KARNATAKA INTEGRATED AND SUSTAINABLE WATER …knnlindia.com/kaveri2/KISWRMIP/Documents/VNC Feasi… · · 2017-06-02VOLUME 1: MAIN REPORT ... 10.3 Total Direct Charges ... improve

KARNATAKA NEERAVARI NIGAM LTD

KARNATAKA INTEGRATED AND SUSTAINABLE

WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT

INVESTMENT PROGRAM (KISWRMIP)

ADB LOAN No. 0085-IND/LOAN No. 3172

VIJAYANAGARA CHANNELS

FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT VOLUME 1: MAIN REPORT

September 2016

PROJECT SUPPORT CONSULTANT (PSC)

SMEC International Pty Ltd, Australia

in association with SMEC (India) Pvt Ltd

http://www.google.co.in/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwj2__K9vv7JAhWSc44KHbbtDvsQjRwIBw&url=http://www.eitech.in/prj_clients.php&psig=AFQjCNGCzxJ7u_JT1VkAntxQkPfE_KL8Cg&ust=1451389799609470

DOCUMENTS/REPORT CONTROL FORM

Report Name VNC Feasibility Study Report

Project Name: Karnataka Integrated and Sustainable Water Resources Management Investment

Program- Consultancy Services for Project Support Consultant (PSC)

Project Number: 5061164

Report for: Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Ltd (KNNL)

REVISION HISTORY

Revision # Date Prepared by Reviewed by Approved for Issue by

1 30 Sept 2016 AR/NR AR/KK KK

ISSUE REGISTER

Distribution List Date Issued Number of Copies

KNNL: 30 Sept 2016 10

SMEC Staff:

Associate (K. K. Gupta): 30 Sept 2016 1

Office Library (Shimoga): 30 Sept 2016 1

SMEC Project File: 30 Sept 2016 1

SMEC COMPANY DETAILS

Dr Hasan A. Kazmi

387, Udyog Vihar, Phase-2, Gurgaon – 122002, Haryana

Tel: +91 124 4552800

Fax: +91 124 4380043

Email: [email protected], Website : www.smec.com

mailto:[email protected]

http://www.smec.com/

Karnataka Integrated and Sustainable Water Resources Management Investment Program- Consultancy

Services for Project Support Consultant (PSC) – VNC Feasibility Study Report

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................................... iv

LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................................................ v

LIST OF PLATES ........................................................................................................................................ vi

ABBREVIATIONS & ACRONYMS ........................................................................................................ vii

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................... x

1 PROJECT BACKGROUND ................................................................................................................. 1

1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 1

1.2 Subprojects Selected for Modernisation under KISWRMIP ......................................................... 4

1.3 Implementation Arrangements ...................................................................................................... 4

2 THE FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT ................................................................................................ 6

3 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT ............................................................................................................. 7

3.1 Location ......................................................................................................................................... 7

3.2 Climate .......................................................................................................................................... 7

3.3 Soils ............................................................................................................................................... 9

3.4 Surface Water Resources ............................................................................................................... 9

3.5 Ground Water ................................................................................................................................ 9

4 DESCRIPTION OF EXISTING SYSTEM ......................................................................................... 10

4.1 Scheme Development History ..................................................................................................... 10

4.2 Canal System ............................................................................................................................... 10

4.3 Drainage System.......................................................................................................................... 14

5 MODERNIZATION REQUIREMENTS ............................................................................................ 15

5.1 Integrated Water Resources Management ................................................................................... 15

5.1.1 IWRM Approach ................................................................................................................. 15

5.1.2 IWRM Institutional Framework .......................................................................................... 16

5.1.3 Irrigation and IWRM ........................................................................................................... 17

5.1.4 The KISWRMIP and IWRM ............................................................................................... 20

5.2 Water Use Efficiency Improvement ............................................................................................ 20

6 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT ................................................................................................ 23

6.1 Approach ..................................................................................................................................... 23

6.1.1 Background ......................................................................................................................... 23

6.1.2 Objectives ............................................................................................................................ 23

6.1.3 Methodology ....................................................................................................................... 23

6.2 Field Assessment and Public Consultation .................................................................................. 24

6.3 Sample Villages Visited in VNC ................................................................................................. 24

6.4 Stakeholder Consultation ............................................................................................................ 26

6.5 Water Users Cooperative Societies ............................................................................................. 27



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6.6 Involuntary Resettlement ............................................................................................................ 28

6.7 Indigenous People ....................................................................................................................... 29

6.8 Gender Concerns ......................................................................................................................... 29

7 INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT ................................................................................ 31

7.1 Background ................................................................................................................................. 31

7.2 Executing and Implementing Agencies ....................................................................................... 31

7.3 Categorisation .............................................................................................................................. 31

7.4 Description of Baseline Environment ......................................................................................... 31

7.5 Environmental Impacts and Environmental Management .......................................................... 32

7.6 Consultation, Disclosure and Grievance Redress ........................................................................ 33

7.7 Monitoring and Reporting ........................................................................................................... 33

7.8 Findings, Conclusions and Recommendations ............................................................................ 33

8 ASSESSMENT OF IRRIGATION SYSTEM ..................................................................................... 34

8.1 Preamble ...................................................................................................................................... 34

8.2 Canal Condition Surveys ............................................................................................................. 34

8.3 Review of Capacity of Existing Channel and Distribution System ............................................. 38

8.3.1 Original design .................................................................................................................... 38

8.3.2 Present Capacity .................................................................................................................. 38

8.3.3 Design of Revised Section (Lined) ...................................................................................... 38

8.3.4 Identification of the Reaches Needing Improvements ........................................................ 39

8.4 Preparation of Capacity Statement .............................................................................................. 39

8.5 Drainage and Land Reclamation ................................................................................................. 40

8.6 On-Farm Development (CAD) Works ........................................................................................ 40

8.6.1 Command Area Development Authority (CADA) .............................................................. 40

8.6.2 Organization setup of On Farm Development ..................................................................... 40

8.6.3 Water Management and Operation and Maintenance ......................................................... 41

9 AGRICULTURAL & WATER REQUIREMENT ASSESSMENT ............................................. 42

9.1 Existing (Pre-Modernisation) Cropping Pattern .......................................................................... 42

9.2 Proposed (Post-Modernization) Cropping Pattern ...................................................................... 43

9.3 Field Application Efficiency ....................................................................................................... 45

9.4 Assessment of Crop Water Requirement .................................................................................... 45

10 ENGINEERING DESIGNS AND COST ESTIMATES ................................................................ 47

10.1 Conveyance Channels ................................................................................................................. 47

10.2 Canal Structures .......................................................................................................................... 47

10.3 Total Direct Charges ................................................................................................................... 55

10.4 Indirect Charges .......................................................................................................................... 55

10.5 Total Subproject Development Cost ........................................................................................... 55

11 FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS ................................................................................ 58



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11.1 Development Cost ....................................................................................................................... 58

11.2 Crop Budgets ............................................................................................................................... 58

11.3 Net Present Value ........................................................................................................................ 58

11.4 EIRR and Sensitivity Analysis .................................................................................................... 58

11.5 Recommendations ....................................................................................................................... 59

12 IMPLEMENTATION ....................................................................................................................... 60

12.1 Project Institutional Arrangements .............................................................................................. 60

12.1.1 ICZ KNNL Munirabad ........................................................................................................ 60

12.1.2 Tungabhadra CADA ............................................................................................................ 60

12.1.3 WUCS ................................................................................................................................. 60

12.2 Main System Works .................................................................................................................... 60

12.3 CAD Works ................................................................................................................................. 60

12.4 Subproject Implementation Schedule .......................................................................................... 60

REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................................... 61

VOLUME 2: INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION ..............................................................

VOLUME 3: SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT .................................................................................

VOLUME 4: FINANCIAL & ECONOMIC ANALYSES .........................................................................



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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Krishna River network and sub-basins ......................................................................................... 3

Figure 2: Implementation arrangement for KISWRMIP .............................................................................. 5

Figure 3: VNC subproject areas ................................................................................................................... 7

Figure 4: Monthly temperature (OC) in VNC subproject areas .................................................................... 8

Figure 5: Monthly rainfall in VNC subproject areas .................................................................................... 9

Figure 6: Vijayanagara upstream channels (PPTA, 2013) ......................................................................... 10

Figure 7: IWRM Framework ...................................................................................................................... 16

Figure 8: Example of the IWRM Institutional Framework ........................................................................ 17

Figure 9: Water available from return flows from low efficient systems .................................................. 18

Figure 10: Water available from return flows from high efficient systems ............................................... 19

Figure 11: Water available from return flows from increased efficiency including interbasin transfer .... 19

Figure 12: Schematic Distribution of Irrigation Inflow ............................................................................. 21



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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: List of Channels ........................................................................................................................... 11

Table 2: Table showing Location details of Canal system ......................................................................... 12

Table 3: Command area (20 years average) ............................................................................................... 13

Table 4: Socio-economic data and their sources ........................................................................................ 24

Table 5: Sample villages visited in VNC subproject areas ........................................................................ 25

Table 6: System-wise existing cropping pattern in VNC subproject area (Ha) ......................................... 42

Table 7: Overall VNC existing cropping intensity ..................................................................................... 43

Table 8: System-wise proposed cropping pattern ...................................................................................... 43

Table 9: Overall VNC proposed cropping intensity ................................................................................... 44

Table 10: Irrigation efficiency .................................................................................................................... 45

Table 11: Potential evapotranspiration (ETO) at Bellary Station ................................................................ 45

Table 12: System-wise water requirement ................................................................................................. 46

Table 13: Regulators and Measuring Devices ............................................................................................ 48

Table 14: Canal falls in VNC ..................................................................................................................... 50

Table 15: Cross-drainage works in VNC ................................................................................................... 50

Table 16: Bridges in VNC .......................................................................................................................... 51

Table 17: Escapes in VNC ......................................................................................................................... 53

Table 18: Abstract cost for modernisation of Vijayanagara channels in Tungabhadra project .................. 56



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LIST OF PLATES

Plate 1: Public Consultation meeting held at Basvpura chaired by GP President ...................................... 26

Plate 2: Focus Group Discussion with Women & Farmers ........................................................................ 27

Plate 3: Deteriorating anicuts requiring immediate rehabilitation.............................................................. 35

Plate 4: Figure showing untidy channels .................................................................................................... 35

Plate 5: Channel used as disposal point ...................................................................................................... 36

Plate 6: Channel reaches with size stone masonry lining ........................................................................... 36

Plate 7: Damage due to seepage and poor maintenance ............................................................................. 36

Plate 8: Thick vegetation around the Channel ............................................................................................ 37

Plate 9: Damaged Service road .................................................................................................................. 37

Plate 10: Poor crossing structure ................................................................................................................ 37

Plate 11: Channel flowing full .................................................................................................................... 38

Plate 12: Service road ................................................................................................................................. 38

Plate 13: Banana plantation ........................................................................................................................ 38

Plate 14: Sugarcane plantation ................................................................................................................... 38



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ABBREVIATIONS & ACRONYMS

AC-IWRM Advanced Center for Integrated Water Resource Management

ADB Asian Development Bank

BRP Bhadra River Project

BRRBC Bhadra Reservoir Right Bank Canal

CADA Command Area Development Authority

CDTA Capacity Development Technical Assistance

CPM Community Participation Management

CWC Central Water Commission

DATC District Agriculture Training Centre

DPO Direct Potential Outlet

DPR Detailed Project Report

DSS Decision Support System

EA Executing Agency

EARF Environmental Assessment Review Framework

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

EMP Environmental Management Plan

FAM Facility Administration Manual

FAO UN Food and Agriculture Organisation

FFS Farmer Field School

FIDIC International Federation of Consulting Engineers

GEO Geotechnical Engineering Office

GoK Government of Karnataka

HAMPI Hampi World Heritage

ICRISAT International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics

IEC Information Education and communication

IEE Initial Environmental Evaluation

INGO International Non-Government Organisation

IWRM Issues in Water Resource Management

KERS Karnataka Engineering Research Station

KISWRMIP Karnataka Integrated and Sustainable Water Resource Management Investment Program

KNNL Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Limited

KVK Krishi Vigyan Kendra (Agriculture Science Centre)

LBHLC Left Bank High Level Canal

LBMC Left Bank Main Canal

MASSCOTE MApping Systems and Services for Canal Operation Techniques

MD Managing Director

MFF Multitranche Finance Facility

MIS Management Information System



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MOM Management Operation & Maintenance

MOU Memorandum of Understanding

MTR Mid Term Report

NCA Net Command Area

NEP National Environment Policy

NGO Non-Government Organisation

O&M Operation and Maintenance

OJT On the Job Training

PALMS Productive Agriculture Linkages and Marketing System

PCC Program Co-ordination Committee

PD Project/Project Director

PIO Project Implementation Office

PMIS Program Monitoring Information System

PMMS Program Monitoring Management System

PMU Project Management Unit

PPMS Program Performance Monitoring System

PPTA Project Preparation Technical Assistance

PRA Participatory Rural Appraisal

PSC Project Support Consultant

QCBS Quality Cost Based System

QPR Quarterly Progress Report

RBC Raya Basava Canal

RBHLC Right Bank High Level Canal

RBLLC Right Bank Low Level Canal

RFP Request for Proposal

RICM Regional Institute of Cooperative Management

RMP Risk Management Plan

SC State Steering Committee

SGoK State Government of Karnataka

SHG Self-Help Group

SMEC Snowy Mountains Engineering Corporation

SPS Safeguard Policy Statement

SRI System of Rice Intensification

SST Support Services Team

TLBC Tungabhadra Left Bank Canal

TNA Training Needs Assessment

ToR Terms of Reference

TPRM Tripartite Review Meeting

TRBC Tungabhadra Right Bank Canal

VFG Virtual Finance Group



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VNC VijayaNagara Channels/Canals

WALMI Water And Land Management Institute

WBADMIP West Bengal Accelerated Development of Minor Irrigation Project

WIS Water Institution Specialist

WRD Water Resource Department

WRIS Water Resources Information System

WRS Water Resources Specialist

WUA Water Users Association

WUCS Water Users Co-operative Society



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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Background

With the assistance of the Asian Development Bank (the Bank), the Government of Karnataka has

launched the Karnataka Integrated and Sustainable Water Resources Management Investment Program to

improve water availability in selected river basins by implementing integrated water resources

management (IWRM) and improving irrigation services delivery in the State.

