Kebijakan Dividen

Payout Policy

To make appropriate dividend decisions for the To make appropriate dividend decisions for the firm, management need to understand types of

dividends, arguments about relevance of dividends, the factors that affect dividend policy,

and types of dividend policies.

Dividen merupakan bagian dari labayang dibagikan kepada pemilik saham �

Laba sebelum bunga dan pajak

Bunga

Laba sebelum pajakLaba sebelum pajak

Pajak

Laba setelah pajak

Dividen saham preferen

Laba yang tersedia untuk pemilik saham biasa

The term payout policy refers to the decisions

that firm make about whether to distribute

cash to shareholders, how much cash to

distribute, and by what means cash should be distribute, and by what means cash should be

distributed.

Dividend Fundamentals

A dividend is a redistribution from earnings.

Retained earnings is earnings not distributed to owners as dividends, are a form of internal financing, the dividend decision can significantly affect the firm’s external financing requirements.financing requirements.

If the firm needs financing, the larger cash dividend paid, the greater the amount of financing it must raise externally through borrowing or through the sale of common or preferred stock.

Cash Dividend Payment Procedures:

At quarterly or semiannual meetings, a firm’s board of directors decides whether and in what amount to pay cash dividends.If a firm’s directors declare a dividend, they issue a statement indicating the dividend amount and setting three important dates, the record date, a statement indicating the dividend amount and setting three important dates, the record date, ex-dividend date and payment date. Dividend policy is one of the factors that drives an investor’s decision to purchase a stock, most companies announce their dividend policy.

• Date of RecordDate of RecordDate of RecordDate of Record: The date on which investors must own shares in order to receive the dividend payment.

• Ex Dividend DateEx Dividend DateEx Dividend DateEx Dividend Date: Four days prior to the date of record. The day on which a stock trades ex record. The day on which a stock trades ex dividend (exclusive of dividends).

• Distribution DateDistribution DateDistribution DateDistribution Date: The day on which a dividend is paid (payment date) to stockholders.

Cash Dividend Payment Procedures:

Example 14.1Example 14.1

On June 24, 2010, the board of directors announced that the firm’s next quarterly cash dividend would be $0.15 per share, payable on October 26,2010 to shareholders of record on Tuesday, October 5, 2010.

Firm shares would begin trading ex dividend on the previous Friday, October 1.

The firm had 420,061,666 shares of common stock outstanding, so the total dividend payment would be $ 63,009,250.

Before the dividend was declared, the key

accounts of the firm were as follows:

Cash $ 1,826,000,000 Dividends Payable $ 0

Retained Earnings 5,797,000,000Retained Earnings 5,797,000,000

When the dividend was announced by the directors,

$63,009,250 of the retained earnings ($0.15/share x

420,061,666 shares) was transferred to the dividends payable

account. As a result, the key accounts changed as follows:account. As a result, the key accounts changed as follows:

Cash $ 1,826,000,000 Dividends Payable $ 63,009,250

Retained Earnings 5,733,990,750

When firm actually paid the dividend on

October 26, this produced the following

balances in the key accounts of the firm:Cash $1,763,000,750 Dividends Payable $ 0Cash $1,763,000,750 Dividends Payable $ 0

Retained Earnings 5,733,990,750

The net effect of declaring and paying the

dividend was no reduce the firm’s total assets

(and stockholders’ equity) by $ 63,009,250.

Successful companies earn income. That income can then be reinvested in operating assets, used to retire debt, or distributed to stockholders.

If decision is made to distribute income to stockholders, 3 key issues arise:stockholders, 3 key issues arise:

(1) how much should be distributed? (2) should the distribution be in form of dividends or

should the cash be passed on to stockholders by buying back stock?

(3) how stable should the distribution be; that is, should the funds paid out from year to year be stable and dependable, which stockholders like, or be allowed to vary stockholders like, or be allowed to vary with the firms’ cash flows and investment requirements, which might be better from the firms; standpoint?

What do investors prefer?

When deciding how much cash to distribute, financial managers must keep in mind that the firms’ objective is to maximize shareholders value.

Consequently, the target payout ratio should be based in large part on investors’ preferences for dividends versus large part on investors’ preferences for dividends versus capital gains: Do investors prefer to receive dividends or to have the firm plow the cash back into business, which presumably will produce capital gains?

