Kingdom of fungi66

KINGDOM KINGDOM FUNGIFUNGI

11

CharacteristicsCharacteristics

22

Fungi are NOT plants

Nonphotosynthetic Eukaryotes Nonmotile Most are saprobes

(live on dead organisms)

33

Absorptive heterotrophs (digest food first & then absorb it into their bodies

Release digestive enzymes to break down organic material or their host

Store food energy as glycogen

BREAD BREAD MOLDMOLD 44

Important decomposers & recyclers of nutrients in the environment

Most are multicellular, except unicellular yeast

Lack true roots, stems or leaves

MULTICELLULAMULTICELLULAR MUSHROOMR MUSHROOM

UNICELLULAR UNICELLULAR YEASTYEAST

55

Cell walls are made of chitin (complex polysaccharide)

Body is called the Thallus Grow as microscopic

tubes or filaments called hyphae

66

Some fungi are internal or external parasites

A few fungi act like predators & capture prey like roundworms

Predaceous Predaceous Fungi feeding Fungi feeding

on a on a NematodeNematode

(roundworm)(roundworm)77

Some are edible, while others are poisonous

EDIBLEEDIBLE POISONOUSPOISONOUS 88

Produce both sexual and asexual spores

Classified by their sexual reproductive structures

Spores come Spores come in various in various

shapesshapes99

Grow best in warm, moist environments

Mycology is the study of fungi

Mycologists study fungi A fungicide is a chemical

used to kill fungiFungicide Fungicide kills leaf kills leaf fungusfungus

1010

Fungi include puffballs, yeasts, mushrooms, toadstools, rusts, smuts, ringworm, and molds

The antibiotic penicillin is made by the Penicillium mold

Penicillium moldPenicillium mold

PuffballPuffball 1111

Vegetative StructuresVegetative Structures

1212

TubularTubular shape ONEONE continuous

cell Filled with

cytoplasm & nucleicytoplasm & nuclei MultinucleateMultinucleate Hard cell wall of

chitinchitin also in insect exoskeletons

1313

StolonsStolons – horizontal hyphae that connect groups of hyphae to each other

RhizoidsRhizoids – rootlike parts of hyphae that anchor the fungus

1414

STOLOSTOLONN

RHIZOIDSRHIZOIDS

Cross-walls called SEPTA may form compartments

Septa have pores for movement of cytoplasm

Form network called mycelia that run through the thallus (body)

1515

ABSORPTIVE ABSORPTIVE HETEROTROPHHETEROTROPH

Fungi get carbon from organic sources Tips of Hyphae release enzymes Enzymatic breakdown of substrate Products diffuse back into hyphae

Digested material is then used by the hypha

Nucleus “directs” the digestive process

Fungi may be classified based on cell division (with or without cytokinesis) Aseptate or coenocytic (without

septa) Septate (with septa)

1717

NO NO CROSS CROSS WALLSWALLS

CROSS CROSS WALLSWALLS

1818

HAUSTORIAHAUSTORIA – – parasitic hyphae on parasitic hyphae on plants & animalsplants & animals

Septate Septate HyphaeHyphae

Coenocytic Coenocytic HyphaeHyphae

Hyphae grow from their tips Mycelium is an extensive,

feeding web of hyphae Mycelia are the ecologically

active bodies of fungiThis wall is rigid Only the tip wall is plastic and stretches

1919

REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURESREPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURESASEXUAL & SEXUAL SPORESASEXUAL & SEXUAL SPORES

2020

REPRODUCTIONREPRODUCTION

Most fungi reproduce AsexuallyAsexually and SexuallySexually by spores

ASEXUAL reproduction is most most common common method & produces genetically identical genetically identical organisms

Fungi reproduce SEXUALLY when conditions are poor & nutrients conditions are poor & nutrients scarcescarce

2121

SPORESSPORES Spores are an adaptationadaptation to life on

land Ensure that the species will species will

disperse to new locationsdisperse to new locations Each spore contains a reproductive reproductive

cellcell that forms a new organism NonmotileNonmotile Dispersed by windwind

2222

2323

SEXUAL REPRODUCTIONSEXUAL REPRODUCTION Used when Used when

environmental environmental conditions are poor conditions are poor (lack of nutrients, (lack of nutrients, space, moisture…)space, moisture…)