The Program is being implemented in two tranches (or projects) with 4-year Tranche 1 followed by 6-

year Tranche 2 to commence after one year of Tranche 1 implementation and consists of three outputs:

Output 1: State and basin institutions strengthened for IWRM

Output 2: Irrigation system infrastructure and management modernized

Output 3: Program management systems operational

The output 2 includes: (i) modernization of irrigation infrastructure including installation of telemetry for

canal flow measurement of three irrigation subprojects within the Tungabhadra Sub-basin (Gondi

Subproject under Tranche 1, and Vijayanagara Channel (VNC) and Tungabhadra Left Bank Canal

(TLBC) under Tranche 2); (ii) strengthening asset management and main system operation and

maintenance (O&M); and (iii) capacity building of inclusive water user cooperative societies (WUCS),

with women representation, for improved operation, maintenance and water management within their

respective command area.

This is the Feasibility Study Report (FSR) for the modernisation of Vijayanagara Channels. The

engineering designs and cost estimates are largely based on the Detailed Project Report (DPR, 2013)

prepared by ICN KNNL Munirabad as part of submission to CWC for project proposal approval. The

report mainly includes initial environmental examination (IEE) for modernisation works, socio-economic

assessment including involuntary resettlement and indigenous people assessments, and the subproject

financial and economic analyses.

The VNC FSR consists of four volumes:

(1) Volume 1: Main Report

(2) Volume 2: Initial Environmental Examination

(3) Volume 3: Socio-Economic Assessment, and

(4) Volume 4: Financial & Economic Analyses

Originally, Vijayanagara Channels are run-of-the river irrigation channels and are historically important

serving the irrigation needs of the local population. They have been built during Vijayanagara dynasty

about 400 years back. Most of the canals have their own diversion structures on the river and many of the

canals are interlinked. The Vijayanagara Channel system is spread over 3 districts namely Bellary,

Raichur and Koppal. The Geographical area lies between latitude 14° 30' to 16° 34' N and Longitude 75°

40' to 77° 35' E.

Canal Issues

Due to their long project life, the system faces several issues and are in need of immediate rehabilitation.

Some of major issues are:

Most anicuts are in deteriorating condition and leaking, requiring immediate remedial actions.

Both Raya and Basavanna channels generally run through Municipal limits of Hospet town where

urban development has taken place extending to the channel boundary. Urban effluent is let into

the channels at several locations and leading to contamination of water.



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The channel water being extensively used by the people residing adjacent to the channel for the

purpose of bathing, washing, cattle feeding etc.

Several inlets in the form of well-constructed pipelines, open channels etc., has been directly

linked to the channel and as such at several locations, the channel functions as either a seepage

disposal point or drainage.

In most of the locations, the channel has been aligned in restricted right of way due to presence of

huge rocks and boulders.

Some of the sections of the channel have been laid using size stone masonry and concrete, but

these are all limited to the town limit.

Substantial seepage has been noticed from the channel at several locations due to poor

maintenance.

Thick vegetation growth occurs at several locations along the channel within the water spread

area.

Most of the structures are in deteriorated condition.

The entire channel network lacks proper crossing and connection. Service roads are heavily

damaged and it is difficult to carry out inspection of the channel.

Channel water happens to be the lifeline for most of the villages en-route since there is no

dedicated water supply for meeting their day to day domestic water requirement.

The surface soil is generally black cotton. However, murrum, gravel and hard rock are also

encountered at select locations

Banana, sugarcane and paddy are the major crops in the command area.

Certain channels run in deep cut.

There are no proper sign boards or indicative marks, km stones, hectometre stones, chainage

stones etc. along the channel.

These issues are proposed to be addressed as part of VNC modernisation. The KNNL prepared the

mondernisation proposal and submitted to Central Water Commission (CWC). The CWC has in principle

approved the proposal for implementation. As a next step, this Feasibility Study Report has been

prepared.

Stakeholder Consultation:

Stakeholder Consultations and Focus Group discussions (FGD) were conducted in different localities by

ethnicity, type of farmers and other locally specific characteristics as part of the assessment and preparation of

social management and gender plan. A multi-disciplinary team visited project villages in and around the

Vijayanagara Canal (VNC) from May 22 to 28 and July 19 to 23, 2016. Out of the 16 canals, the team visited

14 canals and interacted with the community members and farmers residing across 31 villages. These canals

pass through villages falling under three districts viz., Bellary, Koppal and Raichur. Altogether, 258 men and

58 women participated in the consultations and focus group discussions. The communities were explained

about the modernization work of canals and need for their active participation for effective implementation of

the project. The roles and responsibilities of WUCS and other stakeholders were also explained. The social

screening was based on both primary and secondary data collected during field visits and discussions

conducted with the people residing in subproject area.

During the FGD, farmers including women members expressed their needs and priorities separately. Out of the

14 male groups participated in FGD and prioritised water for irrigation as priority 1 (71.4%) followed by

drinking water and sanitation. Among the female groups, priority 1 was identified as health care (40%)

followed by drinking water, sanitation and employment. In Priority 2 category, 57% male members expressed

roads and bridges followed by drinking water, sanitation and employment. Among the female group, they have

given equal importance to employment and sanitation followed by health care.

Overall the stakeholder consultations and focus group discussions indicated that the farmers were interested

and confident about the project and its impact on enhancement of their living standards.



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Water Users Cooperative Societies

Water Users Cooperative Societies (WUCS) are planned to be established or established as part of

modernization of irrigation infrastructure in the project. Some WUCS were formed more than 10 years ago, it

was reported that they were not provided necessary support to perform envisaged duties.

During the visits to the canals/villages, it was observed that the famers associations were formed several years

back and some of them were vibrant in Vijayanagara Canal area. Few of them have converted as WUCS.

During the public stakeholder consultations and FGD, participants expressed their concerns for the

sustainability of the canal system. It was reported that community were carrying out operation and

maintenance work with their own resources. In a few localities, Panchayat authorities agreed to utilise

MNREGA funds for operation and maintenance of the canals/distributaries, especially the labour component.

A notable feature is the importance given to the role of agriculture and irrigation. Although women are

members in WUCS, their participation in the meetings is rather limited. However, in the milk cooperative

societies, women play dynamic role in the overall management of the society. This is mainly due to the

orientation training and exposure they received from their projects.

Involuntary Resettlement

During the stakeholder consultations and field visits, it has been realized that resettlement and rehabilitation of

people is not considered a major issue in the canal areas. However in few villages, encroachments is affecting

the smooth flow of water to the tail ends. This can be addressed by WUCS and other concerned authorities

during the initial stage of implementation. This requires a careful assessment of the economic disadvantages

and social impact of displacement. There must also be a holistic effort aimed at improving the all-round living

standards of the affected people.

As per ADB policy on involuntary resettlement, projects are classified into the following four categories:

Category A: A proposed project is likely to have significant involuntary resettlement impacts. A resettlement

plan, which includes assessment of social impacts, is required.

Category B: A proposed project includes involuntary resettlement impacts that are not deemed significant. A

resettlement plan, which includes assessment of social impacts, is required.

Category C: A proposed project has no involuntary resettlement impacts. No further action is required.

Category FI: A proposed project involves investment of ADB funds to or through a financial intermediary.

The financial intermediary must apply and maintain an environmental and social management system, unless

all of the financial intermediary's business activities are unlikely to generate involuntary impacts.

Based on interactions with the KNNL and CADA officials, field visits and stakeholder consultations, no major

resettlement issues are foreseen during project implementation. Thus, the VNC modernisation clearly falls

under Category C for involuntary resettlement.

The National Rehabilitation and Resettlement Policy, 2007 and the Karnataka Resettlement of displaced

persons Act 1987 were also emphasized the need for systematic approach in dealing with resettlement issues.

With regard to the Command Area Development, the Karnataka Command Area Act, 1980 also provides

adequate provisions for addressing the issue.

Prior to initiating acquisition of land for the project, the Government should, inter alia, take into consideration

alternatives that will (i) minimise displacement of people due to acquisition of land for the project; (ii)

minimise the total area of land to be acquired for the project; and (iii) minimise the acquisition of agricultural

land for non-agricultural use in the project.

Based on the overall assessment, the project falls under “Category C” consistent with the ADB Involuntary

Resettlement policy “project has no involuntary resettlement impacts. No further action is required”.



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Indigenous People

It is also necessary to define the term Indigenous People (IP), which is not only co-terminus with the

communities defined by the Constitution of India as scheduled tribe it often includes backward communities,

as per the recommendation of the Karnataka Backward Classes Commission.

In Karnataka, there are 50 scheduled tribe communities according to the Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order

(Amendment) Act 2003.

The impacts on Indigenous People have been determined according to the ADB Safe Guard Policy statement.

Considering the nature of interventions proposed under the program, no specific adverse impacts are

anticipated for the STs (Indigenous People) compared to other communities. During the stakeholder

consultations also, it has been found that there is no specific uniqueness with regard to the economic status,

livelihood systems or cultural practices amongst the STs compared to other communities in the villages.

It appears that the Constitution of India and several acts ensure protection of IP or ST, as defined by the

Constitution, which is consistent with ADB policy; hence there is no need to bridge the gap between protection

measures guaranteed under Indian laws and ADB’s safeguard requirements. Objectives of the IPPF and the

approach to IPP preparation will accommodate both Indian Constitution Acts and ADB’s safeguards policy on

IP. In this context, for the purpose of this project, an IPPF is not required.

Based on the overall assessment, “the project is likely to fall under the Category C and the proposed project is

not expected to have impacts on indigenous peoples. No further action is required”. However, if there is any

physical relocation of STs in any future Tranche, a combined plan including Resettlement Plan and Indigenous

People’s Plan will be prepared.

Initial Environmental Examination

The project categorisation has been carried out as per the ADB Safeguard Policy Statement 2009. As per this,

''Modernization of the Vijayanagara Channel System” is classified as Environmental Category B because no

significant impacts are envisioned. Accordingly, Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) has been prepared

as part of the Feasibility Report. The IEE is based on the ADB Environmental Assessment Guidelines 2003

and updates provided in the publication ADB Environmental Safeguards Good Practices Sourcebook 2010

Further, the IEE is based on the relevant Indian environmental regulations. Also, the IEE is based on a careful

review of the Detailed Project Report and field visits; secondary data collected to characterize the

environment; stakeholder consultations; and identification of potential impacts. An Environmental

Management Plan (EMP) outlining the specific environmental measures to be adhered to during

implementation of the project has been prepared. This is to ensure that the project will conform to all

Government regulations, policies and standards.

The assessment found that the area of impacts will be local in nature and limited to project areas, because the

proposed project will involve only modernization of the existing system. Most of the environmental impacts

occur only during the construction period and the mitigation measures can be easily implemented as part of the

construction works. However, the environmental management plan and monitoring plan would need to be

strictly implemented, including those measures suggested for works within the Hampi Heritage Area. The

community consultation revealed that the affected population is willing to accept the negative impacts during

construction to achieve the goal of improving the VNC system thereby boosting the agricultural productivity

and farmers’ income levels. The established grievance redress mechanism is provided, in case any complaint

from affected people needs to be resolved.

The environmental impacts of the project are not significant and the project is placed at a Category B level, as

per the ADB's Safeguards Policy Statement. The specific measures stated in the EMP will address all adverse

environmental impacts due to the project. A detailed monitoring plan prepared as part of this IEE will further

mitigate negative environmental impacts during implementation.

