Lathe Machine Report

TITLE :

PERFORM MACHINING

ACCORDING TO

STANDARD OPERATION

PROCEDURE

(MACHINE PIN)

1.0 INTRODUCTION

The lathe is a machine tool which held and rotates the

workpiece (metal, wood and other materials) on its axis to

perform various operations such as cutting, knurling, drilling and

deformation with a tool bit that are applied to workpiece to create

an object which has symmetry about an axis of rotation.

The basic lathe that was designed to cut cylindrical metal

stock has been developed further to produce screw threads,

tapered work, drilled holes, knurled surfaces and crackshafts.

Lathes are used in woodturning, metalworking, metal

spinning, and glassworking. Lathes can be used to shape pottery,

the most well known design being the potter's wheel. Most

suitably equipped metalworking lathes can also be used to

produce most solids of revolution, plane surfaces and screw

threads or helices. Ornamental lathes can produce three-

dimensional solids of incredible complexity. The material is held in

place by either one or two centers, at least one of which can be

moved horizontally to accommodate varying material lengths.

Examples of objects that can be produced on a lathe include

candlestick holders, cue sticks, table legs, bowls, baseball bats,

crankshafts and camshafts.

Lathe Machine Parts

Bed – mainly support the whole machine.

Carriage – an assembly that moves the tool post and cutting tool

along the way.

Carriage handwheel – a wheel with a handle used to move the

carriage.

Chuck – a clamping device for holding the workpiece in the lathe.

Apron – the front part of the carriage assembly on which carriage

handwheel is mounted.

Cross slide - platform that moves perpendicular to the lathe

axis under control of the cross slide hand wheel.

Cross slide handwheel – a wheel with handle used to move the

cross slide in and out.

Halfnut lever – a lever to engage the carriagewith leadscrew to

move the carriage under power.

Lead screw – a precision screw that runs the length of the bed

and used to drive the carriage under power for turning and thread

cutting operation.

Tailstock – a cast iron assembly that can be slide along the ways

and be locked in place. Used to hold long workpiece in place or

mount a drill chuck for drilling operation.

Ways - a precision ground surfaces along top of the bed on which

saddle rides. the ways are precisely aligned with the centerline of

the lathe.

2.0 Task OutcomeAfter following this workshop practical work, I am able to :

1.1 Use Vernier Caliper and steel ruler for measuring purposes.Know how to measure the exact dimension of workpiece to get the precise dimension for the project outcome.

2.1 Apply safety procedures while operating lathe machine and grinding machine.Know the way to comply with the safety procedures while operating a machine at all time.

3.1 Operate the lathe machine; adjust spindle speed and feed.Know how to determine the cutting speed according to the operations, materials and tool bits type and condition.

4.1 Cutting, drilling, parallel, stepped and taper turning, and knurling with a lathe machine.Know all the operations using lathe machine and how to execute them.

5.1 Grind tool bits according to the required angle for general purposes with a table grinding machine.Know how to grind tool bits for lathe work.

3.0 Tools Equipment

Center lathe machine

Mild steel

Tool bit holder Cutting tool holder

Tool bit Spanner

Allen key Chuck lock

Ball bearing live center

Center drill

Drill chuck Vernier Caliper

Steel Ruler Cooler

Lubricant

4.0 Safety Precautions

There are safety precautions that must be complied with

every time entering a workshop. These safety precautions

are necessary to avoid accidents or unexpected and

unfortunate things from happening.

a. Never get into a workshop without permission.

Student should not work in a workshop without the

lecturer’s supervision.

b. Listen and follow carefully to the instructions from

the lecturer. If unsure about something, always ask

the lecturer before proceeding with the activity.

c. Always wears appropriate and suitable clothes during

a workshop practical work. Long hair, jewelry (ring,

bracelet, necklace, ect.), and loose or baggy clothing

are hazardly dangerous in the workshop. Wear safety

shoes whenever in a workshop. No sandals and

slippers are allowed.

d. Know where the emergency stop buttons are

positioned in the workshop. If an accident occured at

the other side of the workshop, use the emergency

stop button to turn off all electrical power to

machines.

e. Stay alert and proceed with caution at all times in

the workshop. Notify the lecturer immediately if you

notices something suspicious.