No male or female fungiNo male or female fungi Some fungi show Some fungi show

dimorphismdimorphism May grow as May grow as MYCELIA MYCELIA

or aor a YEAST –LIKE YEAST –LIKE state (Filament at state (Filament at 2525ooC & Round at 37C & Round at 37ooC)C)

2424Dimorphic FungiDimorphic Fungi

SEXUAL REPRODUCTIONSEXUAL REPRODUCTION Haploid 1n hyphae 1n hyphae from 2 mating 2 mating

types (+ and -) FUSE types (+ and -) FUSE (Fertilization)(Fertilization) Forms aForms a hyphae with hyphae with 2 nuclei that 2 nuclei that

becomes a ZYGOTEbecomes a ZYGOTE The zygote divides to make a The zygote divides to make a

SPORESPORE

2525

++ --

SPORE SPORE FORMSFORMS

2626

THREE TYPES OF ASEXUAL THREE TYPES OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTIONREPRODUCTION

FragmentationFragmentation – part of the mycelium becomes separated & begins a life of its own

BuddingBudding – a small cell forms & gets pinched off as it grows to full size Used by yeasts Used by yeasts

Asexual spores Asexual spores – production of spores – production of spores by a single myceliumby a single mycelium

2727

Spores may be Formed: Directly on hyphae Inside sporangia On Fruiting bodies

Amanita fruiting body Pilobolus sporangia

Penicillium hyphae

Fruiting Bodies Fruiting Bodies are modified hyphae that make asexualasexual spores

An upright stalk called the SporangiosphoreSporangiosphore supports the spore case or SporangiumSporangium

2929

Types of Types of Fruiting Fruiting Bodies:Bodies: BasidiaBasidia SporangiaSporangia AscusAscus

3030

BasidiaBasidia

SporangiaSporangia

myceliummycelium

Fruiting BodiesFruiting Bodies

Both are compose

d of hyphae

3131

Mycelia have a huge surface area More surface area aids digestion & absorption of food

mycelium

Germinating spore

3232

Evolution of FungiEvolution of Fungi

3333

Which of the following is most closely related to a mushroom (fungus)?

WHY?WHY?Recent DNA-Recent DNA-

based studies based studies show that fungi show that fungi are more similar are more similar to animals than to animals than to plantsto plants

3434

Evolution of the Evolution of the FungiFungi

Fungi are classified by their REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURES REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURES andand SPORESSPORES

The reproductive structures are: BASIDIA - BASIDIA - BASIDIOMYCOTABASIDIOMYCOTA SPORANGIA - SPORANGIA - ZYGOSPORANGIAZYGOSPORANGIA ASCUS - ASCUS - ASCOMYCOTAASCOMYCOTA

3636

Spores are made of:Spores are made of: Dehydrated cytoplasmDehydrated cytoplasm Protective coatProtective coat Haploid cellHaploid cell

Wind, animals, water, & insects Wind, animals, water, & insects spread sporesspread spores

Spores germinates when they land Spores germinates when they land on a moist surface on a moist surface (new hyphae (new hyphae form)form)

3737

ClassificatiClassification & on &

PhylogenyPhylogeny

motile spores

zygosporangia

asci basidia

3838

Major Groups of FungiMajor Groups of Fungi

3939

MAJOR GROUPS OF FUNGIMAJOR GROUPS OF FUNGI Within the past

few years, several groups have been re-re-classified into classified into the protiststhe protists

Two of these groups are the slime molds slime molds and and water moldswater molds

SaprobesSaprobes Decomposers Molds, mushrooms, etc.

ParasitesParasites Harm host Rusts and smuts (attack plants)

MutualistsMutualists Both benefit Lichens Mycorrhizas

4141

MAJOR GROUPS OF FUNGIMAJOR GROUPS OF FUNGI

Basidiomycota Basidiomycota – – Club Fungi ZygomycotaZygomycota – – Bread Molds Chytridiomycota Chytridiomycota – – Chytrids AM Fungi AM Fungi - - Mycorrhizas Ascomycota Ascomycota – – Sac Fungi Lichens Lichens – – Symbiosis (algae &

Fungi)

ZYGOMYCOTAZYGOMYCOTA

4343

Called the sporangiumfungi

Commonly called molds Also includes blights Hyphae have no cross

walls (aseptate) Grow rapidly Includes bread mold

Rhizopus stolonifer

Rhizopus on strawberries

Tomato BlightTomato Blight

Asexual reproductive structure called sporangiumsporangium atop sporangiospores sporangiospores make sporesspores