Potential negative impacts were identified in relation to design, construction, operation and maintenance of the

VNC system. No environmental impacts were identified as being due to the project design and location. The

project shall move the region towards path of sustainable development as it aims at conserving water

resources. The EMP has been proposed as part of this IEE for adverse impacts identified during modernization



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and O&M phases. This EMP includes (i) mitigation measures for adverse environmental impacts during

implementation, (ii) environmental monitoring program, and the responsible entities for mitigation,

monitoring, and reporting; (iii) public consultation and information disclosure; (iv) EMP budget; and (v)

grievance redressal mechanism. Mitigation measures have been developed to reduce all adverse impacts to

acceptable levels.

A positive impact is anticipated in terms of employment opportunity for skilled, semi-skilled and un-skilled

personnel during project implementation.

Modernisation Interventions

A survey was carried out along with the KNNL engineers to assess the condition of channels and

structures. Looking at the poor state of the channel infrastructure, modernization estimate was prepared

incorporating dismantling and reconstruction of dilapidated structures and providing concrete lining

throughout the length of the channel to enable conveyance of water to tail ends of the channel and to

prevent seepage losses, thereby saving water.

The channels are under operation for more than 400 years providing irrigation support for two seasons.

Due to the operation of channels for two seasons in a year, it has lost its shape in several stretches due to

scouring effect and also accumulation of silt over a period. This has resulted in reduction in the velocity

of water. On account of this, it is difficult to convey water to the tail end areas during irrigation season.

As a result, standing crops at the tail end are not getting enough water. In order to mitigate this problem,

water is released into the channels for saving standing crops during both seasons. Hence, it is necessary to

redesign the channel section with concrete lining. This will also help in improving the efficiency in the

channel system. To have uniform quality of concrete lining and for better compaction, mechanical paver

lining is proposed where the bed width is more than 1.20 m. For other reaches where the bed width is less

than 1.2 m, manual concrete lining is proposed. Lining has been proposed for entire length upto free

board with concrete coping on either side for a width of 0.30 m. Since the channels run in black cotton

soils area having swelling characteristic, CNS layer is proposed below concrete lining as per BIS.

Strengthening and stabilization of banks have been proposed wherever required as per site conditions.

Field canals will be improved and lined wherever necessary including field drains to ameliorate water

logging conditions and consequent soil salinity.

Crop Water Requirement

The Channel network of Vijayanagara Channel system is partially lined leaving a major portion unlined. Now,

to optimize utilization of water, it is proposed to line the entire Channel system (from main Channel to field

irrigation channels). Crop water requirements are calculated using “Modified Penman Method” considering

field application efficiency as 85% of ponded crops and 65% for non-ponded crops and conveyance efficiency

as 75%.

After modernisation, the cropping intensity is expected to significantly increase to about 146%. The crop

water requirement for the proposed cropping pattern calculated using Modified Penman’s method, was

estimated to be 5.8 TMC. Crop water requirement including peak design discharge for all major canals was

also calculated and conveyance systems designed accordingly.

Engineering Designs and Cost Estimates

Engineering designs and cost estimates have been prepared using the IS standards and other industry practices

and Standard Rates prevalent in India and Karnataka. Refer for details to DPR (2013).

The estimate is prepared based on the designed section and cut-off statement of the channel. Design provisions

made for conveyance channels are as follows:

CC lining of 80 mm thickness is proposed using mechanical pavers where the channel bed is more

than 1.2 m.

Manual lining is proposed where the channel bed width is less than 1.2 m.

CNS backing is provided as per BIS as the stratum met with B C soil.



P a g e | xv

Provision of lugs and template walls as per standards

Improvement of service road

Improvement of inspection path.

Removal of silt.

Earthwork excavation in ordinary soil.

Constructing uncoursed rubble masonry

Tarfelt expansion joint for CC lining

Perforated GI pressure relief pipes for pressure relief arrangement

Hectometre, kilometre and boundary stones.

Design provisions made for canal structures are as follows:

Earthwork excavation in ordinary soil

M10 , 40 mm CC for foundation

M15, 40 mm CC for abutment.

M15, 20 mm CC for sub structure

M20 , 20 mm for Deck slab, kerb and wearing coat for bridges

Provision for steel reinforcement

Provision for stone pitching

An estimate for Rs.407.51 Crores is prepared for various works envisaged in the project. The cost estimate is

based on the latest schedule of rates of WRD, Bangalore (2013 -14). This includes 25% extra weightage for

closure period as provided in the SR.

Financial & Economic Analyses

The economic viability of the Subproject is assessed by estimating its economic internal rate of return

(EIRR) and economic Net Present Value (ENPV) over an expected scheme life of 25 years. Sensitivity

analysis was undertaken for the key perceived risks. The social discount rate for NPV is assumed at 12%

normally assumed for development projects assisted by ADB. Which is high compared to other

investment opportunities, Project benefits relate to delivery of water in the canal as the current supply is

planned to cease reducing a total production loss of 20%, changed cropping patterns and improved yields.

The economic returns estimated are as follows:

Change Variable Change EIRR ENPV

(@12%)

(%) (Rs. million)

BASE - 17.02% 1505

Construction and CAD Costs Increase by 10% 13.18% 393

Benefits reduce by 10% 8.07% (1238)

Construction and CAD Costs Increase by and Benefits reduce by 10% 5.07% (2351)

Recommendations

Based on various technical, socio-economic, environmental and economical assessments presented

herein, it is concluded that the VNC modernisation proposal is technically and financially feasible,

socially acceptable, environmentally sustainable, and economically viable, and is recommended for

implementation.

Implementation Schedule

The construction of main canals and associated infrastructure will be implemented through the

International Competitive Bidding (ICB) as per the Facility Administration Manual (FAM). ICZ KNNL

Munirabad will be responsible for this work. However, as per discussions with KNNL engineers in the

meeting of PSC and PIO Munirabad in September 2016, ICZ recommends that the VNC construction



P a g e | xvi

works should be divided into two packages; one for Left Side VNC channels and the other for Right Side

ones. This arrangement will avoid the movement of the Contractor’s equipments and paraphernalia across

the Tungabhadra River. This is also suitable from the KNNL organisation establishment point of view.

Under this scenario, the estimated amount of individual contract packages would be lesser than the limit

for ICB contract, and would be implemented through National Competitive Bidding (NCB). ICZ is of

opinion that NCB would be more appropriate for VNC.

WUCS will be responsible for the construction of field channels and drains. As mentioned earlier, WUCS

would be constituted, strengthened and adequate capacity building carried out before CAD works are

implemented.

Irrespective of implementation through ICB or NCB, discussions with KNNL engineers during

September 2016 meeting at ICZ Munirabad revealed that the implementation of the main canal works

would take at least three financial years 2017/18, 2018/19 and 2019/20 due to short canal closures;

effectively there is only one closure period per year.

Similarly, CAD works would require three financial years beginning from 2018/19, preceded by the

constitution of WUCS followed by their capacity building activity.



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1 PROJECT BACKGROUND

1.1 Introduction

Karnataka State (the State) is water stressed with increasing inter-sector water demands. Irrigation is the

major user of water for agriculture. Due to competing demands, there will be appreciable decline in

agriculture demand. Meeting the anticipated rise in competing demands, particularly industry, domestic

and ecosystem services, is a major challenge. This, if unmet, may constrain sustainable economic growth

of the State. Water stress in the State is exacerbated by uneven spatial and temporal distribution of water

resources and the predicted impacts of climate change. Poor coordination between various water users

(like industry, domestic and power) contributes to sub-optimal management of limited water resources.

Adopting an IWRM approach that promotes coordinated development and management of water, land

and related resources will improve equitable economic and social welfare, while ensuring sustainability of

the environment.

IWRM Principles:

1. Water is a finite and vulnerable resource, essential to sustain life, development and the

environment;

2. Water development and management should be based on a participatory approach, involving

users, planners and policy makers at all levels;

3. Women play a central part in the provision, management and safeguarding of water; and

4. Water has an economic value in all its competing uses and should be recognized as an economic

good.

With the assistance of the Asian Development Bank (the Bank), the State Government of Karnataka has

launched the Karnataka Integrated and Sustainable Water Resources Management Investment

Program (the Program), which is expected to improve water availability for competing water demands

in selected river basins by implementing integrated water resources management (IWRM) and improving

irrigation services delivery in the State. It will support increased water use efficiency to provide economic

opportunities, particularly to women and improve rural incomes. The Program will focus on the Krishna

Basin (Figure 1), and specifically within the Tungabhadra Sub-basin for implementation of physical

works. The IWRM activities will be implemented State-wide.

The Program is being implemented in two tranches (or projects) with 4-year Tranche 1 followed by 6-

year Tranche 2 to commence after one year of Tranche 1 implementation. The Program comprises of the

following three outputs:

Output 1: State and basin institutions strengthened for IWRM

The output will strengthen institutional capacities of the Water Resources Department (WRD) and the

Advanced Centre for IWRM (AC-IWRM) to implement IWRM in selected river basins in Karnataka.

This will include: (i) development and implementation of river basin plans to better manage water

resources, (ii) capacity building and certification of the WRD (including its associated agencies like

Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Limited (KNNL) in IWRM with 30% of trainees being women, and (iii)

improved water resources information systems.

Output 2: Irrigation system infrastructure and management modernized

This output will include: (i) modernization of irrigation infrastructure including installation of telemetry

for canal flow measurement of three irrigation subprojects within the Tungabhadra Sub-basin (Gondi

Subproject under Tranche 1, and Vijayanagara Channel (VNC) and Tungabhadra Left Bank Canal

(TLBC) under Tranche 2); (ii) strengthening asset management and main system operation and



P a g e | 2

maintenance (O&M); and (iii) capacity building of inclusive water user cooperative societies (WUCS),

with women representation, for improved operation, maintenance and water management within their

respective command area.

Output 3: Program management systems operational

This output will focus of delivery of the above two program outputs on time and within budget.


Services for Project Support Consultant (PSC) –VNC Feasibility Study Report

P a g e | 3

Figure 1: Krishna River network and sub-basins



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1.2 Subprojects Selected for Modernisation under KISWRMIP

The KISWRMIP is to include modernization of 3 irrigation areas: (i) Gondhi Irrigation system, which is a

sub‐area of the Bhadra Irrigation System (Tranche 1), (ii) Vijayanagara (VJN, Tranche 2) and (iii) part of

Tungabhadra Left Bank Canal (TLBC, Tranche 2 and 3). This report concerns only with the feasibility of

Vijayanagara Channels.

1.3 Implementation Arrangements

The Program implementation arrangement has been portrayed by illustration given in Figure 2.

Accordingly, the existing State Steering Committee (SC) for IWRM, chaired by Chief Secretary of the

State and comprising representatives from all relevant departments, will provide policy direction and

strategic guidance on matters relating to IWRM in Karnataka. This IWRM SC will also oversee the

coordination of IWRM programs in the State and between agencies. The Program Coordination

Committee (PCC) chaired by the Principal Secretary, Water Resources Department (WRD) will provide

overall program and policy guidance.

The Program Management Unit (PMU) will be located within the KNNL in Bangalore, and will have

day-to-day responsibility for implementing KISWRMIP. The Managing Director (MD), KNNL will be

the Program Director (PD), who will implement the overall program under the guidance of the State

IWRM Steering Committee and the Program Coordination Committee (PCC), with the support of the

Project Support Consultant (PSC).

A Project Implementation Office (PIO) will be established within the Advanced Centre for IWRM (AC-

IWRM), which will be responsible for implementation of all IWRM related activities of Output 1. For

Output 2, each irrigation subproject to be modernized will have a dedicated PIO, which will be

strengthened with specific technical expertise from the Command Area Development Authority (CADA)

and PSC. The PMU working with the relevant PIO and PSC will monitor overall program execution and

will be responsible for monitoring and reporting. PSC will provide technical support for project

implementation.

There will be two main packages, one for each tranche (or project) of the overall program. It is the

implementation of the Tranche-1 subproject i.e. Gondhi modernisation that SMEC International Pty Ltd

(The Consultant) has been commissioned for. Furthermore, according to the guidelines provided in the

Facility Administration Manual (FAM) for KISWRMIP, SMEC will prepare the feasibility study reports

of Tranche-2 subprojects (i.e. Vijayanagara Channel and Tungabhadra Left Bank Canal) and support the

relevant PIOs to prepare Detailed Project Reports (DPRs).

For the implementation of field outreach program in the Gondhi Subproject, the PSC will also include

support services teams (SSTs) for training, capacity building and hand holding support to the Water User

Cooperative Societies (WUCS), and will be based in PIO, Shimoga. For the second tranche due to

involvement of large number of WUCS’s, the KNNL (in conjunction with PSC) will recommend the most

appropriate mechanism for field outreach program in VNC and TLBC command areas.



