L07 Communication Part 1

7/29/2019 L07 Communication Part 1

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The journey so far...


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Journey so far...

Epistemology Science and philosophy of knowledge

constructivism

assimilation

accomodation

associationism

Visualisation

Mind Maps


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Journey so far...

Blooms Taxonomy

Learning Theories Behavourism Cognitivism

Social Constructivism

Learning Styles

Blooms Taxonomy


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Last lecture...

Learning Styles


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"Here you are in Slytherin,Where you'll make your real friends,Those cunning folk use any means

To achieve their ends."

"You might belong in Gryffindor,Where dwell the brave at heart,

There daring, nerve, and chivalrySet Gryffindors apart

"Here in wise old Ravenclaw,If you've a ready mind,

Those of wit and learning,Will always find their kind."

"You belong in Hufflepuff,Where they are just and loyal,

Those patient Hufflepuffs are trueAnd unafraid to toil"


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Learning Styles ModelsMeyers-Briggs Type Indicator


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Carl Jung Carl Gustav Jung (1875 1961) was a Swiss psychiatrist, an

influential thinker and the

Founder of analytical psychology, also known as Jungian

Psychology

EXPLORING THE SOULA Challenge to Freud


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Jungian Learning

Perception

Sensor

Intuitor

Judgement

Feeler

Thinker


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Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

(MBTI)

Based on Carl Jungs ideas

Created during World War II to

help women who were enteringthe industrial workforce

Measured psychologicalpreferences in how people

perceive the world and makedecisions

http://www.myersbriggs.org


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Gregorc Learning Style

Concrete

Sequential

Concrete

Random

Abstract

Sequential

Abstract

Random


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ANTHONY GREGORC LEARNING STYLES

1. In each row (1-6), rank the 4 statements.

The statement which fits you best gets a score of 4, next best 3, next best 2 and the onewhich fits you least gets a score of 1.

You must use number 1, 2, 3 and 4. You cannot use half marks.

2. Add the scores down in each column. Put the total at the bottom.3. Plot your scores on the learning styles profile. You will end up with a kite shape.4. Compare your kite shape to those of other people.

Score Score Score Score

1 I like to begiven problemsto solve

I like to talk thingsthrough with otherpeople

I like to dopractical work

I like reading

2 I like to workout answers formyself

I use myimagination a lot

I like to be toldexactly what todo

I am happy towork alone

3 I have a lot ofideas

I understand howpeople feel

I like to takethings one stepat a time

I like to findthings out frombooks and othersources

4 I like to try myideas out evenif people thinkthey are odd

I like to usedrama, art andmusic

I like to beorganised

I weigh updifferent ideas

5 I like to find outhow thingswork

I like my work tobe fun

I pay attention todetail

I am keen to dowritten work

6 I like to havesomething toshow for myefforts

I like my work tobe about people

I like to get thingsright

I organise mystudies carefully

CR AR CS AS

SANDWELL SECONDARY CURRCULUM SUPPORT PROJECT


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CONCRETE SEQUENTIAL

Who How

Ordered Checklists

Structured Outlines

Practical Charts

Accurate Summaries

Directions Data

Organised Labs

Hands-on Computers

Detailed Practical reading

Exact Short lectures

Square the scoring box

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CONCRETE RANDOM ABSTRACT SEQUENTIAL

Who How Who How

Independent Games andsimulation 10

Logical Reading

Creative Problem solving Academic LectureRisk-takers Creating

products20 10 10 20 Structured Working alone

Unusual Independentstudy 10

Intellectual Term papers

Experimenters Experiments Readers Library work

Inventive Unusualsolutions

Researchers Note-taking

Problem-solvers Options20

Evaluative Essays

Curious Open-endedwork

Thinker Research

Investigative Practical ideas Debater ContentIntuitive Few restrictions Studious Theories

ABSTRACT RANDOM

Who How

Sensitive Group discussion

Emotional Media and music

Personal Peer group work

Imaginative Personalised work

Interpreter Role play

Colourful Use of fantasy and imagination

Discussion Themes

Deep Feelings ArtsFlexible Humour

Short lectures


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Central to Learning Styles...

Importance of the social aspect and

communication in learning

knowledge & meaning is contructed throughinter-personal mechanisms (verbal and

written )


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Communications

Part 1


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Agenda

Introduction

Brief History of Communications

Process of Communication

Active Listening

Non-Verbal Communication

Lecture notes partially based on Communication Skills presentation by

SoftLogic Technologies Pvt. Ltd.


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Communications

Introduction


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Why Communication?

A communication problem within IT

industry

See a normal IT scenario...