f. Never fool around in the workshop. Jokes and pranks

are dangerous and prohibited.

g. Practical work must be personally monitored at all

times. Do not wander around the workshop, or

distract and interfere with other students work.

h. Always wear safety goggles whenever operating a

machine. Hot and sharp fragments of workpiece may

be directly sent flying over to your eyes.

i. Make sure all of the machines in the workshop have

a good grounding before start using them.

j. Report any damage to machines or equipment to the

lecturer immediately as this could cause an accident.

k. Report any accident or injury to the lecturer

immediately, no matter how trivial it seems. Do not

panic.

l. Make sure to clean the machines and the space

around the workplace after finished doing your work.

Throw away all fragments of workpiece to the

provided disposal space.

5.0 Procedures

No.

Description Diagram

(A) PREPARING WORKPIECE

1. A cylindrical metal with

the diameter of 40 mm

and 83 mm long is cut

out from the originally

long cylindrical metal

by using the horizontal

band saw machine.

Horizontal band saw machine

Originally long cylindrical metal stock

83 mm long workpiece with 40 mm diameter

No

.

Description Diagram

(B) PREPARING GENERAL CUTTING TOOL BIT

1 A tool bit with the size

of 5/16 inches grinded

with the table grinding

machine to produce a

general type cutting

tool bit for lathe work.

Table grinding machine

2 Grind the left side of

the tool bit by facing

the left side of the tool

bit towards the grinding

wheel at about 10°

angle.

Grinding the left side relief

3 Grind the end of tool

bit. Hold the tool bit

angled downwards from

the tip to the rear and

with the tip pointing to

the left at about 10° to

15° angle.

Grinding the end relief

4 Lastly, grind the top

surface to form the

rake. Hold the piece so

that the top is facing

the grinding wheel at

about 10° angle. Be

careful not to grind

down the cutting edge.

Grinding the top side relief

Tool bit for general cutting purposes.

No

.

Description Diagram

(C) OPERATING LATHE MACHINE (MACHINE PIN

PROJECT)

1 The workpiece is

mounted to the chuck

on the lathe machine to

start the lathe work.

Mount workpiece to chunk

2 Set the tool bit which

has been grinded

earlier using table

grinding machine to the

tool bit holder.

Set tool bit to tool bit holder

Adjust the tool bit

holder to the cutting

tool holder on the lathe

machine’s tool post.

Make sure that the tool

bit tip is at the centre

position by aligning it

with tailstock center.

Adjust tool bit holder to cutting tool holder

Aligning the tool bit tip with tailstock center

3 Adjust the drive

mechanism for the

desired rotation speed

and feed. The spindle

rotation speed and

feed depends on the

tool bits and metal

stock / materials

quality and under a

certain condition.

Spindle rotation speed control lever

4 Turn on the machine to

start lathe work. Before

that, make sure that

the machine is in good

condition and has good

grounding. Always

remember where the

switch is so that the

machine could be

stopped immediately if

any accident occurred.

Lathe machine switch

5 Since the end of the

workpiece is uneven, it

must be leveled first by

turning the end of the

workpiece part by

moving the tool bit

from back to front. This

operation is called

facing.

[BEFORE] Uneven workpiece end

[AFTER] Leveled workpiece end

6 Next, reduce the

diameter of the

workpiece until it

reached 35 mm with

the length exceeding

30 mm according to

the biggest diameter of

the project. This

operation is call

turning.

Diameter reduced to 35 mm with more than

30 mm length

7 Reduce the diameter of

the back part by

turning the workpiece

until it reached the

diameter of 25 mm

with the length of 20

mm to match with the

back part dimension of

this project.

Finished with the back part of the project with

25 mm diameter and 20 mm length

8 After finished with the

back part of the

project, turn over the

workpiece to proceed

with the front part of

the project. Since the

front end of the work

piece is also uneven, it

needs to be leveled by

facing cut the end of

the workpiece. The

workpiece length

should also be reduced

from 83 mm to 80 mm

based on the overall

length of the project.

Level the end and reduce overall length of

workpiece

9 The diameter of the

front part of the project

is then reduced to 25

mm with the length of

30 mm. After finished

turning this front part,

all the part that left is

the central part of the

project with diameter

of 35 mm and 10 mm

long.