P a g e | 5

Figure 2: Implementation arrangements for KISWRMIP



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2 THE FEASIBILITY STUDY REPORT

This is the Feasibility Study Report (FSR) for the modernisation of Vijayanagara Channels. The

engineering designs and cost estimates are largely based on the Detailed Project Report (DPR, 2013)

prepared by ICN KNNL Munirabad as the part of submission to CWC for the project proposal approval.

The report mainly includes the initial environmental examination (IEE) for the modernisation works,

socio-economic assessment including involuntary resettlement and indigenous people assessments, and

the subproject financial and economic analyses.

The VNC FSR consists of four volumes:

Volume 1: Main Report

Volume 2: Initial Environmental Examination

Volume 3: Socio-Economic Assessment

Volume 4: Financial & Economic Analyses

This report (Volume 1: Main Report) presents the summary of the other three volumes including

contextual reporting.



P a g e | 7

3 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

3.1 Location

Vijayanagara is located in Bellary District, northern Karnataka. The geographical location is at Latitude

15°19′N and Longitude 76°28′E. It is also known as ruined capital city. The nearest town and railway

station is Hospet and the nearest canal is 13 km away by road. Hospet also lies within the original extents

of the old city.

The Vijayanagara Channel system is spread over 3 districts namely Bellary, Raichur and Koppal. The

Geographical area lies between latitude 14° 30' to 16° 34' N and Longitude 75° 40' to 77° 35' E (Figure

3).

The VNC located at downstream of TB dam are best approached from Hospet, Munirabad and

Kamalapura on the upper reach and from Gangavathi on the lower reach.

Figure 3: VNC subproject areas

3.2 Climate

The climate in VNC areas is generally dry & hot. March to early June is the summer (Figure 4). Day

temperature in summer can reach close to 40OC (104

OF). The colder period of the year is from November

to February.

Monsoon brings the wet weather that typically lasts from June to October (Figure 5). The average annual

rainfall in the VNC subproject areas based on these rainfall stations is about 650 mm.



P a g e | 8

Figure 4: Monthly temperature (

OC) in VNC subproject areas



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Figure 5: Monthly rainfall in VNC subproject areas

3.3 Soils

The surface soil is generally black cotton. However, murrum, gravel and hard rock are also encountered at

select locations. It is reported that the soils in the VNC areas contains high concentration of soluble salts

that are critical for germination and crop growth; total soluble salts are normally within the permissible

limits.

3.4 Surface Water Resources

The Tungabhadra River is the only surface water source for the VNC. As the rainfall pattern in the

subproject areas is unimodal having rainfall mostly during monsoon season, the Tungabhadra Reservoir

stores the water for dry season. Water available in the form of release and seepage from the Tungabhadra

Reservoir including the irrigation return from the command area of the lower level canals, is diverted into

the Vijayanagara Channels through direct intakes from the Tungabhadra Dam as well as anicuts

constructed across the Tungabhadra River downstream of the dam.

3.5 Ground Water

As per the current assessment, there is significant groundwater resources in the VNC subproject areas,

particularly within the canal command. Groundwater in some urban areas outside the canal command has

been overexploited resulting in consistent decline in groundwater table. However, the overall

groundwater utilisation in the VNC command area is minimal.



P a g e | 10

4 DESCRIPTION OF EXISTING SYSTEM

4.1 Scheme Development History

The Tungabhadra River is a major tributary to Krishna River. The name reflects confluence of two Rivers

Tunga and Bhadra, which rise in the Western Ghats at an altitude of about 1198m above mean sea level

(MSL). The Tungabhadra River flows for about 531 km in the north-east direction in Karnataka and

Andhra Pradesh before joining Krishna River near Kurnool at an altitude of 294.10 m. The vast drainage

area of Tungabhadra River comprises of the following main tributaries (a) Kumadvathi River (b) Dharma

River (c) Varada River (d) Dodda Halla (e) Murdha Halla and (f) Haridhra River.

Originally, Vijayanagara Channels are the run-of-the river irrigation channels and are historically

important serving the irrigation needs of the local population. They have been built during Vijayanagara

dynasty about 400 years back. Most of the canals have their own diversion structures on the river and

many of the canals are interlinked (Figure 6).

Figure 6: Vijayanagara upstream channels (PPTA, 2013)

4.2 Canal System

In all, there are 19 Channels taking off from the Tungabhadra River. Eighteen (18) of them are in

Karnataka and one in Andhra Pradesh. During Vijayanagara dynasty, 18 Channel networks were

constructed in the Tungabhadra basin in the reach from Tungabhadra Reservoir to Siruguppa. The list of

Channels is given in Table 1.



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Table 1: List of Channels

A. On Right Bank of TB River B. On Left Bank of TB River

1. Raya 11. Koregal

2. Basavanna 12. Hulgi

3. Bella 13. Shivapur

4. Kalaghatta 14. Anegundi

5. Turtha 15. Gangavathi Upper

6. Ramasagar 16. Gangavathi Lower

7. Kampli 17. Bichal

8. Belagodahala 18. Bennur

9. Deshnur

10. Siruguppa

Of these eighteen (18) Channels, Bennur Channel is out of operation due to lack of maintenance and

Koregal Channel command area is supplied water from Tungabhadra Left Bank Channel. In view of this,

presently, Vijayanagara Channel system comprises of 16 Channels. This modernization report deals with

the 16 Channels.

Originally, the Raya and Basavanna canals were on the right bank of the Tungabhadra River and were

being fed through the respective weirs located on the upstream of the present Tungabhadra Dam. The

Basavanna channel was crossing the present dam alignment at Km 18 below its weir whereas Raya

Channel was crossing at about 3.5 km below the weir. In order to protect the irrigation in these two

channels, an irrigation sluice has been provided in the right side of Tungabhadra dam.

Two channels, Raya and Basavanna, take off directly from the TB dam. All other channels except

Kalghatta and Belgodhal take off from anicuts constructed across the Tungabhadra River at various

locations on downstream of TB dam and are being partially fed by Raya and Basavanna channels.

The Raya Channel runs for about 27.74 Km and joins at 4th km of Turtha channel. In addition, it has a

separate sluice which was constructed at 2.5 Km to fulfil the shortage of water to Bella channel. Bella

Channel runs for about 5.55 Km and joins at Chainage 0.2 Km of Kalghatta channel. The Kalghatta

Channel runs for about 7.02 Km and joins Turtha Channel at Chainage 0.7 Km. Turtha channel runs for

about 18.69 Km and joins Ramsagar channel at Chainage 1.40 Km. Ramsagar channel runs for about

15.50 Km. It has two drainage channels joining Kampli channel. The Kampli channel runs for about

23.55 Km. It has Belgodhal channel taking off at Chainage 3.20 Km and runs for a length of 11.22 Km.

The discharges of each channel are considered while arriving at the channel section for the channels

Raya, Bella, Kalaghatta, Turtha, Ramsagar, Kampli and Belgodhal. The 4 Channels; Bella, Turtha,

Ramsagar and Kampli get a share from river assistance.

The Channels such as Siruguppa and Deshnur on the right side and other 6 channels on the left side of

Tungabhadra River get water exclusively from river assistance, released from Tungabhadra dam.

The Index Map showing the Command area of the Scheme (16 channels) is appended as KNNL-VNC-

IND-001 in Volume V of Detailed Project Report (DPR) (KNNL, 2013).

There are 12 Anicuts whose details are enclosed separately. Vijayanagara channels are being fed from

anicuts constructed in the earlier days for providing irrigation. These anicuts were constructed during the

regime of Vijayanagar empire. They have been constructed using huge boulders and set in a zigzag

manner without any kind of mortar for bond. Due to this, the anicuts are subject to leakage of water

exacerbated by the displacement of boulders during high floods. Over a period of time, the system has



P a g e | 12

deteriorated and needs urgent attention and improvements. The farmers of Vijayanagara channels are

demanding improvements to anicuts.

The improvements proposed to anicuts are:

Providing 200 mm thick skin wall encasement to the anicut and grouting.

Providing anchor rods at every 1m interval on upstream and downstream of anicut for a width of

5 m all along the length.

Providing concrete toe walls on both ends

Formation of approach roads to the anicuts wherever required from the nearest road.

The details of the channels system are given in Table 2 and Table 3. The Irrigation schemes comprising

of seventeen (17) anicuts across the Tungabhadra River together known as Vijayanagara Channels were

implemented during Vijayanagara dynasty to provide irrigation facilities. Out of these, Vallabhapur and

Hosakote anicuts were submerged in the backwaters of Tungabhadra reservoir. In order to cater to the

command of Vallabhapur and Hosakote anicuts, one vent of size 1.8 m x 3.6 m is constructed in the

reservoir as a permanent sluice and these commands are fed through Raya and Basavanna channels. A

total of 12.05 TMC has been allocated by the tribunal to Vijayanagara channels with a break up of 5.71

TMC as protected utilisation and 6.35 TMC as worth consideration.

As per clause IX - E of KWDT award, 7 TMC of water from Tungabhadra reservoir is earmarked for

Raya and Basavanna channels. An allocation of 2 TMC was made by way of assistance through other

regulated discharges other than Raya and Basavanna channels from Tungabhadra reservoir.

In the 1993 master plan, an allocation of 12.05 TMC is made for the Vijayanagara channels without

channel wise breakup and river assistance. The revised Master plan of 2003 has an allocation of 5.80

TMC for all the 16 Vijayanagara channels. The Government of Karnataka is proposing the modernization

of these Channels to improve the channel efficiency thereby saving 6.25 TMC of water.

The Schematic diagram of Vijayanagar channels is appended as KNNL-VNC-SD-002 vide

Volume V – Drawings of Detailed Project Report (DPR) (KNNL, 2013).

Table 2: Table showing Location details of Vijayanagar Canal system

No Name of the

Channel

Name of Weir &

Length in Km Name of Stream

Distance d/s of TB

Dam in Km Remarks

Bellary District (on right side of river)

1. Basavanna Vallabhapur Submerged in

Tungabhadra

Reservoir

Channel takes off

directly from

Tungabhadra dam on

right side

2. Raya Hosakote Submerged in

Tungabhadra

Reservoir

--do-

3. Bella Hosur-0.602 Tungabhadra 2.4 Channel utilizes

seepage from higher

level channels

4. Kalaghatta Drainage channel Halla 8

5. Turtha Turtha 3.048 Tungabhadra 16

6. Ramsagar Ramsagar 2.042 Tungabhadra 28.8



P a g e | 13

No Name of the

Channel

Name of Weir &

Length in Km Name of Stream

Distance d/s of TB

Dam in Km Remarks

7. Kampli Kampli anicut

0.94

Tungabhadra 30.4

8. Belagodahala Drainage

channel

Halla 35.2 Channel utilizes

seepage from higher

level channels

9. Siruguppa Siruguppa 1.95 Tungabhadra 80 Consists of 7 bits.

10. Deshnur Deshnur 0.96 Tungabhadra 80

Koppal District (on left side of river)

11. Koregal

Koregal

Submerged in

Tungabhadra

reservoir

Channel takes off

directly from

Tungabhadra Left Bank

Channel

12. Hulgi Hulgi - 0.518 Tungabhadra 2.4

13. Shivapur Shivapur - 0.17 Tungabhadra 8

14. Anegundi Sanapur - 0.518 Tungabhadra 16

15. Upper

Gangavathi

Upper

Gangavathi0.78

Tungabhadra 27.2

16. Lower

Gangavathi

Lower Gangavathi

0.45

Tungabhadra 30.4

Raichur district

17. Bichal Bichal - 1.192 Tungabhadra 137.6

Table 3: Command area (20 years average)

No. Name of the Channel Length (Km) Cropped

Area (Ha) Offtake

On right bank of TB River

1 Raya Channel 27.74 2855 Tungabhadra Dam

2 Basavanna Channel 16.50 1447 Tungabhadra Dam

3 Bella Channel 5.50 741 Hosur Anicut

4 Kalaghatta Channel 7.020 349 Drainage channel

5 Turtha Channel 18.69 1171 Turtha anicut

6 Ramasagar Channel 15.50 1024 Ramasagar Anicut

7 Kampli Channel 23.550 894 Kampli Anicut

8 Belagodahala 11.220 328 Drainage channel

9 Deshnur Channel 9.03 815 Deshnur Anicut

10 Siruguppa Channel 10.85 1344 Siruguppa Anicut

On left bank of TB River

11 Hulgi Channel 10.69 419 Hulgi anicut

12 Shivapur Channel 6.54 717 Shivapur anicut



P a g e | 14

No. Name of the Channel Length (Km) Cropped

Area (Ha) Offtake

13 Anegundi Channel 19.44 1359 Sanapur anicut

14 Gangavathi upper Channel 9.00 1363 Upper Gangavathi anicut

15 Gangavathi lower Channel 9.54 1141 Lower Gangavathi anicut

16 Bichal Channel 14.50 276 Bichal Anicut

Total 16,241

4.3 Drainage System

The drainage system is sufficient to drain the water and no water logging, soil salinity and alkalinity has

been noticed. Anyway, it is recommended to propose surface drainage, water logging and such measures.