Constant growth stock valuation model:

P0 = D1

rs - grs - g

Target payout ratio defined as the percentage of net income to be paid out as cash dividends.

Jika perusahaan menaikkan rasio pembagian

dividen, D1 akan naik, maka akan menaikkan

harga saham.

Jika dividen tunai terus dibagikan, maka makin Jika dividen tunai terus dibagikan, maka makin

sedikit dana yang tersedia untuk investasi,

sehingga growth rendah, dan dapat

menurunkan harga saham.

Optimal Dividend Policy

The dividend policy that strikes a balance

between current dividend and future growth

and maximizes that firm’s stock price.

� Kebijakan dividen yang menciptakan � Kebijakan dividen yang menciptakan keseimbangan antara pembagian dividen saat ini dan pertumbuhan di waktu yang akan datang yang akan memaksimumkan harga saham.

Dividend Reinvestment Plans

• Dividend Reinvestment Plans (DRIPs) enable stockholders to use dividends received on the firm’s stock to acquire additional shares—even fractional shares—at little or no transaction cost.

• With DRIPs, plan participants typically can acquire shares at about 5 percent below the prevailing market prices.

• From its point of view, the firm can issue new shares to • From its point of view, the firm can issue new shares to participants more economically, avoiding the under pricing and flotation costs that would accompany the public sale of new shares.

The Relevance of Dividend Policy

The most important question about payout

policy:

Does payout/dividend policy have a significant

effect on the value of a firm?effect on the value of a firm?

Residual Theory of Dividends

The residual theory of dividends suggests that

dividend payments should be viewed as

residual—the amount left over after all

acceptable investment opportunities have acceptable investment opportunities have

been undertaken.

The firm would treat the dividend decision in

three steps :

Step 1: Determine the optimal level of capital

expenditures which is given by the point of

intersection of the investment opportunities intersection of the investment opportunities

schedule (IOS) and weighted marginal cost of

capital schedule (WMCC).

Step 2: Using the optimal capital structure

proportions, estimate the total amount of

equity financing needed to support the equity financing needed to support the

expenditures estimated in Step 1.

Step 3: Because the cost of retained earnings is less

than new equity, use retained earnings to meet the

equity requirement in Step 2. If inadequate, sell new

stock. If there is an excess of retained earnings,

distribute the surplus amount—the residual—as

dividends.

• According to this approach, as long as the firm’s equity need exceeds the amount of retained earnings, no cash dividend is paid.

• The argument for this approach is that it is sound management to be certain that the company has the management to be certain that the company has the money it needs to compete effectively.

• This view of dividends suggest thar the required return of investors, is not influenced by the firm’s dividend policy—a premise that in turn implies that dividend policy is irrelevant in the sense that it does not affect firm value.

EXAMPLE:

Overbrook Industries has available from the current period’s operations

$1.8 million that can be retained or paid out in dividends.

The firm’s optimal capital structure is 30% debt and 70% equity.

Figure depicts the firm’s Weighted Marginal Cost of Capital (WMCC) Figure depicts the firm’s Weighted Marginal Cost of Capital (WMCC)

schedule along with three investment opportunity schedules (IOSs).

WMCC and IOSs

For each IOS, the level of total new financing or

investment determined by the point of

intersection of the IOS and the WMCC has intersection of the IOS and the WMCC has

been noted.

For IOS 1 , it is $ 1.5 million, for IOS 2 $ 2.4

million, and for IOS 3 $ 3.2 million.

Applying the Residual Theory of Dividends for

Each of Three IOSs

Table shows that if IOS1 exists, the firm will pay

out $750,000 in dividends because only

$1,050,000 of the $1,800,000 of available $1,050,000 of the $1,800,000 of available

earnings is needed. � 41,7% payout ratio.

The table also shows the dividend payouts

associated with IOS2 and IOS3. Depending on

which IOS exists, the firm’s dividend would in which IOS exists, the firm’s dividend would in

effect be the residual, if any, remaining after

all acceptable investments have been

financed.

The Dividend Irrelevance Theory

• Merton Miller and Franco Modigliani (MM) developed a theory that shows that in perfect financial markets (certainty, no taxes, no transactions costs or other market imperfections), the value of a firm is unaffected by the distribution of dividends.

• They argue that value is driven only by the future earnings and risk of its investments.

