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Labour Migration Landscape in Asia:  ADBIOECDILO Roundtable on Labour Migra tion in Asia o yo, anuary  Nilim Baruah Senior Migration Specialist ILO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific The views expressed in this pr sentation are the views of the author and do not he views expressed in this presentation are the views of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Asian Development Bank Institute ADBI), the Asian Development Bank ADB), its Board of Directors, or the governments they represent. ADBI does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this paper and accepts no responsibility for any consequences of their use. Terminology used may not il b i i h ADB ffi i l ecessarily be consistent with ADB official terms.
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Labour Migration Landscape in Asia: Recent Trends in Migration and Policies

Apr 13, 2018

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Page 1: Labour Migration Landscape in Asia: Recent Trends in Migration and Policies

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Labour Migration Landscape in Asia: 

ADBI‐OECD‐ILO Roundtable on Labour Migration in Asia

o yo,  ‐ anuary  

Nilim Baruah

Senior Migration Specialist

ILO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific

The views expressed in this presentation are the views of the author and do nothe views expressed in this presentation are the views of the author and do not

necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Asian Development Bank Institute ADBI),

the Asian Development Bank ADB), its Board of Directors, or the governments they

represent. ADBI does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this paper and

accepts no responsibility for any consequences of their use. Terminology used may not

il b i i h ADB ffi i lecessarily be consistent with ADB official terms.

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1. Labour migration landscape in Asia

The UN has estimated that the world’s stock of migrants, defined as persons residing

outside their country of birth, as 232 million in 2013.

percent are women.

30 percent of migrants (71 million) are in Asia. Since 2000 Asia added 20 million

migrants or 1.6 million per year  ‐ more than any region (UN, DESA, 2013)

These numbers still do not fully reflect the significance of the migrant work ‐ force in

destination countries and economic sectors.

The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, a destination for many migrant

workers from South and South East Asia, rely on foreign labour to fill over 90% of 

private sector jobs.

MWs account for almost a third of workers in manufacturing, construction and

agriculture in Malaysia.

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1. Labour migration landscape in Asia

The directions of labour migration flows in Asia are mainly three‐fold and intra‐

regional:

•   Labour Migration flows from South Asia and South East Asia to GCC countries;

•   Labour migration flows to and within the ASEAN region;

•   Labour migration to East Asia which is mainly from countries in South East Asia.

skilled work. Women comprise 42 per cent of the stocks (UN,DESA) and are

concentrated in domestic work.

The region is marked by substantial remittance inflows. There were six Asian

countries among the top 10 remittance receiving countries in 2013 (World Bank).

, ,

student migration.

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Outflow of  Workers from Selected Asian Countries 

to 

the 

GCC 

in 

2012

Destination

Origin   Bahrain Kuwait Oman Qatar  Saudi 

Arabia  UAE Total

Bangladesh   21, 777 2 170,

 326 28,

 801 21,

 232 215,

 452 457,

 590

India   20, 150 55, 868 84, 384 63, 096 357, 503 141, 138 722, 139

Nepal   33, 076 64, 219 17, 083 690, 395 492, 896 313, 416 1, 611, 085

Pakistan   10, 530 5 69, 407 7, 320 358, 560 182, 630 628, 452

Sri Lanka   4 536 44 242 4 885 57 506 97 967 38 295 247 431

Philippines   22, 271 75, 286   ‐   104, 622 330, 040 259, 546 791, 765

Indonesia (as of  

Se   2012  4,725 1,766 6,247 14,889 27,859 24,986 80,472

Vietnam (as

 of 

 

Sep 2011)  32   ‐ ‐   300 11300 7600 19, 232

Total   88,657 201,492 338,294 378,764 1,258,511 954,829 3,420,565

National (State) sources

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Stocks of  foreign workers in destination countries 

in 

S.E 

Asia

  ,  , Ministry of  Labour, Thailand 

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Entry of  foreign workers to R.O. Korea by year

’ 

unit : person

Source: Ministry of  Employment and Labour, Republic of  Korea

Note: 2013  figure is the quota  for  EPS entrants that  year 

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2. Driving Forces: Continuing Demand for Migrant 

Workers 

and 

Economic 

DisparitiesEconomic growth, demographic factors, labour shortages and the large 

wage differential between countries of  origin and destination fuels 

a our m grat on. 