In the command area of 11,154 ha under Vijayanagara channel system, an area of 340 ha is affected by

water logging, salinity and alkalinity (DPR, 2013). The Command Area Development Authority (CADA)

of Tungabhadra project has taken up the reclamation of these water logged area. This area has been

reclaimed.

As curative and preventive measures to water logging and salinity problems, surface field drains have

been developed, which drains of excess water and lowers the salt concentration in the root zone and thus

helps to improve the crop yields. The field drains has been taken up in various programs.



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5 MODERNIZATION REQUIREMENTS

5.1 Integrated Water Resources Management

5.1.1 IWRM Approach

Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) is a comprehensive, participatory planning and

implementation tool for managing and developing water resources in a way that balances social and

economic needs, and that ensures protection of ecosystems for future generations.

Important attributes of IWRM include:

recognising that the pool of water that can be managed and used is finite

coordination of sectors that manage, use and impact (e.g. via pollution) sectors;

planning and managing water according to river basin, sub-basin and irrigation water supply

boundaries and the extent of the available resource;

integrating the management of land, water and vegetation;

integrating the management surface water and groundwater;

integrating the management of water quantity and quality;

taking scientific approaches to planning and management;

using a balance of policy and investment measures to achieve outcomes; and,

involving water users government, non-government, civil society and the private sector

The multi-sectoral approach of IWRM differs from the traditional form of water resources management

where individual water using and impacting sectors such as irrigation, urban water supply, sanitation and

industrial discharge, hydropower, etc., plan and develop water projects separately to meet their own needs

and objectives. Often the finite extent of the resource and impacts on other sectors including the

environment is not considered and this leads to water shortages and conflict.

Figure 7 illustrates the IWRM model that coordinates water using and impacting (e.g. polluters) sectors

to achieve IWRM goals. IWRM at the river basin scale is often referred to as Integrated River Basin

Management (IRBM) and this includes smaller hydrological scales of catchments/ watersheds through to

irrigation areas. At a higher level, there is the State IWRM framework that spans all of the State’s river

basins and water using sectors as well as the overarching National level that spans all States. For IWRM

to function properly, appropriate institutions, information and knowledge management and policies and

plans are required.



P a g e | 16

Figure 7: IWRM Framework

1

Based on international experience (ANZDEC, 2011), effective IWRM approaches have been found to

have fairly common features where:

The institutional framework is both robust and flexible, and includes modern legislation and an

integrated policy framework,

Planning and management is knowledge driven. Strategic assessment uses good data collection

and management procedures and uses the data to support planning and decision making

Integration is built into institutions, resource management, and policy and the environment is

recognised as a legitimate water user,

Community awareness raising and participation is a key part of water resources management so

that communities understand and contribute to solutions through local management and actions.

There is monitoring to evaluate whether the river basin is being managed sustainably.

A single agency is responsible for coordinating overall water resources planning and

management with the authority to issue licences or permits for water abstraction and effluent

disposal.

5.1.2 IWRM Institutional Framework

The institutional framework arrangements for water resources management in an IWRM context are

shown in Figure 8. River basin authorities decide water sharing and pollution discharge arrangements and

bulk entitlements, including abstraction periods, for water management agencies (authorities, companies)

in compliance with government policies.

These water management agencies, such as irrigation and drainage authorities, urban water supply and

sanitation authorities, hydropower operators, dam and river operators, catchment managers, flood

management authorities, etc.; are responsible for providing water related services to their respective

clients consistent with these entitlements.

The agencies should respond to the requirements or their water service users such as irrigators, tank users,

dryland farmers, fishers, recreationalists, catchment users such as dryland farmers and foresters,

navigational users. Specifically for Irrigation and Drainage Authorities they would consult and involve

water users in advisory committees that are focused on service requirements and standards. The

Authorities would involve themselves in supplying services to meet client/WUCS/farmer needs; water

1 Feasibility study of Gondhi modernisation, Bhadravathi, Shimoga



P a g e | 17

planning according to seasonal water availability; maintaining a register of water users and their water

user accounts; water ordering and supply systems and their operation and maintenance; asset

management; and measurement and recording of water supply.

Figure 8: Example of the IWRM Institutional Framework

5.1.3 Irrigation and IWRM

Irrigation is a major user of water (with much of the water being lost through evaporation) and this affects

other water users in a river basin by reducing the amount of surface and groundwater water available;

changing river flows thereby affecting the environment; and non-point source pollution through the use of

agri-chemicals. In some cases, irrigation may contribute to the raising groundwater levels causing

groundwater discharge, waterlogging and concentrating salts in soils and drainage waters but in many

areas irrigation is a major consumer of groundwater resulting in over-abstraction.

In river basins where there are water shortages, clear plans, rules and regulatory arrangements are

required if water supply and security of access is to be sustained for water users and businesses. It is only

with this security that water users will be willing to make investments to increase their returns from their

water supply and to use available water most efficiently.

Without these plans and rules, a significant component of the supply to water users further down a river

system tends to be a return flow from upstream irrigation areas. With time, it is common for upstream

water users to improve the net consumption of water thereby reducing return flows and downstream water

availability. This is illustrated herein.

Figure 9 shows the water available from return flows to a series of irrigation areas that are operating with

water use efficiency (WUE) of 45%. A series of 9 such irrigation areas would effectively close the river

basin meaning that no (or very little) water would leave the basin. A substantial part of the water used for

irrigation is lost as evaporation / evapotranspiration while run-off and percolation are available for reuse.

Maximization of agricultural production (yields, crop value) per unit of water evaporated must be an

objective.



P a g e | 18

Figure 9: Water available from return flows from low efficient systems

Provided water and not land is limiting irrigation farms inevitably become more and more efficient as

better technologies become available and as cost pressures drive efficiency gains. Figure 10 shows the

results of irrigation areas increasing WUE to 75 per cent. Water availability for successively lower

irrigation areas is much reduced so that the fourth irrigation area is only receiving 7 per cent of inflows

previously received when upstream areas were at 40 per cent WUE. The river basin is effectively closed

after only 4 such irrigation areas.



P a g e | 19

Figure 10: Water available from return flows from high efficient systems

Governments or industries in the search for water under conditions of scarcity will sometimes fund

measures in irrigation areas to raise efficiency and then transfer the water elsewhere. Figure 11 shows

this scenario when investment is made in each irrigation area to raise efficiency by about 10 per cent and

also transfer 10 per cent of the inflowing water (‘entitlement’) elsewhere; in effect a double penalty for

downstream areas. The lower most irrigation area only receives 42 per cent of the water received

previously.

Figure 11: Water available from return flows from increased efficiency including inter basin

transfer

An IWRM approach if fully implemented would aim to control these unintended consequences of

‘improved water management’ by having a strict water entitlements system for the river basin and each of

the irrigation areas. This would be based on a river basin plan and a detailed assessment of the water

resource (surface and groundwater) and the seasonal and annual variability; environmental water

requirements; a bulk water entitlements system; measurements of flows and water deliveries; reservoir

regulation that uses the water efficiently as well as managing multiple uses of reservoirs such as for flood

control, fisheries and recreation; as well as an operational plan drought conditions of varying magnitude.

Water users and administrations would be closely involved in developing and implementing this IWRM

system.

The IWRM approach within irrigation areas would include water entitlements/permits to an appropriate

level (eg. WUCS) and including groundwater where there is a stressed groundwater system; measurement

of flows and deliveries; volumetric water charges to provide for system operation and maintenance as



P a g e | 20

well as to provide an efficiency incentive for water users; and awareness raising of the approaches and

benefits of more efficient water management systems. Water entitlements need to be specific about

whether the entitlement is for full consumption of the amount of whether it has a return flow component.

Control is best achieved by water regulators if the amount is the consumptive entitlement is the delivery

can be measured whereas return flows can only be measured with difficulty and at additional cost.

5.1.4 The KISWRMIP and IWRM

The KISWRMIP will take an IWRM approach to implementation that involves:

Studies of water policy approaches and their adaptation to Karnataka;

Studies of the water balance and river basin planning so that water is used within the limits of

water availability and to ensure that any water savings are real rather than being water that is

already being used by an existing user or the environment;

An approach to water sharing so that water users are aware of their entitlements under the range

of seasonal conditions including drought and thereby have the knowledge and security to make

sound business decisions;

Measurement of water deliveries to a WUCS level consistent with water entitlements to ensure

that water deliveries are consistent with entitlements;

Measurement and control of groundwater abstractions so that groundwater use is sustainable

and water users have the knowledge and security of water access to make sound business

decisions;

Establishment and strengthening of dam operator; river managers and Irrigation and Drainage

Authorities and their planning and management systems for operating and maintaining their

infrastructure and to achieve a service orientation;

Involvement of water users to operate and maintain local irrigation systems as well as to use

water more efficiently and productively;

Capacity building of farmers to sustainably manage water as well as reduce the environmental

impacts from agro-chemical use and salinity; and

Financing arrangements so that irrigation systems are financially sustainable.

5.2 Water Use Efficiency Improvement

The SGOK has as its vision ‘Integrated water resource management to achieve scientific and efficient

management of water, to increase “crop per drop” through a mix of improved efficiency of water

application and net water gains, crop yield enhancement, adopting practices that are environmentally

sustainable and economically viable, closing the gap between the demand and supply of water and

maintaining the quality of water’ (DWR, 2011-2014).

Using a lesser quantity of water or in other words improving water use efficiency in irrigation is possible

by saving and conserving water through efficient water conveyance, distribution and application;

reducing losses; adopting better on-farm and crop management technologies; and shifting to crop varieties

that use less water while giving higher productivity (either yields and/or financial returns per unit of water

used). Crop management strategies to improve water use efficiency will reduce use of irrigation water by

individual crops and at the same time it should increase productivity and overall agricultural production

through use of the saved water elsewhere in the basin. With water, and not land, limiting irrigation area

development in Karnataka, measures to increase irrigation efficiency and crop water productivity

(increased farm household revenues per unit of water used) are central to the modernization process.

These measures may include improved infrastructure and management systems, to address operational

and seepage losses, and improved agricultural extension to address on-farm losses and enable yield

improvements.



P a g e | 21

Water use efficiency and “crop per drop” in the agricultural context involves emphasizing economic

efficiency whereby farmers’ crop choices are driven by maximizing their revenues and livelihoods within

the constraint of diminishing water availability.

Improving irrigation water use efficiency would thus include improving reservoir management and

performance and the optimum delivery of water at canal head to meet indented demands while reducing

evaporation and seepage losses; reviewing operation policies and plans within overall water availability

and basin allocations; plugging leakages, controlling unauthorized diversions and other unaccounted use;

improving reliability of supply to avoid the farmers’ tendency to over-irrigate; improved conveyance and

distribution; improved field application efficiency that optimizes soil moisture, reducing evapo-

transpiration from weed growth and using water efficient crop management practices; and, improved

drainage.

Figure 12 shows schematically the distribution of water entering an irrigation system. For a surface

irrigation system, the productive evapotranspiration (i.e. water actually used by the crops) is typically

around 40% of the inflow. This is the headline irrigation efficiency. The balance of the water is split

between other evaporation, surface runoff and percolation to groundwater. Unless the groundwater is

saline or very deep, the percolation is effectively recharged which can be reused. Surface runoff can also

be reused (although water quality may progressively deteriorate) but water that evaporates is lost to the

system. Reuse will also sometimes occur within schemes, particularly where percolation to groundwater

is reused for well irrigation.

Figure 12: Schematic Distribution of Irrigation Inflow

Reducing field demand will translate into reduced system demand. The amount of water to be supplied to

the field can be reduced through changes such as:

better response in reducing irrigation supply after rainfall;

promoting crops with equal or better farm incomes but lower water demands;

deficit irrigation at times when it does not affect yields;



P a g e | 22

adopting agronomic measures such as system of rice intensification (SRI), sustainable sugar

initiatives and anaerobic rice cultivation; and

improved soil quality management techniques can also improve field water use efficiency.

More timely irrigation will raise yields to nearer the maximum potential. Increased reliability of irrigation

supply is also needed to ensure that farmers are willing to move away from keeping their field moisture

contents close to capacity in order to provide a buffer against supply interruptions.



P a g e | 23

6 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT

6.1 Approach

6.1.1 Background

The Asian Development Bank’s (ADB) Safeguard policy prescribes social and gender dimensions while

implementing an Integrated Water Resources Management Project for the benefit of the target population.

Here public consultations and their active involvement in every stage of the planning, implementation,

and concurrent monitoring of the project. The safeguard policies require that:

impacts are identified and assessed early in the project cycle;

plans to avoid, minimize, mitigate, or compensate for the potential adverse impacts are

developed and implemented; and

affected people are informed and consulted during project preparation and implementation.