Shape of workpiece after finished turning the

front part. The central part’s diameter is 30

mm and the length is 10 mm.

10 Adjusting the tool slide

to 5° angle for taper

turning operation on

the front part of

workpiece.

Set the tool slide angle to 5°

11 Start taper turning the

front part of the

workpiece by moving

the tool slide to the left

and right. Don’t use the

carriage slide because

it still moves in straight

line along the ways.

Turning the workpiece

until the tip of the front

part reached the

diameter of 20mm.

Front part of workpiece that has been tapered

to the diameter of 20 mm

12 Next, make a hole to

the front part end of

the workpiece by using

center drill. Use a

higher spindle rotation

speed for this drilling

operation. The purpose

of this operation is to

make some room for

the ball bearing live

center to hold the front

part of workpiece to

stabilize it during the

knurling operation.

Drilling the workpiece

Hole on the centre of workpiece

13 Adjust the ball bearing

live center to fit in the

hole and hold the front

part of workpiece for

knurling operation.

Adjusting ball bearing live center to hold

workpiece

14 Mount the knurling tool

to the toolpost and

adjust it with the

central part of

workpiece as that is

the only part involved

in this operation.

Adjusting knurling tool to workpiece.

15 For knurling operation,

the spindle rotation

speed should be slower

to ensure that all parts

are properly knurled.

This operation also

requires strong

pressure. This is the

last process of this

project.

Knurling the centre part of workpiece

6.0 DiscussionsLathe machine can produce a lot of objects such as

machinery parts, musical instruments and some of the objects

that we use in our daily life. There are a lot of operations that can

be performed using lathe machine. This operations includes

facing operation, turning operation, taper turning operation,

drilling operation and knurling operation. By knowing how to

execute this operation, I am able to finished this machine pin

project effectively.

Different operation requires different spindle rotation speed.

Rotation speed is the rotational frequency of the spindle,

measured in revolutions per minute (RPM). Drilling operation

requires a higher speed while knurling operation requires a slower

rotation speed. As for turning operation, the rotation speed differs

according to the materials type and the tool bits quality.

The measurement of the workpiece must be taken from time to

time to ensure that the dimension of the project is precise and

accurate. The workpiece must be kept under observation at all

time to prevent the occurrence of any error that may ruin the

project’s final result.

There are no accident occurred while I was following this practical

task because I always followed the safety procedures while

operating a machine. This is the most important thing because

when there’s an accident, it will pose problems to many parties

and the project cannot be done in time.

7.0 Conclusions

After done following this workshop practical task (machine

pin project), there are a lot of things that I have learned. I am able

to use Vernier Caliper and steel ruler for measuring purposes. I

have learned how to take the reading from vernier scale and how

to calculate the observed reading of an object. I have also learned

the way to calculate the actual reading of an object if the Vernier

caliper and steel ruler have zero error. The lecturer also explained

about the safety precautions that have to be followed when

taking a measurement so that the reading of an object will be

precise and accurate.

I’m also able to grind the tool bits using table grinding

machine according to the required angle to produce general

cutting tool bits. I’m able to apply all the safety procedures while

operating lathe and grinding machine to avoids accidents from

happening.

Last but not least, the lecturers have explained and

demonstrated to us the operations that can be done with a lathe

machine such as facing, turning, taper turning, drilling and

knurling. Now, I am able to operate the lathe machine with more

proficient and confident.

8.0 References

1. Steve Krar, Arthur Gill, Peter Smid. (2011). Technology Of

Machine Tools (7th ed.) McGraw-Hill.

2. Arthur R. Meyers, Thomas J. Slattery. (2001). Basic

Machining Reference Handbook (2nd ed.) Industrial Press Inc.

3. David A. Stephenson, John S. Agapiou. (1997). Metal Cutting

Theory And Practice (2nd ed.) CRC Taylor & Francis.

4. Stella Carter. (Jun 21, 2011). Lathe Cutting Tools. Retrieved

from, http://lathe.ezinemark.com/lathe-cutting-tools-

18140012c5e.html.

5. Joe Martin. (2007). Grinding Your Own Lathe Tools. Retrieved

from, http://www.sherline.com/grinding.htm.

Project Dimension Drawing