H P j R ll W k


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How Projects Really Work


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Decipering the cartoon?

Break down and failure of

communication!


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What is

communication? Latin communicare- "to share, divide out; impart, inform; join, unite,

participate in," lit. "to make common,

A process by which information is exchanged between individuals through acommon system of symbols, signs, or behavior

The act of communicating; transmission.

The exchange of thoughts, messages, or information, as by speech,signals, writing, or behavior.

Interpersonal rapport.

Communications (used with a sing. or pl. verb)

1. The art and technique of using words effectively to impart information or ideas.

2. The field of study concerned with the transmission of information by variousmeans, such as print or broadcasting.

3. Any of various professions involved with the transmission of information, such asadvertising, broadcasting, or journalism.

Something communicated; a message


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Brief History of

Communications


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Aristotles Speaker-Centered Model

Greek philosopher-teacherAristotle (384-322 B.C.).

Aristotles definition of rhetoricisone of the earliest definitions of

communication

Rhetoric is the faculty ofobserving in any given case theavailable means of persuasion(Rhetoric1335b).

Aristotle attempted to work out atheory of communication andlanguage.

http://www.shkaminski.com/Classes/Handouts/Communication%20Models.htm#ClassicalCommunicationModels


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Aristotles Speaker-Centered Model

Logos the matter under

discussion

Pathos the reader's

stake in thatmatter

Ethos the claims of the

author


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Aristotles Model of Communication

Designed for public speaking/oration

Speaker at the center of the communication process

Speaker prepares a message for an intended audience Message is intended to have an effect- influence the audience

Audience is seen to be passive and ready to be influenced by thespeaker's message

Speaker Message Listener

In other words, according to Aristotle a speaker sends a message to

an audience and the audience is affected by the message received.


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Progress and development

Little development in Communicationstheory during the intervening millenia

Rapid progress in 20th Century

espcially after World War II


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Laswells Model

Who says what to whom in what channel with what effect Harold Dwight Lasswell

(1902-1978) American politicalscientist and communicationstheorist

World War II Chief of the Experimental Division

for the Study of War Time

Communications at the Library ofCongress.

Analysed Nazi propaganda filmsto identify mechanisms ofpersuasion used to secure thesupport of the German people for

the war


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Laswells 5 Elements of Propaganda

Propaganda entailed five key elements

Lasswell assembled these elements into a model and then turned the modelinto a simple question:

Who says what in which channel to whom with what effect?(declassified in 1948)

If you found the right answers to each of the five elements of the question,then you could create effective propaganda unless, of course, too muchnoise unplanned static or distortion during the communication processresulted in the receiver receiving a different message than the sender sent.


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...bring the boys home.

For example, it wasdiscovered that Help winthe warwasnt the most

effective slogan to use forselling war bonds.

Appealed to men, but notwomen.

This led to the developmentof a more effective slogan:Help win the war andbring the boys home.


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The Shannon-Weaver Model



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Schramms Model of Communication

Wilburn Schramm proposed this model in 1955

Considered to be the best of all the theories since it is evolved and comprehensive



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Schramms Model of

Communication First stage one way

Emphasis on encoding process and source like that of Aristotle without anyrecognition for noise.

It too was a one-way direction of communication flow.

Second stage two way Emphasis shifted to the shared domain of experience of sender and receiver.

The sender has to take into consideration, according to this theory, the needsand abilities of the receiver, which he must be aware of due to sharedexperience, and thus the selects the right channel and at the same time encodesthe message in the way that can be understood by the receiver.

Here the communication process is understood to be a two-way flow.

Third stage - feedback Feedback was thought to be an essential element of communication system. In

this stage of Schramm's theory, the communication process encompassessender, receiver, good channel, proper encoding, proper decoding, andfeedback. The flow which ends with feedback starts immediately again to make acircular process.


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Berlo S-M-R-C Model


When one is

attempting to convey

an emotionally

complex message,

the Berlo Model may

be the more

appropriate choice.http://www.uri.edu/artsci/lsc/Faculty/

Carson/508/03Website/Hayden/berlo

.html

Assignement


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Website designAristotles

Rhetorical principles (part 1) Ethos - ethos, from which we get the word "ethical," has to do with reputation or character, in

other words what other people think of us and whether they feel they can trust us. In terms of digital design, ethos or credibility is extremely important for you to keep in mind because online

trust determines whether people feel your site and its message are credible. Digital ethos can beconstructed by a number of factors, such as visual appeal, organized navigation, and rich informationcontent. Yet the ancient Greek word ethos also had another basic meaning, that of habitual gathering place,and in some regards, online ethos can also be seen as whether a designer has constructed a site to which

people can return again and again, or whether the site creates a sense of online community through userinteractions.