• Retaining earnings or paying them in dividends does not affect this value.

Some studies suggested that large dividend

changes affect stock price behavior.

MM argued, however, that these effects are the

result of the information conveyed by these result of the information conveyed by these

dividend changes, not to the dividend itself.

• Furthermore, MM argue for the existence of a

“clientele effect.”

• Investors preferring dividends will purchase

high dividend stocks, while those preferring high dividend stocks, while those preferring

capital gains will purchase low dividend paying

stocks.

‘clientele effect ‘

The argument that different payout policies

attract different types of investors but still do

not change the value of the firm.not change the value of the firm.

In summary, MM and other dividend irrelevance proponents argue that—all else being equal—an investor’s required return, and therefore the value of the firm, is unaffected by dividend policy because:

1. The firm’s value is determined solely by the earning power and risk of its asset investments.risk of its asset investments.

2. If dividends do affect value, they do so because of the information content, which signals management’s future expectations.

3. A clientele effect exists that causes shareholders to receive the level of dividends they expect.

Arguments for Dividend Relevance

“Dividend relevance theory”, advanced by Gordon and Lintner, that there is a direct relationship between a firm’s dividend policy and its and market value.

“bird-in-the-hand” argument. The belief, in support of dividend relevance theory, that investors see current dividend relevance theory, that investors see current dividends as less risky than future dividends or capital gains.

“information content’. The information privided by the dividends of a firm with respect to future earnings, which causes owners to bid up or down the price of the firm’s stock.

Kesimpulan:

1. Jika kesempatan investasi meningkat, maka rasio

pembayaran dividen turun.

2. Investor memperkirakan, bahwa pembagian dividen

saat ini sebagai petunjuk estimasi pendapatan

perusahaan di waktu yang akan datangperusahaan di waktu yang akan datang

3. Jika pembagian dividen akan mempengaruhi harga

saham, maka hal tersebut sebagai

keinginan pemegang saham untuk

meminimalkan/menunda pembayaran pajak,

dan peranan dividen sebagai alat untuk

meminimalkan biaya keagenanmeminimalkan biaya keagenan

4. Jika teori harapan benar, maka manajemen

merencanakan mengenai pembagian dividen

dan rencana investasi dengan baik .

5. Karena investor juga membayar pajak

penghasilan, maka investor yang sudah berada

dalam tax bracket yang tinggi ( di Indonesia

35%), mungkin akan menyukai untuk tidak 35%), mungkin akan menyukai untuk tidak

menerima dividen dan memilih capital gains.

Factors Affecting Dividend Policy:

1. Legal Constraints

2. Contractual Constraints

3. Internal Constraints

4. Growth Prospects4. Growth Prospects

5. Owner Considerations

6. Market Considerations

Types of Dividend Policies:

1. Constant-Payout-Ratio Policy

2. Regular Dividend Policy

3. Low-Regular-and-Extra Dividend Policy

Constant-Payout-Ratio Policy

• With a constant-payout-ratio dividend policy, the firm establishes that a specific percentage of earnings is paid to shareholders each period.

• A major shortcoming of this approach is that if the firm’s earnings drop or are volatile, so too will be the dividend earnings drop or are volatile, so too will be the dividend payments.

• As mentioned earlier, investors view volatile dividends as negative and risky—which can lead to lower share prices.

Example:

Peachtree Industries has a policy of paying out

40% of earnings in cash dividends. In the

periods when a loss occurs, the firm’s policy is

to pay no cash dividends.to pay no cash dividends.

Data Peachtree’s earnings, dividends, and

average stock prices for the past 6 years

follow:

Regular Dividend Policy

• The regular dividend policy is based on the payment of a

fixed-dollar dividend each period.

• It provides stockholders with positive information

indicating that the firm is doing well and it minimizes

uncertainty.uncertainty.

• Generally, firms using this policy will increase the regular

dividend once earnings are proven to be reliable.

Example:

The dividend policy of Woodward Laboratories is to pay annual dividends

of $1.00 per share until per-share earnings exceeded $4.00 for three

consecutive years.

At that point, the annual dividend is raised to $1.50 per share, and a new

earnings plateau is established. earnings plateau is established.

The firm does not anticipate decreasing its dividend unless its liquidity is

in jeopardy.

Data for Woodward’s earnings, dividends, and average stock prices for the

past 12 years follow.