The programme intends to improve equitable distribution of water to the people residing in the tail end

mainly small and medium farmers, landless farmers and the poor and the vulnerable women. Besides the

programme will have positive impact on the women and socially excluded groups by:

strengthened grassroots institutions;

improved irrigation infrastructure and practices;

improved and equitable access to water by small, marginal and landless farmers;

improved farm incomes;

enhanced off farm livelihood opportunities

sustainable and innovative irrigation and agricultural practices, including drip and micro

irrigation and crop diversification;

strengthened water resources and environmental management;

social inclusion in water governance and decision–making processes and

awareness generation, community mobilization and participatory irrigation management

6.1.2 Objectives

The objectives of the socio-economic assessment for VNC Feasibility Study are to:

Understand the project locations, different stakeholders associated with the project and

understand their perceptions on social and gender dimension in the project- especially who is

doing what? What are the corrective measures to be adopted for improving the situation?

Examine the level of participation of both male and females in local water resource management

institutions in particular WUCS and Federation/Councils;

Review and analyse level of understanding and implementation of water efficiency measures,

safeguard measures on water quality and management etc;

Prepare the baseline information for socio-economic profiling of the communities in the VNC

subproject areas; and

Understand the Coordination mechanisms between KNNL, CADA, Gram Panchayat, and other

related organizations involved in Irrigation and agriculture/horticulture and livelihood sectors.

6.1.3 Methodology

The methodology adopted for the socio-economic assessment briefly includes:

Review, examine and analyse the secondary data and information from Panchayat, Population

Census, District Handbook, studies and surveys conducted by various stake holders in the

project area.

Social mapping of the areas to understand current situation of people, especially the indigenous

population



P a g e | 24

Household survey to collect socio economic data from selected households especially from the

underprivileged communities. The survey carried out among different strata of farmers based on

their socio economic status.

Public Consultation and Focus Group Discussions (FGD) among WUCS/Farmers Associations,

women groups, Agriculture Department, Panchayats, ICDS (Anganwadis), NGOs, elected

representatives etc. Public Consultations

Transect walk and observations, semi structured dialogue techniques and Informal discussions

6.2 Field Assessment and Public Consultation

A multi-disciplinary team, consisting of Social Development & Gender Specialist (SDGS), irrigation

engineers, and Environmental Specialist, visited the subproject villages in and around the VNC from May

22 to 28 and July 19 to 23, 2016 to undertake the task outlined above. Out of the 16 canals 14 canals

visited and interacted with community members and farmers residing in 31 villages. Out of this 13

villages in the head reach, 7 in middle and 11 are in tail ends. A brief outline of socio-economic data and

their sources used in the report is given in Table 4.

Table 4: Socio-economic data and their sources

Section Key Components Remarks

General information

from

Panchayat/WUCS

Population, households, age-sex

distribution, Ethnicity, area under

cultivation, major crops, infrastructure

facilities etc.

Information gathered from secondary

data and using a Performa on socio

economic profile

Household & Social

information

Family composition, socio economic

status, Ethnicity, Education,

occupation, Land Holding & crop

pattern, drinking water, sanitation

facilities,

Information gathered through

household checklist and focus group

discussions

Ongoing poverty

alleviation

programmes

Types of both central and state

government supported programmes,

including MGNREGA, other

programmes supported by NABARD

and other agencies.

Secondary data, discussion with

panchayat and other elected

representatives, district handbook,

progress reports of rural development

and Panchayati Raj departments

Gender aspects Type of activities carried out by men

and women, especially in agriculture

and irrigation, wage structure,

participation in meetings, decision

making, land ownership, etc.

Information collected during FGD and

informal discussion with women

groups and men

6.3 Sample Villages Visited in VNC

The villages visited during community consultation and socio-economic assessment in the VNC

subproject areas are given in Table 5.



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Table 5: Sample villages visited in VNC subproject areas

Village Name Division Canal Canal Reach District Taluka

Hosur

No-1 TR Division

Munirabad

Raya And

Basavanna

Head

Bellary Hospet

Narasapura Middle

Hoskote Head

Nagenahalli Middle

Mudlapura Middle

Belagodu Middle

Kamalapura Tail End

Kallirampura Head

Hospet Head

Narasapura Bella Middle

Dhanapura Kalaghatta Tail End

Hampi Turtha

Head

Krishnapura Middle

Ramasagar Ramasagar And

Kampli

Head

Kampli Tail End

Belagodhahal

Kampli And

Belagodhalla Tail End

Kenchanagudda

No-2 LLC Sub

Division Siruguppa

Siruguppa And

Deshnur

Head

Bellary Siruguppa Siruguppa Tail End

Deshnur Tail End

Hulgi

No- 2 TR Sub

Division Agalkera

Hulgi Head

Koppal Koppal

Shivpura

Hulgi And

Shivpura

Head

Mohammad Nagar Head

Narayanapet Tail End

Virpapurgaddi Anegundi

Head

Anegundi Tail End

Hirejanthkal No-1 Canal Sub

Division Vaddaratti

Camp Gangavathi

Upper And

Lower

Gangavathi

Head Koppal Gangavathi

Nagenahalli Middle



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Village Name Division Canal Canal Reach District Taluka

Chikkajanthkal Tail End

Rajolli

RDS Sub Division

Gillesugur

Bichal

Head

Raichur Manvi Hanumapura Tail End

Bichal Tail End

6.4 Stakeholder Consultation

Public consultation is a process in which public get an opportunity to express their views on various

aspects concerning the project. Public consultation is vital in early stage of project which helps

strengthening preventive measures to ensure social sustainability and preserving public interest by taking

in account of their anticipated questions and introducing measures for mitigating the same. Public

consultation involved focus group discussion, informal discussions, case studies etc. The people residing

along the project areas were consulted during site visits and in depth discussions were held for soliciting

their opinion on several aspects of the project.

Sustainable water resources management, from planning to implementation and operations, requires well-

coordinated mechanisms and frameworks for participation of different stakeholders. Participants who

may be adversely impacted and/or socially marginalized may be stimulated to participate within a

consensus-building strategy. Stakeholder involvement can be defined appropriately for local conditions

and improved gradually, for example by setting up a committee, public hearings and workshops in the

process of applying the principles of IWRM at various levels. Local communities have wealth of

traditional and historical hydrological knowledge on the canals and distributaries and this will have value

addition in the effective design and implementation of irrigation projects.

Plate 1: Public Consultation meeting held at Basvapura chaired by GP President



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Plate 2: Focus Group Discussion with Women & Farmers

Public Consultations and Focus Group discussions were conducted in different localities by ethnicity,

type of farmers and other locally specific characteristics. In total 258 men and 58 women participated in

Public consultation and focus group discussions. The communities are explained about the modernization

work of canals and their active participation in the effective implementation of the project. The roles and

responsibilities of WUCS and other stakeholders also explained. Among the participants there were

mixed reactions and the villages participated in the PPTA study in 2013 expressed their dissatisfaction

about the delay in the approval process for resuming the implementation of the project. The communities

residing in the tail ends were enquired anxiously about the starting of the project and others were rather

skeptical about the delays.

Overall the people participated in public consultation seems to be quite interested and confident about the

project as they are well aware of the merits after commissioning of this project and its effect on enhancing

the living standards of farmers.

During the FGD we have requested the farmers and women members to express their needs and priority

separately and listed out 9 sectors. Out of the 14 men group participated in FGD they prioritised water for

irrigation as priority 1 (71.4%) followed by drinking water and sanitation. Among the women group in

priority 1 they have identified health care (40%) as the highest priority followed by drinking water,

sanitation and employment. In Priority 2 category 57% men expressed roads and bridges as the highest

priority followed by drinking water, sanitation and employment. Among the women group they have

given equal importance to employment and sanitation followed by health care.

Overall the people participated in public consultation and focus group discussions seems to be quite

interested and confident about the project as they are well aware of the merits after commissioning of this

project and its effect on enhancing the living standards of farmers.

6.5 Water Users Cooperative Societies

Water Users Cooperative Societies (WUCS) are established or planned to be established as part of the

modernization of irrigation infrastructure in the project. In some of the localities WUCS were formed



P a g e | 28

more than 10 years ago and it was reported that they have not been given necessary back up support to

perform their envisaged duties. Traditionally the farmers organisations were formed due to either the

conflicts aroused over water sharing or strong and generous leadership that exist in the villages.

During the visits to the canals/villages it was noticed that the famers associations are formed several years

back and vibrant in some of the Vijayanagara Canal areas. Few of them have converted as WUCS. In the

public consultation and FGD the participants expressed their concerns for the sustainability of the canal

system.

Community have been carrying out operation and maintenance work with their own resources. In few

localities Panchayat authorities agreed to utilise NAREGA funds for operation and maintenance of the

canals/distributaries, especially the labour component.

A notable feature is the importance given to the role of agriculture and irrigation. Even though women are

members in WUCS their participation in the meetings are rather limited. However, in the milk

cooperative society’s women play dynamic role in overall management of the society. This is mainly due

to the training, orientation and exposure they have received from their projects.

In all consultation meetings, the discussions were held with regard to affordability and willingness of

WUCS members to pay for their share of contribution towards the cost of on-farm development works

(CAD works). As mentioned earlier, the status of WUCS organisations in VNC subproject areas is still in

initial stage, nevertheless, the farmers express their willingness to form WUCS under the guidance of

KNNL and CADA. They are of the view that they will pay their share of contribution towards the CAD

works, as they expect the irrigation service will improve with modernisation of the VNC canals and

infrastructures.

6.6 Involuntary Resettlement

During the public consultation and visit to several localities it has been realized that resettlement and

rehabilitation of people is not considered as a major issue in the canal areas. However in few villages

encroachments are affecting the smooth flow of water to the tail ends. This can be addressed by WUCS

and other responsible authorities during the initial stage of implementation. This requires a careful

assessment of the economic disadvantages and social impact of displacement. There must also be a

holistic effort aimed at improving the all-round living standards of the affected people.

As per ADB policy on involuntary resettlement, projects are classified into the following four categories:

Category A: A proposed project is likely to have significant involuntary resettlement impacts. A

resettlement plan, which includes assessment of social impacts, is required.

Category B: A proposed project includes involuntary resettlement impacts that are not deemed

significant. A resettlement plan, which includes assessment of social impacts, is required.

Category C: A proposed project has no involuntary resettlement impacts. No further action is required.

Category FI: A proposed project involves the investment of ADB funds to or through a financial

intermediary. The financial intermediary must apply and maintain an environmental and social

management system, unless all of the financial intermediary's business activities are unlikely to generate

involuntary impacts.

Based on interactions with the KNNL and CADA officials, observational field visits and public

consultations, no major resettlement issues are foreseen under the project area. Thus, the VNC

modernisation clearly falls under Category C for involuntary resettlement.



P a g e | 29

The National Rehabilitation and Resettlement Policy, 2007 and the Karnataka Resettlement of displaced

persons Act 1987 was also emphasized the need for systematic approach in dealing with resettlement

issues. With regard to the Command Area Development, the Karnataka Command Area Act, 1980 also

provides adequate provisions for addressing the issue.

Prior to initiating the acquisition of land for the project, the appropriate, Government should, inter alia,

take into consideration the alternatives that will (i) minimise the displacement of people due to the

acquisition of land for the project; (ii) minimise the total area of land to be acquired for the project; and

(iii) minimise the acquisition of agricultural land for non-agricultural use in the project.

Based on the overall assessment, the project is likely to fall under the “Category C” in consistent with the

ADB Involuntary Resettlement policy “project has no involuntary resettlement impacts. No further action

is required”.

6.7 Indigenous People

It is also necessary to define the term IP, which is not only co-terminus with the communities defined by

the Constitution of India as scheduled tribe it often also includes backward communities, as per the

recommendation of the Karnataka Backward Classes Commission.

In Karnataka, there are 50 scheduled tribe communities living according to the Constitution (Scheduled

Tribes) Order (Amendment) Act 2003.

The impacts on Indigenous People have been determined according to the ADB Safe Guard Policy

statement. Considering the nature of interventions proposed under the program, no specific adverse

impacts are anticipated for the STs (Indigenous People) compared to other communities. During the

community consultations also, it has been found that there is no specific uniqueness with regard to the

economic status, livelihood systems or cultural practices amongst the STs as compared to other

communities in the villages.

It appears that the Constitution of India and several acts ensure protection of IP or ST, as defined by the

Constitution, which is consistent with ADB policy; hence there is no need to bridge the gap between

protection measures guaranteed under Indian laws and ADB’s safeguard requirements. Objectives of the

IPPF and the approach to IPP preparation will accommodate both Indian Constitution Acts and ADB’s

safeguards policy on IP. In this context, for the purpose of this project, an IPPF is not required.

Based on the overall assessment, “the project is likely to fall under the Category C and the proposed

project is not expected to have impacts on indigenous peoples. No further action is required”. However, if

there is any physical relocation of STs in any future Tranche, a combined plan including Resettlement

Plan and Indigenous Peoples Plan will be prepared.

6.8 Gender Concerns

Gender Action Plan is still a relatively new approach in India especially in the water and infrastructure sector.