Logos - logos, from which we get the word "logical," concerns the logic and consistency of themessage being communicated. In other words, does the content of your site make sense and is it written in a consistent tone or style?

Consistency also becomes important in terms of overall site structure. A poorly organized site with visuallyconfusing pages can undermine the concept of logos, which in turn can reduce the site's overall ethos. For

Aristotle, all points of the rhetorical triangle were interrelated.

Pathos - pathos, from which we get the words "pathetic" and "empathy," deals with the emotions,specifically those of the audience. In classical rhetorical theory, playing on an audience's emotionswas seen as a primary vehicle of persuasion, but in more modern times, pathos has come tomean any rhetorical act that addresses audience expectations or information needs. In this regard, it is extremely important that you understand and analyze the audiences for your Web site,

anticipating their informational and navigational needs at every click of your site. That is why Jakob Nielsenand his colleague stress using concise, scannable text in all Web documents -- because that's the way mostWeb users read.

http://eserver.org/courses/f04/313/lessons/week2.html

Assignement

Assignement


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Website designAristotles

Rhetorical principles (part 2) In your first assignment for this class, due September 9th, you'll be asked to compose a rhetorical analysis of an

organizational Web site. In this analysis, you should examine all three points of the rhetorical triangle and how wellthe designers have addressed these three elements in their site design. In other words, you'll be discussing howthe designers constructed ethos, logos, and pathos.

Audience Analysis

Identification and analysis of your Web site's audience is perhaps the most crucial step you can take in the early

stages of your design process. Factors to examine in any audience analysis include:

Context in which the site is being read

User attitudes and motivations

Education and reading levels

Professional experience

Organizational role.

For general Internet use, your audience may be so broad as to defy description, but in most situations, you cangain a very detailed sense of who your audience members are and what their informational needs are.

In professional digital design firms, audience analysis and user testing are primary components of the designprocess and are conducted for many weeks before the first line of code is ever written. Why? Such testing helpsdesigners fashion both content and structure of the site in order to reduce the need for changes once the site isbeing constructed. Such user testing includes everything from focus group interviews to unsability studies in whichpeople navigate through prototype sections of a site and report problems they experience. As part of your Website proposal due March 28th, I expect you to include a fairly extensive analysis of who your audience is for yourproposed site.

http://eserver.org/courses/f04/313/lessons/week2.html

Assignement


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Process of

Communication


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Source

Why to communicate?

What to communicate?

Usefulness of the communication

Accuracy of the information to be communicated


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Encoding

The process of transferring the information you want tocommunicate into a form that can be sent and correctly decoded atthe other end.

Ability to convey the information.

Eliminate sources of confusion, e.g. cultural issues, mistakenassumptions, missing information, etc

Know your audience.


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Channels

Written Letters

Memos

Proposals

Reports

Presentations

E-mails

SMS text

Instant Messenging

Tweets

Verbal Meetings

Telephone conversations

Video conferencing


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Decoding

Effective decoding

Listen actively

Read information carefully

Ask questions for better understanding

Avoid/reduce confusion


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Receiver

Prior knowledge can influence the receivers

understanding of the message

Blockages in the receivers mind

The surrounding disturbances


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Feedback can be:

Verbal

Non-verbal

Written

Positive Negative

Feedback


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Context

The sender needs to communicate the contextto the receiver for better clarity in the overallcommunications process.

Situation e.g. introduction, sales pitch, conflict, an exam, etc.

Different cultures e.g. academic, corporate, international, regional, etc.

Language Location or place

e.g. restaurant, office, classroom, etc.


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Communication & the Organisation

Understanding communication process is critical to

management of the organization. Managers

should understand that communication is rarelyunderstood as it should be. The distortion of

the message can happen at any of the stages in

communication process-sender, receiver,

encoding, decoding, channel, message andfeedback.

Prof.Appalayya Meesala, Professor of Management in Deccan School of Management

http://ezinearticles.com/?expert=Dr.Appalayya_Meesala


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What makes a good

communicator?


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What makes a good

communicator?

http://science.uniserve.edu.au/projects/skills/jantrial/communication/communication.htm

OralPresentation

Audience Awareness

Critical Listening

Body Language

Non-VerbalAudience Awareness

Personal Presentation

Body Language

WrittenAcademic Writing

Revision and editing

Critical Reading

Presentation of Data


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An active listener

An effective presenter

A quick thinker

A win-win negotiator

We will be examining each of these areas in detail over the comingweeks

What makes a good communicator?

In other words...