Many  jobs have to be filled by migrant workers, including in 

,  ,  , 

and domestic work.

  , 

migration. 

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Real GDP growth rate for selected countries in Asia,

2005‐

2014e 

(%)

Source: International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook Database, October 2013.

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Real GDP growth index for selected countries in Asia,

2005‐

2014e 

(2005=100)

Source: International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook Database, October 2013.

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Structure of  EmploymentEmployment  by  aggregate sector  in selected  countries, latest 

Source: ILO, Key  Indicators of  the Labour  Market  (KILM), employment by aggregate sector.

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Per cent Share of  Working Age (15‐64) in Total 

Population

80

65

70

55

60

40

45

2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050

Brunei Japan Malaysia Korea Singapore Thailand

Source: UN World Population Prospects: the 2010 Revision

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Labour Force Growth (%), 2012‐2020

8.7%

4.7%

20.4%

Vietnam

Thailand

Philippines

18.2%

7.7%

6.5%

4.2%

Lao PDR

SingaporeSri

 Lanka

South Korea

6.8%

22.7%

22.9%

15%

Hong Kong

 China

Nepal

Pakistan

Cambodia

10.9%

‐2.8%

16.1%

9.2%

Indonesia

Japan

Malaysia

Myanmar

17.6%

1.5%

13.7%

‐5 0 5 10 15 20 25

Bangladesh

China

n a

Source: ILO, Trends Econometric Models.

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Thailand: Unemployment rate (%), 2000‐2012

2.4

2.6

2.5

3.0

1.8

2.0

1.5 1.5

1.31.2 1.2 1.2

1.5

1.01.0

1.5

0.7 0.7 0.7  

0.5

0.02000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 

(Q1)

Source: ILO, Key Indicators of the Labour Market

(KILM), Total unemployment (national estimates).

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Driving Forces: Wages Disparities Average monthly  wage in US$ (2012 or  latest  available)

3,547

4,081

3,500

4,000

4,500

1,709

2,030   2,033

2,624

2,000

2,500

3,000

73   113   121   174   181   206

  357  539   609

500

1,000

1,500

Source: ILO, Global  Wage Database (forthcoming)

NOTES: Non‐monthly rates were converted into monthly assuming a five‐day working week and 52 weeks in a 12‐month year (i.e. daily rate converted 

into monthly using x5x52 12). All figures are based on labour force survey, except: *Based on an establishment survey with broad coverage (Hong 

Kong (China) and Japan refer only to full‐time employees); **Based on an establishment survey, calculated as employment‐weighted average of  urban 

units and private enterprises; ***Based on administrative records from the Central Provident Fund Board.

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Driving Forces: GDP Per CapitaGross domestic   product   per  capita, current   prices (US$), 2014e

53,671

47,048

43,424

41,421

Singapore

Kuwait

United Arab Emirates

Hong Kong (China)

,

40,830

25,54525,189

24,685

24,275

Brunei Darussalam

OmanKorea, Republic o

Saudi Arabia

Bahrain

22,002

10,652

7,138

6,1663,432

Taipei,China

Malaysia

China

ThailandIndonesia

3,360

2,938

2,064

1,598

1,389

Sri Lanka

Philippines

Viet Nam

Lao PDR

India

1,234

1,108

1,006

980

703

a stan

Cambodia

Bangladesh

Myanmar

Nepal   Source: International Monetary Fund (IMF), World  Economic Outlook  Database  October  2013.

0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 40,000 45,000 50,000 55,000 60,000

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3. Some Key Issues and Policy Responses

3.1 Labour Mobility and Admissions Policy 

To meet labour shortages Asian countries of  have responded in three ways:

•   countries of  destination have developed temporary labour migration 

regimes for

 low

 skilled

 migration

 and

 have

 often

 entered

 into

 bilateral

 

agreements or MOUs with countries of  origin. 

•  

professionals.

