Keseimbangan Arus Jaringan Transportasi

7/28/2019 Keseimbangan Arus Jaringan Transportasi

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Oleh :

Mira Rahayu

Keseimbangan Arus

Jaringan Transportasi


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Kesimbangan Pasar Ekonomi

Fungsi Volume biaya pemakai

Fungsi Permintaan

Biaya Pemakai

Volume

Teori ekonomi dasar mengenai keseimbangan pasar berlaku untuk

situasi dimana harga suatu komoditi yang dibeli dan dijualditentukan sedemikian rupa sehingga, kuantitas total yang

diproduksi sama dengan kuantitas total yang dibeli.


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Perluasan guna mencakup

tingkat pelayanan

Pendekatan dalam mempertimbangkanvariasi tingkat pelayanan;

1. Menghubungkan kuantitas transportasi

yang diminta dengan sebuah ukuran biayatotal. Pendekatan ini digunakan untuk

menganalisis arus kendaraan pada jalan

2. Menghubungkan permintaan jasatransportasi dengan karakrteristik dan

harga yang ditawarkan untuk pelayanan


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Keseimbangan Jaringan

Transportasi (1)

Permintaan akan transportasi akan diketahui melaluikuantitas permintaan diantara dua daerah yang di

sebut zona. Konsep Jaringan Transportasi :

1. Jalan tunggal

2. 2 jalan yg menghubungkan 2 titik

3. 2 rute alternatif di antara dua zona lalu lintas


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Keseimbangan Jaringan

Transportasi (2)

Arus keseimbangan yangmemperlakukan harga,

volume dan tingkat

pelayanan sebagai

variabel penentuTingkat

pelayanan(bernilai negatif

misalnya waktu

perjalanan)

Kuantitas atau

volume

Fungsi penawaran dan

fungsi tingkat pelayanan

volume)

Tingkat pelayanan

(bernilai negatif, misalnya

waktu perjalanan)

Fungsi permintaan

Keseimbangan (pada

, y1, q1)1

Harga


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Type jaringan transportasi


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Traffic Assignment (1)

Jaringan transportasi kontemporer secara intensive digunakantidak diacuhkan dalam beberapa hal, terutama padasistem transportasi perkotaan. Ada 2 Konsep pentingberhubungan dengan sistem transportasi jalan raya:

1. The transport demand antara 1 tempat dengan tempatlain harus diketahui, setidaknya diperkirakan. Sebagaicontoh , the gravity model memberikan satu metodologiuntuk mengestimasi potential flows antara satu lokasidengan lokasi lain jika set of attributes diketahui, sepertijarak respective dan emission serta attraction variables.

2. The transport supply between tempat juga harus

diketahui. Hal ini melibatkan establishing a set of pathsatara tempat yang generating and attracting movements.Termasuk juga geometric definition dari jaringantransportasi dengan the graph theory.


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Traffic Assignment (2)


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Example new mexico flow

maps of urban area


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2. Traffic and its Properties

Traffic merupakan sejumlah unit yang berhubungan pada satuperiode wakktu. (kendaraan, penumpang, beban , tons offreight, etc). Pada dasarnya karakteristik dari aliranjaringan transportasi ada 2 yaitu:

1. Uninterrupted traffic. Traffic yang diatur oleh interakasi

antara kendaraan and dan interaksi kendaraan deenganinfrastruktur . Contoh yang paling umum adalah highway.

2. Interrupted traffic. Traffic yang diatur oleh faktr ekternal,contohnya traffic signal, yang biasanya menimbulkanantrian. Pada kondisi Under interrupted flow, interaksiantara kendraan dan kendaraan dgn infrastruktur menjaditidak sigifikan. Contoh yang umum adalah lampu lalu lintasdan tanda tanda jalan .


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Aknowledge

Pembatasan lalu lintas dapat direncanakan secara efektif agardapat mengatur atau mengontrol tingkat arus lalu

lintas pada suatu daerah secara keseluruhan. Metoda inidiharapkan dapat mengakibatkan

para pemakai jalan akan memberikan respons terhadap suatu

kondisi tertentu yang timbulkarena penerapan kebijaksanaan pembatasan lalu lintas yangdiberlakukan seperti:

a. Pemilikan moda transportasi lain;

b. Merubah waktu perjalanan;c. Pemilihan rute yang lain;

d. Perubahan tujuan perjalanan atau;

e. Tidak melakukan perjalanan sama sekali.