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Active Listening

4 steps


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1. Understand your own

communication style

2. Listen With Purpose

3. Use non-verbal

communication

4. Give feedback

Active Listening

(in detail below)


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High level of self-awareness to creating good & long lasting impressionon others.

Understand how others perceive you

Avoid being a chamelon by changing with every personality you meet

Make others comfortable by selecting appropriate behavior that suitsyour personality while listening. (Ideally, nodding your head).

Active Listening

1) Understand your own

communication style


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People speak 100-175 words per minute but can listen intelligently at 300WPM

One part of human mind pays attention, so it is easy to go into mind drift

Listen with a purpose

Purpose can be to:

gain information

obtain directions

understand others

solve problems

share interest

see how another person feels

show support

etc.

If it is difficult to concentrate, repeat the speakers words in your mind

Active Listening

2) Listen With Purpose


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Eye contact

Smile

Gestures

Your posture

Cultural cues

Active Listening

3) Use Non-verbal Communication

(More on this momentarily...)


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Remember... what someone says and what we hear can be vastly

different

Repeat back or summarize to ensure that you understand

Restate what you think you heard and ask:

"Have I understood you correctly?"

Active Listening

4) Give Feedback


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Non-verbal

Communication Skills

6 Ways of Using Non-verbal

Communication Skills

Effectively


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6 Ways of Using Non-verbalCommunication SkillsEffectively

1. Eye contact

2. Facial expressions

3. Gestures

4.Posture and body orientation5. Proximity

6. Paralinguistic

Non-verbal Communication Skills


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Non-verbal communication

1) Eye Contact

The eyes are most expressive and direct part of our body.

Different types of eye contact:

Action Result

Direct eye contact Confidence

Looking downwards Listening carefully, guilt/shame

Single eyebrow raised Doubt, scepticism

Both eyebrows raised Admiring, encouragement

Bent eyebrows Sudden focus, intesity

Tears Emotional - joy or pain

and many more


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Smile constitutes the largest part of facial expression

Smiling is a powerful cue that transmits:

Happiness

Friendliness

Warmth

Liking

Affiliation


2) Facial Expression


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Head nods, a form of gestures, communicate positive reinforcement

to students and indicate that you are listening.

A lively and animated communication style captures peoples'attention, makes the material more interesting, facilitates

understanding and provides a bit of entertainment.

If you fail to gesture while speaking, you may be perceived as boring,

stiff and unanimated.


3) Gestures


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4) Posture and Body Orientation

You communicate numerous messages by the way you walk, talk,stand and sit.

Standing erect, but not rigid, and leaning slightly forwardcommunicates to your audience that you are approachable,receptive and friendly.

Speaking with your back turned or looking at the floor or ceilingshould be avoided; it communicates disinterest to your audience


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Cultural norms dictate a comfortable distance forinteraction with audience

You should look for signals of discomfort causedby invading youraudiences space

Some of these are:

rocking

leg swinging

tapping gaze aversion

sitting back

clasping hands behind head


5) Proximty


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Vocal elements, such as:

Tone

Pitch

Rhythm

Timbre

Loudness

Inflection


6) Paralinguistic


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You have over630 muscles in your body.

It takes the interaction of 72 different muscles toproduce human speech.

The strongest muscle in your body is your tongue. use it effectively

Eye muscles are the busiest muscles in the body. Scientists estimate they move more than 100,000 times a

day.

You have over30 muscles in your face to help yousmile or frown. 17 muscles to smile

43 muscles frown

So... smile everytime you see someoneits easier!

Finally... some body Facts


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To sum up...

How Project Really Work


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http://www.projectcartoon.com/


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History of Communications

Aristotle

Rhetoric art of oration andpersuasion

1940s & post-World War II

Laswell

Shannon-Weaver

Schramm


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1. Source

2. Encoding

3. Channel

4. Decoding

5. Receiver

6. Context

7. Feedback


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What makes a good

communicator?

http://science.uniserve.edu.au/projects/skills/jantrial/communication/communication.htm

OralPresentation

Audience Awareness

Critical Listening

Body Language

Non-VerbalAudience Awareness

Personal Presentation

Body Language

WrittenAcademic Writing

Revision and editing

Critical Reading

Presentation of Data


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To achieve Active Listening:

1. Understand your own communication style

2. Listen With Purpose

3. Use non-verbal communication

4. Give feedback

Active Listening


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6 Ways of Using Non-verbalCommunication SkillsEffectively

1. Eye contact

2. Facial expressions

3. Gestures

4. Posture and body orientation

5. Proximity

6. Paralinguistic

Non-verbal Communication Skills


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L07 Communication Part 1

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