Low-Regular-and-Extra Dividend Policy

• Using this policy, firms pay a low regular dividend, supplemented by additional dividends when earnings can support it.

• When earnings are higher than normal, the firm will pay this additional dividend, often called an extra dividend, without the obligation to maintain it during subsequent without the obligation to maintain it during subsequent periods.

• This type of policy is often used by firms whose sales and earnings are susceptible to swings in the business cycle.

Other Forms of Dividends:

1. Stock Dividends

2. Stock Splits

3. Stock Repurchases

Stock Dividends

• A stock dividend is paid in stock rather than in cash.

• Many investors believe that stock dividends increase the value of their holdings.

• In fact, from a market value standpoint, stock dividends function much like stock splits. The investor ends up function much like stock splits. The investor ends up owning more shares, but the value of their shares is less.

• From a book value standpoint, funds are transferred from retained earnings to common stock and additional paid-in-capital.

• Accounting Aspects

The current stockholder’s equity on the

balance sheet of Garrison Corporation is as

shown in the following accounts.

If Garrison declares a 10% stock dividend and the current market

price of the stock is $15 per share, $150,000 of retained earnings

(10% x 100,000 shares x $15 per share) will be capitalized.

The $150,000 will be distributed between the common stock (par) The $150,000 will be distributed between the common stock (par)

account ($ 40,000) and paid-in-capital in excess of par account

based on the par value of the common stock ($ 110,000).

The resulting balances are as follows:

Because 10,000 new shares (10% x 100,000)

have been issued at the current price of $15

per share, $150,000 ($15 per share x 10,000

shares) is shifted from retained earnings to shares) is shifted from retained earnings to

the common stock and paid-in-capital

accounts.

The Shareholder’s Viewpoint

– From a shareholder’s perspective, stock dividends

result in a dilution of shares owned.

– For example, assume a stockholder owned 100

shares at $20/share ($2,000 total) before a stock shares at $20/share ($2,000 total) before a stock

dividend.

– If the firm declares a 10% stock dividend, the

shareholder will have 110 shares of stock.

However, the total value of her shares will still be

$2,000.

– Therefore, the value of her share must have fallen

to $18.18/share ($2,000/110).

The Company’s Viewpoint

– Disadvantages of stock dividends include:

• The cost of issuing the new shares

• Taxes and listing fees on the new shares

• Other recording costs•

– Advantages of stock dividends include:

• The company conserves needed cash

• Signaling effect to the shareholders that the firm is

retaining cash because of lucrative investment

opportunitiesopportunities

Stock Splits

• A stock split is a recapitalization that affects

the number of shares outstanding, par value,

earnings per share, and market price.

• The rationale for a stock split is that it lowers • The rationale for a stock split is that it lowers

the price of the stock and makes it more

attractive to individual investors

Example:

Delphi Company had 200,000 shares of $2-par

value common stock outstanding and declares

a 2-for-1 split. The total before and after split

impact on stockholders equity is:impact on stockholders equity is:

• A reverse stock split reduces the number of

shares outstanding and raises stock price—the

opposite of a stock split.

• The rationale for a reverse stock split is to add • The rationale for a reverse stock split is to add

respectability to the stock and convey the

meaning that it isn’t a junk stock.

Research on both stock splits and stock

dividends generally supports the theory that

they do not affect the value of shares. They

are often used, however, to send a signal to are often used, however, to send a signal to

investors that good things are going to

happen.

Stock Repurchases

• A stock repurchase is the purchasing and

retiring of stock by the issuing corporation.

• A repurchase is a partial liquidation since it

decreases the number of shares outstanding.decreases the number of shares outstanding.

• It may also be thought of as an alternative to

cash dividends.

Alternative reasons for stock repurchases:

– To use the shares for another purpose

– To alter the firm’s capital structure

– To increase EPS and ROE resulting in a higher market price

– To reduce the chance of a hostile takeover

Stock Repurchases Viewed as a Cash Dividend

• The repurchase of stock results in a type of reverse dilution.

• The net effect of the repurchase is similar to the payment of a cash dividend.

However, if the firm pays the dividend, the owner would • However, if the firm pays the dividend, the owner would have to pay tax on the income.

• The gain on the increase in share price as a result of the repurchase, however, would not be taxed until sold.