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Pada kondisi macet, setiap penambahan jumlah kendaraandalam arus lalu lintas akan

menambah jumlah waktu yang diperlukan dan juga biaya

yang dibebankan pada setiap

kendaraan yang berada dalam arus lalu lintas tersebut. Halini dapat di jelaskan pada

gambar 2.1 berikut ini yang menggambarkan hubungan

antara arus lalu lintas dengan waktu

perjalanan:


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Jika suatu daerah perkotaan mempunyai problemkemacetan maka masyarakat sering mengusulkanuntuk membatasi akses kendaraan pribadi kedaerah tersebut dengan menggunakan pembatasan

fisik, yaitu:a. Mengurangi jumlah jalan akses ke daerah tersebut,seperti jalan satu arah atau penutupan jalan.

b. Mengurangi waktu hijau lampu pengatur lalu lintas

sepanjang jalan-jalan menuju daerah tersebut.c. Mencadangkan beberapa jalan akses menjadi jalan

untuk angkutan umum atau tempat parkir.


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Pelaksanaan pengaturan parkir telah seiringdilakukan sejak tahun enam puluhan, meliputi:

a. Pembatasan tempat parkir di tepi jalan (on street

parking).

b. Merencanakan fasilitas tempat parkir di luar daerah

tersebut sepertipark and ride.

c. Pengaturan biaya parkir.

d. Denda yang tinggi terhadap pelanggar parkir.


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PEDOMAN TEKNIS PRINSIP DASARPEMBATASAN LALU LINTASKENDARAAN PRIBADI

Tiga sistem pembayaran yang berbeda dapat diterapkan untuk biaya masuk yaitu:

a) Supplementary License (sistem tanda izin) adalah suatu tanda izin yangmemperbolehkan penggunaan kendaraan di dalam suatu daerah tertentu dandiperlihatkan di kaca jendela pada waktu pemeriksaan. Tanda izin dapat dibelidalam jumlah banyak dan dapat dikembalikan jika tanda izin tersebut tidakdigunakan. Daerah perkotaan bagi menjadi beberapa zona dengan biaya yangberbeda-beda ataupun dengan suatu harga yang sama untuk seluruh daerahtersebut.

b) Sistem Biaya Tol, banyak digunakan pada jalan bebas hambatan, jembatandan terowongan. Akan tetapi, di dalam suatu daerah perkotaan metoda inidiperkirakan tidak cocok karena menimbulkan biaya lain pada waktupengumpulan biaya tol tersebut.

c) Sistem Tanda Masuk adalah suatu tanda masuk yang memperbolehkan suatukendaraan masuk ke daerah tertentu melalui pintu-pintu masuk yang terbatas

jumlahnya pada periode waktu tertentu (pada jam sibuk pagi hari).


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Arus Pergerakan penumpang

dan bagasi


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Air Traffic

Air Traffic Control (ATC) is a service provided by ground-based controllerswho direct aircraft on the ground and in the air. A controller's primarytask is to separate certain aircraft to prevent them from coming tooclose to each other horizontally and vertically. Secondary tasks includeensuring orderly and expeditious traffic flowand providing advisories,such as weather information and navigation directions (vectors).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_traffic_controllerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircrafthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircrafthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_traffic_controller


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a) In many countries, ATC services are provided throughoutthe majority of airspace, and its services are available to allusers (private, military, and commercial).

b) When controllers are responsible for separating some or allaircraft, such airspace is called "controlled airspace" incontrast to "uncontrolled airspace." Depending on the type

of flight and the class of airspace, ATC may issueinstructions that pilots are required to follow, or merelyadvisories to assist pilots operating in the airspace. In allcases, however, the pilot has final responsibility for thesafety of the flight, and may deviate from ATC instructions

in an emergency.c) Air traffic control services can be divided into two major

subspecialties, terminal control and en-route control.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled_airspacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncontrolled_airspacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncontrolled_airspacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled_airspace


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Air Traffic Control

Ground Control

Ground Control (sometimes known as Ground Movement Control) isresponsible for the airport "movement" areas, or areas not released tothe airlines or other users. This generally includes all taxiways, holdingareas, and some transitional aprons or intersections where aircraft arrivehaving vacated the runway and departure gates.

Local Control

Local Control (most often referred to as the generic "Tower" control,although Tower control can also refer to a combination of the local,ground and clearance delivery positions) is responsible for the activerunway surfaces. Local control clears aircraft for take off or landing andensures the runway is clear for these aircraft. To accomplish this, localcontrol controllers are normally given 2 to 5 nautical miles (4 to 9 km) of

airspace around the airport, allowing them to give the clearancesnecessary for airport safety. If the local controller detects any unsafecondition, a landing aircraft will be told to "go around" and will be re-sequenced into the landing pattern by the terminal area controller.


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4-way stop intersections

1. Whichever vehicle stops first has priority.

2. If two vehicles stop at the same time, priority isgiven to the vehicle on the right.

3. If three vehicles stop at the same time, priority isgiven to the two vehicles going in the samedirection.

4. If four vehicles stop, drivers usually usegestures and other communication to establishright-of-way. In some areas, the custom is forthe north-south or the more-trafficked road tohave priority, although this is rare.


