

to steel and properties of substances and materials

standardizationstandardizationIs an activity, which consists in Is an activity, which consists in

establishment of positions for the general establishment of positions for the general and multiple application in relation to and multiple application in relation to present or possible tasks with an aim of present or possible tasks with an aim of achievement of optimum the degree of achievement of optimum the degree of accordance of products, processes and accordance of products, processes and services them to the functional setting, services them to the functional setting, removal of barriers in the trade and removal of barriers in the trade and assistance to the scientific-technical assistance to the scientific-technical coheration.coheration.

Law of Ukraine “About standardization”Law of Ukraine “About standardization”

may of may of 20012001 year foryear for № 2408-111 № 2408-111 sets legal and organizational principles sets legal and organizational principles of standardization in Ukraine and of standardization in Ukraine and directed on providing of single technical directed on providing of single technical policy in this sphere.policy in this sphere.

Levels of standardization:Levels of standardization: International standardizationInternational standardization Regional standardizationRegional standardization National standardizationNational standardization

The aim is providing of safety for life and health of man, animals, plants, and also property and guard of environment, make of conditions for the rational use of all types of national resources and accordance of objects of standardization to setting, assistance to the removal of technical barriers in trade.

Action of Law “About standardization” does not spread on the nuclear materials, pharmaceutical pharmaceutical productsproducts, standards of medical service, record-keeping, education, and also other social standards, the sphere of action of which is put by the proper laws.

22. A physical size: essence, numerical value and units.

A physical sizeA physical size is the description of one property of a physical object (physical system, phenomenon or process), common of qualitative relation to many physical objects, but in the quantitative relation individual for every object.

The physical size (PhS) has The physical size (PhS) has qualitative and quantitative sidesqualitative and quantitative sides

The sort of a physical size is qualitative The sort of a physical size is qualitative definiteness of a physical size. definiteness of a physical size.

The physical sizes which represent the The physical sizes which represent the same property in qualitative relation is the same property in qualitative relation is the name of homogenous.name of homogenous.

The dimensions of a physical sizeThe dimensions of a physical size is is quantitative definiteness of a physical quantitative definiteness of a physical size, what inherent to the concrete size, what inherent to the concrete material object, system, phenomenon or material object, system, phenomenon or process.process.

The value of a physical sizeThe value of a physical size is is appraisal of the dimensions of a physical appraisal of the dimensions of a physical size as some number of the units size as some number of the units accepted for it.accepted for it.

The value of physical size gets as a result of measurements or calculation

The truth value of a physical size is a value of the physical size, which in an ideal would represent the appropriate physical size in qualitative and quantitative relations.

The actual value of a physical size is a value of the physical size, found by the experimental way and so near to the truth value, that can replace him (truth value) for the put measuring problem.

The numerical value of a PhS. The unit of a The numerical value of a PhS. The unit of a PhS.PhS.

The numerical value of a PhS is a number which is included in the value of a size.

The unit of a PhS is a physical size of the fixed dimensions, which conditionally confer on numerical value is equal 1, applied for quantitative expression of homogeneous physical sizes.

The uThe unit of a measurement of a PhS is a physical size, accepted to agreement for basis for the quantitative valuation of sizes, homogenous with it in a qualitative relation.

A size of the unit of a measurement is quantity of a physical size which is contained in the unit of a measurement.

33. Basic and derivatives of a PhS and their units.

Units of the measurement of a PhS choose as follows:

some quantity of units select of independently (basic)

other units put on the base of connections which exist between physical sizes (derivatives)

Basic PhS is a physical size which is included in the system of sizes and conditionally accepted in quality independently from other sizes of this system.

Derivative PhS is a physical size , which is included in the system of sizes and determined through the basic sizes of this system.

The dimension of PhS is expression which represents dependence of this derivative size on the basic sizes, in which the coefficient of proportion is accepted by equal to units.

Size and dimension of units of PhS The size of an unit is a quantitative measure of a physical size which is contained in it.The dimension of an unit –put of correlates this derivative unit with basic units of the system.

4. The system of units of PhS of CI.

The system of units of physical sizes is combinatoin of basic and derivatives units of physical sizes, formed in accordance with the accepted principles for the put system of physical sizes.

The international system of units was entered in 1960 by XI general conference on measures and scales ( international brief name SI “CI”).

Basic units of the system of CI.Basic units of the system of CI.The nThe name of ame of a a sizesize The name of an The name of an

unitunitInternational International

denotationdenotationLengthLength MetreMetre mm

MassMass Kilogram (m)Kilogram (m) kgkg

TimeTime SecondSecond ss

The strength of an The strength of an electric currentelectric current

Amper(amp)Amper(amp) АА

ThermodynamicsThermodynamics of of temperaturetemperature

CelvinCelvin КК

The quantity of a The quantity of a substancesubstance

molmol molmol

The strength of a lightThe strength of a light CandelaCandela cdcd

Additional basic units of the system of CI:

the flat anglethe flat angle - - Radian Radian radrad the corporal anglethe corporal angle- - Stheradian Stheradian srsr

Prefixes of decimal division of units

Prefixes Latin of denotationdenotation

--lg10lg10nn

EcsaEcsaPetaPetaTeraTeraGigaGigaMehaMehaKiloKiloHectoHectoDecaDeca

ЕЕРРТТGGММkkhh

dada

1818151512129966332211

The prefixes of decimal division of unitsPrefixes Latin of

denotationdenotation--lg10lg10nn

DeciDeci CentiCentiMiliMiliMicroMicroNanoNanoPicoPicoFemtoFemtoAtoAto

ddccmmnnppffaa

-1-1-2-2-3-3-6-6-9-9-12-12-15-15-18-18

5. The measuring means and them 5. The measuring means and them metrological descriptions (metrological descriptions (characteristicscharacteristics).).

The mean of measuring technology (MMT) is the technical mean which is used during of measurements and has the rationed metrological descriptions.

The MMT belongs to:The MMT belongs to: means of measurements measuring of devices

The mean of The mean of measurementsmeasurements is the technical mean which is used at the measurements and has the rationed metrological descriptions. The mean of The mean of measurementsmeasurements realizes the procedure of realizes the procedure of measurementsmeasurements..

The measuring deviceThe measuring device is the MMT, in which executed only one of component parts of only one of component parts of the procedure of the procedure of measurementsmeasurements (the measuring operation).

The measuring devices are:

the measure of PhSthe measure of PhS to device of the equalizationto device of the equalization the measuring of transformerthe measuring of transformer the scale measuring of transformerthe scale measuring of transformer

The metrological characters of MMT are characteristics of properties of the MMT, which

influence on results and errors of measurements.

the variation of proofs the variation of proofs range of proofs of MM range of proofs of MM metrological reliability metrological reliability metrological refusal of metrological refusal of

MMMM

the range of the range of measurements of MM measurements of MM

nominal valuenominal value of a of a measure measure

the sensitiveness of MM the sensitiveness of MM the threshold of the threshold of

sensitiveness of MMsensitiveness of MM the class of exactnessthe class of exactness

ThankThank you you for for attentionattention