•   countries of  origin not able to absorb their labour force, are promoting 

foreign employment.

 

Challenges:

•recognition of  qualifications: while MRAS have been reached in 7 professions in 

ASEAN  work remains on definin   com etenc   ‐based  ualifications and 

benchmarks. 

•MOUs: can be more effective in promoting legal migration and protection; are 

being used more widely  – in 2013 KSA has entered into specific MOUs. 

•re urn an   re n egra on: more a en on  e ng g ven  n  r  an a an   e 

Philippines 

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3.2 Reducing Recruitment Costs

Private recruitment agencies account for a majority of  

workers placed abroad from the Philippines, Indonesia, 

India, 

Pakistan, 

Sri 

Lanka, 

Bangladesh 

and 

Thailand.

However given that the supply of  workers in lower wage 

countries far outstrips the demand and that there are far 

more workers

 intendin

 to

 work

 abroad

 than

 there

 are

 obs

 

migrant workers are highly vulnerable to abuses during 

recruitment. Such abuses include high fees and costs, 

and contract substitution.

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3.3 Improving Recruitment

1. Assess ratification of  C 181. Put in place legislation to 

regulate recruitment. Cambodia has issued  Prakas in 2013

2. Ensure that a complaints mechanism is in place and support 

services to avail of  the mechanisms. 2% of  outbound  MWs 

‐ 

3. Consider more options for matching employers and  job 

seekers: not

 only

 via

 private

 recruitment

 agencies,

 but

 also

 

via public placement agencies, direct  – accredited 

employer‐worker; Reduce layers of  intermediation. G to G 

rocess in Korea  47,000 MWs entered  in 2012 ; 

4. Transparency in

 costs.

 Philippines

 rules

 and 

 regulations

 

specify  type of  costs

5. Development and implementation of  Codes of  Conduct.

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3.4 Rights of  Migrant Workers

UN GA HLD on migration and development in October 2013 

underscored the need to protect the human rights of  all 

migrants; 

protect 

women 

migrants 

in 

all 

sectors 

including 

domestic work and respect the rights of  migrants in their work‐

.

This call for action resonates strongly with the ASEAN 

Declaration on

 the

 protection

 and

 promotion

 of 

 the

 rights

 of 

 

MWs (2007).

The most recent ILO Convention is the Domestic Worker 

,  .  , 

work and provides a historic opportunity to make decent work a 

reality for domestic workers. 

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3.4 Rights of  Migrant Workers / Post admission

National legislation in East and Southeast Asia generally 

provides for equal treatment between nationals and migrants in 

terms of  remuneration and labour protection. 

However  there

 are

 differences

 with

 nationals

 with

 regards

 to:

‐Unrestricted trade union rights 

‐Family

 unification

‐Social security

Workers in such occupations as fishing and domestic work are 

Measures to

 address

 overstay

 remain

 a

 priority

 with

 destination

 

country governments

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3.5 Public perceptions of  migrants 

The UN SG’s 8 point Agenda calls for Improving the Public 

Perceptions of  Migrants  – takes information and leadership to 

reinforce positive messages about the benefits of  migration.

  . migrants, family members and countries of  origin benefit from 

migration. The challenges should not be minimized. Options to 

A positive image of  migrants should be generated in line with 

t eir 

eve opment contri ution.

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Campaigns to promote a positive image of  migrants

ILO 2010 study on public attitudes towards migrant workers 

in four destination countries in Asia informed the 

‐  Saphan Siang (Bridge

 of 

 Voices)

 in

 Thailand

 (ILO,

 IOM,

 ESCAP, World Vision International)

‐   gra on  or s  a ays a  agenc es an   s

Focus on

 promoting

 better

 understanding

 between

 

nationals and migrants by countering misconceptions and 

informing the public about the positive social and economic 

contributions that migrants make.

Activities: online community; ‘A Positive Image’ photo 

competition and exhibition; PSA development in Malaysia; 

events for International Migrants Day 

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For more information, please contact:

m arua

ILO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific

Tel: 

662 

288 

1885, 

Fax: 

662 

288 

3063‐ .

www.ilo.org/asia