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Pedestrian crossings

Pedestrians must often cross from one side of a road to the other, and in

doing so may come into the way of vehicles traveling on the road. Inmany places pedestrians are entirely left to look after themselves, that is,they must observe the road and cross when they can see that no trafficwill threaten them. Busier cities usually paint "pedestrian crossings",which are strips of the road where pedestrians are expected to cross.

The Pedestrian crossings without traffic signals are also common. In this

case, the traffic law usually states that the pedestrian has the right ofway when crossing, and that vehicles must stop when a pedestrian usesthe crossing. Countries and driving cultures vary greatly as to the extentto which this is respected.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:SaoPaulo_FariaLima.jpg


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Intelligent Transportation Systems

Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) is a system of hardware, softwareand operators that allow better monitoring and control of traffic in orderto optimize traffic flow. As the number of vehicle lane miles traveled peryear continues to increase dramatically, and as the number of vehiclelane miles constructed per year has not been keeping pace, this has ledto ever-increasing traffic congestion. As a cost-effective solution toward

optimizing traffic, ITS presents a number of technologies to reducecongestion by monitoring traffic flows through the use of sensors and livecameras, and in turn rerouting traffic as needed through the use ofvariable message boards (VMS), highway advisory radio (HAR) andother systems. Additionally, the roadway network has been increasinglyfitted with additional communications and control infrastructure to allowtraffic operations personnel to monitor weather conditions, fordispatching maintenance crews to perform snow or ice removal, as wellas intelligent systems such as automated bridge de-icing systems whichhelp to prevent accidents.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_congestionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_congestionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_congestion


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Classification

The U.S. Department of Transportation usesthe following scale, based on lane occupancy,

to classify traffic congestion:

35% or higher: Stop and Go22% - 35%: Heavy

15% - 22%: Moderate

0-15%: Wide Open
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Transportationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Transportation


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Water Traffic Rules

1. SpeedAll vessels must travel at a safe speed at all times.2. VisibilityOther vessels slow down on busy waterways and when near

moored or anchored vessels, working vessels showing special signals and largevessels which have difficulties in manoeuvring.Navigation hazards slow downin shallow areas, or in unfamiliar waterways. Water depth can vary and changefrequently. Not all hazards may be marked or lit, and signs, buoys, marks orlights may have shifted or been vandalised.

3. Wind, waves and currents may adversely affect the manoeuvrability of avessel.

4. Manoeuvrability of the vessel Stopping and turning ability depends on thespeed travelled, wind and current and the boats design (such as hull shape,engine and propeller type and number.)


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Avoiding Collisions

All masters (drivers) must be aware of the International Regulations forPreventing Collisions at Sea. A summary of these rules is given in thissection.

Lookout

A good lookout must be kept by sight and hearing. The master must be fullyaware of the boating environment, especially in bad weather, restrictedvisibility or darkness. Dont forget to look all around even behind you.

Dont confuse the lookout duties of the master with those of the observerwhen the boat is towing a person on skis, tubes, etc.

The master is responsible at all times for keeping a lookout for dangers.


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Giving Way

The master must continuously assess the risk of collision with other vesselsand power vessels must give way to:

sailing vessels

vessels approaching head on (by altering course to starboard)

vessels approaching from the right (starboard) hand side (ie, crossing)vessels displaying the special lights and signals shown in this chapter

large vessels restricted in their manoeuvrability

any vessel being overtaken and

vessels engaged in fishing activities and showing appropriate signals.


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Sound Signals

Special sound signals exist for vessels to indicate theirmanoeuvring intentions when they are in sight of oneanother.

1 short blast ... I am altering course to starboard (the right).2 short blasts ... I am altering course to port (the left).3 short blasts ... I am operating engines astern(stopping/slowing).5 short blasts ... I am unsure of your intentions and I doubtwhether you are taking sufficient action to avoid collision.


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Power Gives Way to Sail

A power driven vessel must give way to a sailing vessel unlessthe sailing vessel is in the process of overtaking it.

Power Dr ven Vesse s Mee ng


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Power Dr ven Vesse s Mee ngHead on

When two power driven vessels are meetinghead on, each must alter course to starboard

(to the right) and pass at a safe distance.


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Power Driven Vessels Crossing

In crossing situations, give way to the right


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Vessels Overtaking

Distance Off (Vessels Other Than PWC)

When travelling at a speed of 10 knots or more youmust keep well away from people and objects in the

water. There are minimum distances you must keep

from obstacles. If you cannot keep these distances you

must slow down to under 10 knots. The closer you get,

the slower you must go.

i i i


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Sailing Vessels and Sailboards

When two sailing vessels have wind on differentsides, the vessel with wind on the port side gives way.

When both craft have wind on the same side, thevessel which is to windward shall keep out of the wayof the vessel which is to leeward.

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