The implications of this are twofold: on one hand, working in a fairly unprecedented way undoubtedly presents

a challenge and includes the need for more awareness and capacity building along the way. On the other, this

presents a major opportunity for the IWRM project to set a good practice standard in the sector.

IWRM and agricultural practices are particularly concerned with gender issues because women are the ones

predominantly involved. If the views and concerns of community women are not expressed and integrated

into programme and facility designs, it is unlikely that it will earn their commitment and the probability of

functional failure will be high. Experience shows that when women actively incorporate changes into the

pattern of their daily lives, they pass these changes on to other family members, thus increasing the

sustainability of the programme. To achieve this, the active support (and involvement) of community needs to

be sought.



P a g e | 30

In this project during the implementation, three strategies are proposed to be developed: (a) Identify women

leaders and train them to carry out specific tasks that may be socially accepted; (b) Gradually build-up a

network of women leaders and train them to voice their concerns in day to day implementation; (c) Propose

and design information dissemination methods that can be easily delivered to women.

The self-help groups existing in the project area provide an excellent platform to involve women both as

recipients of services and service providers. In other experiences it has been found that women’s groups

function much better if they can be offered a combined package of functional literacy, livelihood, agriculture

and a nutrition programme package.

A detailed description of the socio-economic assessment of VNC subproject areas can be found in Volume 3:

VNC Socio-Economic Assessment submitted concurrently as the part of this submission.



P a g e | 31

7 INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT

7.1 Background

Vijayanagara Channel (VNC) System is a run-of-the-river irrigation channel system built during the

Vijayanagara Dynasty about 400 years back. Originally consisting of 19 channels, one channel serves the

irrigation needs of the neighbouring state, Andhra Pradesh. Amongst the 18 channels that serves the command

area in Karnataka, the Bennur Channel is in ruins and Koregal Channel command is supplied water from the

Tungabhadra Left Bank Channel. The VNC was constructed in the Tungabhadra basin in the reach starting

from the Tungabhadra reservoir in Koppal District. Within Karnataka, the VNC system is spread over 3

districts namely Bellary, Raichur and Koppal. The Geographical area lies between latitude 14° 30' to 16° 34'

N and Longitude 75° 40' to 77° 35' E and a portion of the VNC passes through the UNESCO Heritage area of

Hampi. It is proposed to modernize the 16 channels of the VNC system located within the Karnataka border

(excluding Bennur and Koregal Channels) in order to improve water use efficiency in the Culturable

Command Area (CCA) of 11,154 hectares. Along with the modernization works, it is proposed to take up

installation of flow measurement and telemetry, command area development works, strengthening asset

management and main system Operation & Maintenance (O&M) and institutional strengthening and capacity

building2. This Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) has been taken up to assess environmental issues

arising from the various components of modernization activities. Also, for all identified adverse impacts

mitigation measures have been suggested and an Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan has been

prepared. This IEE document also contains environmental budget for the mitigation measures and

environmental monitoring.

7.2 Executing and Implementing Agencies

Government of Karnataka vide order No. WRD 64 MB1 2011 dated 07-02-2012 established the Advanced

Centre for Integrated Water Resources Management (ACIWRM) under the Water Resource Department,

Government of Karnataka and will be the implementing agency. The Karnataka Neeravari Nigam Limited

(KNNL) is the executing agency for this project3.

7.3 Categorisation

The project categorisation has been carried out as per the ADB Safeguard Policy Statement 2009. As per this,

''Modernization of the Vijayanagara Channel System” is classified as Environmental Category B because

no significant impacts are envisioned. Accordingly, Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) has been

prepared as part of the Feasibility Report. The IEE is based on the ADB Environmental Assessment Guidelines

2003 and its updates provided in the publication ADB Environmental Safeguards Good Practices Sourcebook

2010 Further, the IEE is based on the relevant Indian environmental regulations. Also, the IEE is based on a

careful review of the Detailed Project Report, field visits; secondary data collected to characterize the

environment; stakeholder consultations; and identification of potential impacts. An Environmental

Management Plan (EMP) outlining the specific environmental measures to be adhered to during

implementation of the project has been prepared. This is to ensure that the project will conform to all

Government regulations, policies and standards.

7.4 Description of Baseline Environment

The Vijayanagara Channels for which the modernization project is implemented passes through three districts

of the state of Karnataka viz., Bellary, Koppal and Raichur. While there is no existence of any National Park,

Wild Life Park, Bird Sanctuary, or Notified Wet Land within a distance of 10 km from the project canals, the

2 Detailed Project Report on “Modernization of Vijayanagara Channels in Tungabhadra Project” by Karnataka

Neeravari Nigam Limited, Government of Karnataka.

3 Note for the consideration of the Advisory Committee, Ministry of Water Resources, Government of India.



P a g e | 32

Daroji Bear Sanctuary and the Otter Conservation Reserve is located at about 25 km from the project canal

locations. The modernization of canals do not pose any threats to these sanctuaries. Approximately, 22 km of

the canal length passing through the UNESCO Hampi Heritage Site and the plan of action for canal

modernization within the heritage area has to be approved by the Hampi World Heritage Area Development

Authority. The secondary data on ambient air quality in the project area indicates that air quality is well within

stipulated limits in respect of SO2 and NOx, and particulate matter concentration (PM10). The average annual

rainfall in the districts of Bellary, Koppal and Raichur are 611mm, 572mm and 376mm as against a state

average of 1355mm. The surface water quality conforms to Class C i.e., suitable for drinking subsequent to

treatment and disinfection. In Bellary District, the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon groundwater levels occurs

in the range of 1.72 - 19.48m bgl (average 4.77m) and 1.22 – 17.61m bgl (average 3.47m). In Koppal District,

the pre-monsoon groundwater levels occurs at 4.50 - 16.5m bgl and post-monsoon groundwater levels occurs

at 1.15 – 16.24m bgl. In Raichur District, the pre-monsoon groundwater levels occurs at 0.65 – 10.7m bgl and

post-monsoon groundwater levels occurs at 0.05 – 11m bgl. However, the groundwater use in the tail-end

reaches of the canal is high indicating non-availability of adequate surface irrigation. The ground water has

high concentrations of nitrate indicating ingress of excess fertilizers into the groundwater. The districts of

Bellary, Koppal and Raichur are covered by reddish sandy soil, light green loamy soil and reddish brown soil.

While the general soil quality is good, a portion of the soils of the agricultural lands located at the head-end of

the canals have become saline due in intense agriculture coupled with excessive use of fertilizers and

pesticides. The noise levels are within permissible limits as majority of the project areas are located in a rural

environment. The predominant land use in the project areas is agriculture. The three districts experiences

temperature in the range of 14.10 C in winter and 40.4

0 C in summer season. While the state of Karnataka is

categorized as moderate to low seismic risk zone, the project districts fall under Zone II (Low Damage Risk

zone MSK VI). The biological environment covers flora and fauna. Over 7 species of fish are recorded to have

been present in the Tungabhadra river basin. There are no endangered category animals or birds present in the

project area. The flora in the project areas can be characterized as upland thorn and scrub. According to the

2011 census, the population of the three districts viz., Bellary, Koppal and Raichur was 2.45, 1.39 and 1.93

million, respectively with a decadal growth at about 15.6%. The sex ratio in Bellary, Koppal and Raichur is

983, 986 and 1000 females, respectively, which is higher in comparison to the state sex-ratio of 973 females

for every 1000 males.

7.5 Environmental Impacts and Environmental Management

The assessment found that area of impacts will be local in nature and covers mostly in project areas, because

the proposed project will involve only modernization of existing system. Most the environmental impacts

occur only during the construction period and the mitigation measures can be easily implemented as part of the

construction works. However, the environmental management plan and monitoring plan would need to be

strictly implemented, including those measures suggested for works within the Hampi Heritage Area. The

community consultation revealed that the affected population are willing to accept the negative impacts during

construction to achieve the goal of improving the VNC system thereby boosting the agricultural productivity

and the farmers’ income levels. The established grievance redressal mechanism is provided, in case any

complaint from affected people need to be resolved.

The environmental impacts of the project are not significant and the project is placed at a Category B level, as

per the ADB's Safeguards Policy Statement. The specific measures stated in the EMP will address all adverse

environmental impacts due to the project. A detailed monitoring plan prepared as part of this IEE will further

mitigate negative environmental impacts during implementation.

Potential negative impacts were identified in relation to design, construction, operation and maintenance of the

VNC system. No environmental impacts were identified as being due to the project design and location. The

project shall move the region towards path of sustainable development as it aims at conserving water

resources. The EMP has been proposed as part of this IEE for adverse impacts identified during modernization

and O&M phases. This EMP includes (i) mitigation measures for adverse environmental impacts during

implementation, (ii) environmental monitoring program, and the responsible entities for mitigation,

monitoring, and reporting; (iii) public consultation and information disclosure; (iv) EMP budget; and (v)



P a g e | 33

grievance redress mechanism. Mitigation measures have been developed to reduce all negative impacts to

acceptable levels.

A positive impact is anticipated in terms of employment opportunity for many skilled, semi-skilled and un-

skilled personnel during project implementation.

7.6 Consultation, Disclosure and Grievance Redress

Public consultations were carried out during the preparation of the project and IEE. On-going consultations

will occur throughout the project implementation period. A grievance redress mechanism is described within

the IEE to ensure any public grievances are addressed quickly.

7.7 Monitoring and Reporting

It is expected that project will be implemented by the Project Management Unit PMU) to be established within

the KNNL. This PMU will be assisted by a Project Support Consultant (PSC).The PMU and PSC will be

responsible for EMP implementation. The PSC will submit quarterly, semi-annual and annual monitoring

reports to the PMU. The PMU will consolidate these reports and will send it to the ADB.

7.8 Findings, Conclusions and Recommendations

The major findings include the fact that approximately, 22 km of the canal length passing through the

UNESCO Hampi Heritage Site and the plan of action for canal modernization within the heritage area has to

be approved by the Hampi World Heritage Area Development Authority. The potential impacts that are

associated with design, development, construction and operation of the canals can be implemented through

incorporation of suggested mitigation measures and procedures. Based on the findings of the IEE, there are no

significant impacts and the classification of the subproject as Category “B” is confirmed.

A detailed description of the Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) for the VNC modernisation is given in

Volume 2: VNC Initial Environmental Examination submitted concurrently as the part of this submission.



P a g e | 34

8 ASSESSMENT OF IRRIGATION SYSTEM

8.1 Preamble

The Vijayanagar channels are one of the oldest canal system built in India by the Vijayanagar Dynasty which

ruled the Deccan Plateau for nearly 100 – 150 years. This dynasty ruled between 15th and 16

th century AD. The

said canals supposed to have been built around 15th Century (about 450-500 years back). As such, no records

on designs and other technical data of channels are available. This has necessitated that detailed surveys have

to be conducted in order to arrive at Modernization activities to be undertaken.

8.2 Canal Condition Surveys

The canal condition as well as topographic surveys were carried out during DPR (2013) preparation and was

verified during recent field visits. Field survey along the existing channel network was carried out in order to

identify the take off point, alignment, various constraints along the existing channels, accessibility,

topography, terrain and soil formation including crops that are being cultivated.

The bigger channels are the Raya and the Basavanna channels. These channels take off from the Tungabhadra

dam and other channels take off from pick up weirs (PUWs) i.e. Anicuts on Tungabhadra River.

Anicuts have been constructed with huge boulders / cut stones dumped or set in zigzag manner. The existing

rip-rap boulders are having lot of voids which cause leakage of water and displacement of boulders during

high floods. Most of the channels take off from such PUWs across Tungabhadra River and no head regulators

or control structures exist. Actually, the Vijayanagara channel is a run-of- the river scheme. Therefore, it is

necessary to construct head regulators and measuring structures on the channels which are absent. It is

observed that the PUWs need major repairs.

Improvements to anicuts are a long felt desire of Ayacutdars of Vijayanagara channels. In order to make use of

the run off from the river effectively, it is proposed to take up repairs of existing anicuts.

The anicuts and channel systems of Vijayanagara Empire are still in operation. However with passage of time,

the system has deteriorated and improvements are critically needed.

A brief description of all the points observed during site visits is as follows;

Most anicuts are in deteriorating conditions and leaking, requiring immediate rehabilitation

(Plate 3).

The alignment of both Raya and Basavanna channels generally run through Municipal area of the

Hospet town where the urban development has taken place right up to the channel boundary. The

urban effluents are let into the channels at several locations and the water appears to be

contaminated.

The channel water is being extensively used by the people residing adjacent to the channel for the

purpose of bathing, washing, cattle feeding, etc (Plate 4).

Several inlets in the form of well-constructed pipelines, open channels etc., have been directly

linked to the channel and as such at several locations, the channel functions as either a seepage

disposal point or drainage line (Plate 5).

In most of the locations, the channel has been aligned in restricted right of way due to presence of

huge rocks and boulders.