Rhizoids Rhizoids anchor the mold & release digestive enzymes & absorb food

StolonsStolons connect the fruiting bodies

SexualSexual spores are produced by conjugationconjugation when (+) hyphae and (-) hyphae fusehyphae fuse

Sexual spores are called ZYGOSPORESZYGOSPORES

Zygospores can endure harsh endure harsh environmentsenvironments until conditions improvezygosporezygospore

BASIDIOMYCOTABASIDIOMYCOTA

4747

Called Club fungi Includes:

MushroomsMushrooms ToadstoolsToadstools Bracket & Shelf fungiBracket & Shelf fungi PuffballsPuffballs StinkhornsStinkhorns Rusts and smutsRusts and smuts

Some are used as food (mushrooms)(mushrooms)

Others damage crops (rusts & (rusts & smuts) smuts)

Corn Corn SmutSmut

Soybean Soybean RustRust

Portobello Portobello MushroomsMushrooms

CHARACTERISTICS OF CLUB CHARACTERISTICS OF CLUB FUNGIFUNGI

SeldomSeldom reproduce asexually The visible mushroom is a fruiting bodyfruiting body BasidiocarpBasidiocarp (fruiting body) is made of a

stalk called the stipestipe and a flattened cap cap with gills called BasidiaBasidia underneath

BasidiosporesBasidiospores are found on basidia Annulus Annulus is a skirt-like ring around some

stipes VegetativeVegetative structures found below

ground5050

Fig 31.12

Nuclear fusion in basidium

Meiosis

Hyphal fusion of haploid myceliahaploid

mycelium

young basidia - the only diploid cells

mycelium and fruiting body are dikaryotic

N 2N N+N

5151

ASCOMYCOTAASCOMYCOTA

5252

Called Sac fungiSac fungi Includes Cup fungi, morels, truffles, Cup fungi, morels, truffles,

yeasts, yeasts, and mildew mildew May be plant parasites (Dutch elm (Dutch elm

disease and Chestnut blight)disease and Chestnut blight) Reproduce sexually & asexually Ascus Ascus - sac that makes ascosporesascospores in

sexual reproduction Specialized hyphae known as Ascocarps Ascocarps

contain the asci

Yeasts reproduce asexually by budding budding (buds break off to make more yeast cells)

AsexualAsexual spores called conidiaconidia form on the tips of special hyphae called conidiophoresconidiophores CONIDIACONIDIA

CONIDIA FORMATIONCONIDIA FORMATION

5555

YEASTS BUDDINGYEASTS BUDDING

SaccharomycesSaccharomyces

TrufflesTruffles and morelsmorels are good examples of edible ascomycetes

Penicillium mold Penicillium mold makes the antibiotic penicillin.

Some ascomycetes also gives flavor to flavor to certain cheeses.cheeses.

Saccharomyces Saccharomyces cerevesiae cerevesiae (yeast) is used to make bread rise and to ferment beer & wine.

CHYTRIDIOMYCOTACHYTRIDIOMYCOTA

5858

Called chytridschytrids Produce motile motile

sporesspores Mostly saprobessaprobes

and parasitesparasites in aquatic habitats

Biodegrade and Biodegrade and recycle recycle nutrients

Chytrid that attacks Chytrid that attacks PotatoesPotatoes

MYCORRHIZAMYCORRHIZA

6060

MYCORRHIZASMYCORRHIZAS Fungus associated with plant rootsassociated with plant roots MutualismMutualism between:

FungusFungus (nutrient & water uptake for plant)

PlantPlant (carbohydrate for fungus) Several kindskinds:

Zygomycota – hyphae invade root cells Ascomycota & Basidiomycota – hyphae

invade root but don’t penetrate cells Extremely important ecologicallyExtremely important ecologically

6161

LICHENSLICHENS

6262

LICHENSLICHENS Mutualism

between: FungusFungus (structure) Algae or Algae or

cyanobacteria cyanobacteria (provides food)

Form a thallus (body) FolioseFoliose FruticoseFruticose CrustoseCrustose

LICHEN STRUCTURELICHEN STRUCTURE

6464

LICHENS AS BIOMONITORSLICHENS AS BIOMONITORS Thalli act like spongesact like sponges Some species more sensitivesensitive

than others to pollutantsto pollutants Which species are present can

indicate air qualityair quality Most resistant species can also

be analyzed for pollutantspollutants

6565

6666