Some of the sections of the channel have been laid using size stone masonry and concrete, but

these are all limited to the town limit (Plate 6)



P a g e | 35

Substantial seepage has been noticed from the channel at several locations due to poor

maintenance (Plate 7).

Thick vegetation growth has been noticed at several locations along the channel within the water

spread area (Plate 8).

Most of the structures are deteriorated (Plate 9).

The entire channel network lacks proper crossing and connection. The service roads are heavily

damaged and it is difficult to carry out the inspection of the channel (Plate 10).

Channel water happens to be the lifeline for most of the villages en-route since there is no

dedicated water supply for meeting their day to day domestic water requirement (Plate 11).

The surface soil is generally black cotton. However, murrum, gravel and hard rock are also

encountered at select locations

Banana, sugarcane and paddy are the major crops in the command area (Plate 13 and Plate 14).

Certain channels run in deep cut.

There are no proper sign boards or indicative marks, kilometer stones, hectometre stones,

chainage stones etc. along the channel.

Plate 3: Deteriorating anicuts requiring immediate rehabilitation

Plate 4: Figure showing untidy channels



P a g e | 36

Plate 5: Channel used as disposal point

Plate 6: Channel reaches with size stone masonry lining

Plate 7: Damage due to seepage and poor maintenance



P a g e | 37

Plate 8: Thick vegetation around the Channel

Plate 9: Damaged Service road Plate 10: Poor crossing structure



P a g e | 38

Plate 11: Channel flowing full Plate 12: Service road

Plate 13: Banana plantation Plate 14: Sugarcane plantation

8.3 Review of Capacity of Existing Channel and Distribution System

8.3.1 Original design

The Channels were constructed during the period of Vijayanagara kingdom about 400 years ago. As such

they are in deteriorating conditions having very low conveyance efficiency due to inadequate

maintenance.

8.3.2 Present Capacity

The Channel systems being unlined are utilizing 12.05 TMC for irrigating 16,241 ha (both Kharif and

Rabi) of cropped area. The command area is 11,154 ha.

8.3.3 Design of Revised Section (Lined)

The Raya and Basavanna channels take off from Tungabhadra Dam and all other channels except

Kalghatta and Belgodhal take off from anicuts. The Raya channel runs for about 27.7 km and joins Turtha

channel at km 4.0. There is a separate sluice at km 2.5 of Raya Channel to meet the requirements of water

of Bella channel. The Bella Channel runs for about 5.55 km and joins Kalghatta channel at 0.2 km. The



P a g e | 39

Kalghatta channel runs for about 7.02 Km and joins Turtha channel at km 0.7. The Turtha channel runs

for about 18.69 Km and joins Ramasagar channel at Km 1.4. The Ramsagar channel runs for about 15.5

km and joins Kampli channel. The Kampli channel runs for about 23.55 km and joins Belgodhal channel.

The Raya channel is designed by considering its peak discharge as per Modified Penman Method plus 10

per cent extra for rush irrigation including discharges of downstream channels like Bella, Turtha,

Ramsagar and Kampli. Likewise, the downstream channels Bella, Kalghatta, Turtha, Ramsagar and

Kampli are designed for peak discharge plus 10 percent for rush irrigation.

Belgodhal and Basavanna channels are also designed considering Modified Penman method plus 10

percent extra for rush irrigation.

The Channels on left side of Tungabhadra River runs parallel to the Left Bank Main Channel (LBMC)

namely Hulgi, Shivpura, Anegundi, Gangavathi Upper, Gangavathi Lower, and Bichal. There are number

of direct Inlets to these Channels. The Channels are designed for peak discharge obtained from Modified

Penman Method plus 10 per cent rush irrigation requirement.

Based on this, channel sections are designed reach wise considering the existing bed gradient with

Rugosity coefficient (n) of 0.018 for concrete lined channels. Inlets are proposed based on the site

conditions and Surplus Weirs are proposed at defined nalas. Refer to Annexure 13.1 of DPR (2013) for

particulars of channel system.

8.3.4 Identification of the Reaches Needing Improvements

A condition survey was carried out along with the KNNL engineers to assess the condition of channels

and structures. Looking at the poor state of the channel infrastructure, modernization estimate was

prepared incorporating dismantling and reconstruction of dilapidated structures and providing concrete

lining throughout the length of the channel to enable conveyance of water to tail ends of the channel and

to prevent seepage losses, thereby saving water.

8.3.4.1 Lining

The channels are under operation for more than 400 years providing irrigation for two seasons. Due to the

operation of channels for two seasons in a year, they have lost their shape in several stretches due to

scouring effect and also accumulation of silt. This has resulted in reduction in the flow of water. On

account of this, water does not reach the tail end areas during irrigation season. As a result, standing crops

at tail end are not getting enough water. In order to mitigate this problem, water is released into the

channels for saving standing crops during both seasons. Hence, it is necessary to redesign the channel

section with concrete lining. This will also help in improving the efficiency in the channel system and

achieve the desired savings in water. To have uniform quality of concrete lining and for better

compaction, mechanical paver lining is proposed where the bed width is more than 1.2 m. For other

reaches where bed width is less than 1.2 m, manual concrete lining is proposed. The lining has been

proposed for entire length upto free board level with concrete coping on either side for a width of 0.3 m.

Since the channels are running in black cotton soil areas which have swelling characteristics, thus CNS

layer is proposed below concrete lining as per BIS.

8.3.4.2 Strengthening and Stabilization of Banks

Strengthening and stabilization of banks have been proposed wherever required as per site conditions as

described in the DPR.

8.4 Preparation of Capacity Statement

Capacity Statement of discharges in channels has been prepared and included in the DPR. Based on the

capacity statement, estimation for modernization of channels have been prepared by the DPR consultant.



P a g e | 40

8.5 Drainage and Land Reclamation

As most canals are contour canals, the drainage system is sufficient to drain the water thus insignificant

water logging, soil salinity and alkalinity have been noticed. It has been recommended to propose surface

drainage as water logging and similar such measures.

In the command area of 11,154 ha under Vijayanagara Channel System, an area of 340 ha is affected by

water logging, salinity and alkalinity. The Command Area Development Authority (CADA) of

Tungabhadra project has taken up the reclamation of these water logged areas. This area has been

reclaimed and brought under cultivation.

As part of addressing water logging and salinity problems, reclamation of field drains has been proposed

to drain off excess water and reduce salt concentration in the root zone and thus helping improve the crop

yields.

8.6 On-Farm Development (CAD) Works

8.6.1 Command Area Development Authority (CADA)

The Command area of Vijayanagar channels comes under the jurisdiction of Tungabhadra Command

Area Development authority. The functions of CADA are:

Preparation of plans and programs for the development of command area;

Distribution of agricultural implements and inputs such as ploughs, seeds, pesticides, etc;

Conducting farm trials and demonstration of new technologies in the agricultural field;

Conserving and developing soil fertility;

Equitable distribution of water to the entire command;

Effective utilisation of surface water, and

Providing financial assistance through cooperative societies, banks etc.

8.6.2 Organization setup of On Farm Development

On farm development works are taken up by CADA, Tungabhadra Project with the assistance of officers

of Water Resources Department, Agriculture Department and Co-operative Department. Major

intervention is land leveling; the land leveling works were initially carried out by concerned farmers with

subsidy grant and technical assistance from CADA. Now, no subsidy grant is being provided, however,

technical guidance is continued. Under this project, WUCS are proposed to be formed/strengthened who

will be given the responsibility of executing the CAD works. CADA and KNNL will provide the funding

and technical support during the implementation. Project Support Consultant through their SST will play

a supportive role in terms strengthening of WUCS through appropriate capacity building activities.

8.6.2.1 Field Irrigation Channels (FICs)

In many parts of paddy growing area, use of field-to-field irrigation or earthen field channels are in

practice. In order to ensure timely and equitable distribution of water to each field and feed the water to

the tail-end farmers in the command area, construction of lined Field Irrigation Channels (FICs) in

vulnerable stretches have been constructed by CADA Tungabhadra Project. As these field channels are

very old and in dilapidated conditions with highly reduced carrying capacity, it is proposed to carry out

CAD works through WUCS.

8.6.2.2 Construction of field drains

The field drains are also being executed in the command area with the Central Assistance. The field

drains to serve as drainage area is 25 of the total command area i.e. 4,060 ha. Necessary provision has

been made in the estimate for construction of field drains in the DPR which will be taken up by WUCS.



P a g e | 41

8.6.2.3 Warabandi

To ensure equitable distribution of water to all the lands under each outlet of the command area,

Warabandi system is to be brought into practice. In this system, each farmer gets water turn by turn for a

fixed time-interval proportionate to the extent of his land. For efficient and satisfactory water

management, Wireless Communication System has been established by CADA Tungabhadra project.

8.6.2.4 Ayacut roads

The Ayacut roads in the command area of Vijayanagara channels are very old. The new Ayacut roads

wherever essential as demanded by farmers is constructed by CADA Tungabhadra project.

8.6.3 Water Management and Operation and Maintenance

The responsibility of the water management and on-farm infrastructures will be gradually handed over to

the Water Users Cooperative Societies (WUCS) to be formed in the villages of the command area of

VNC by the Tungabhadra CADA, Munirabad. After modernisation, all on-farm level infrastructures are

expected to be operated and maintained by WUCS under the guidance of CADA of Tungabhadra project.

CADA and KNNL will provide the funding and technical support during the implementation of WUCS

packages. Project Support Consultant will support WUCS in terms of ensuring effective O&M of FICs

through equitable distribution, collection of water charges and spending on maintenance of FICs. PSC

will also interact with the concerned training institutions for improving the content, methodology and

curriculum of training programs. It will be ensured that the training programs also cover themes such as

water conservation techniques, conjunctive use management, and water use efficiency in agricultural

crops along IWRM lines.



P a g e | 42

9 AGRICULTURAL & WATER REQUIREMENT

ASSESSMENT

9.1 Existing (Pre-Modernisation) Cropping Pattern

The Culturable Command Area (CCA) of each channel of Vijayanagar channel system is as per the register

maintained by Tungabhadra Project Authorities. The cropped area under each channel for a period of 20 years

(1990-91 to 2009-10) as per records available in the Tungabhadra project has been considered for the studies.

The minimum cropped area of each channel during last 20 years has been considered as existing cropping

pattern for pre-modernization period (Table 6), where paddy is the dominant crop in both Kharif and Rabi

seasons.

Table 6: System-wise existing cropping pattern in VNC subproject area (ha)

No Name of Canal CCA

Kharif crops Rabi crops Bi seasonal crops

Total Sugar

cane Garden

Paddy Jowar Paddy Groundnut

1 Basavanna 1240 311 135 66 310 281 9 1112

2 Raya 2226 501 163 446 243 1349 78 2780

3 Bella 600 67 64 10 130 381 58 710

4 Kalaghatta 237 69 68 7 98 43 6 291

5 Turtha 931 175 42 109 110 119 545 1100

6 Ramasagar 673 202 91 248 215 2 96 854

7 Kampli 620 241 38 67 0 218 109 673

8 Belagodahala 210 89 12 74 44 12 65 296

9 Sirguppa 764 316 97 201 161 180 54 1009

10 Deshnur 478 141 6 104 30 312 26 619

Total 7979 2112 717 1332 1340 2897 1046 9444

11 Hulugi 265 170 12 0 10 0 48 240

12 Shivapura 403 120 2 116 13 0 29 280

13 Anegondi 789 389 5 182 316 10 177 1079

14 Upper Gangavathi 775 666 0 134 53 43 45 941

15 Lower Gangavathi 667 590 0 49 165 51 12 867

16 Bichal 276 13 0 13 0 170 79 275

Total 3175 1949 19 493 557 274 390 3682

Total Area 11154 4061 735 1825 1896 3171 1436 13124



P a g e | 43

It may be seen from the table that against a physical area of (CCA) 11,154 ha, the minimum cropped area of

the Vijayanagar channel system works out to 13,125 ha. Thus the crop intensity of 117.67% could be achieved

in pre- modernization period. The overall cropping pattern of Vijayanagar channel system during pre-

modernization period is as given in Table 7.

Table 7: Overall VNC existing cropping intensity

Season/Crop Cropped Area (ha)

Kharif

1. Paddy 4056

2. Jowar 735

Rabi

1. Paddy 1824

2. Groundnut 1903

Perennial (Bi-seasonal)

1. Sugarcane 3176

2. Garden (Banana) 1431

Total 13,125

Existing cropping intensity 117.67%

9.2 Proposed (Post-Modernization) Cropping Pattern

With improvement in reliability after modernisation, there will be obviously an appreciable increase in

cropping intensity. After modernisation, cropping pattern in various VNC systems is expected to be as given in

Table 8. Accordingly, against a CCA of 11,154 ha, the cropped area of the Vijayanagar channel system works

out to 16,243 ha. Thus the crop intensity of 145.6% could be achieved in post- modernization period. System

of Rice Intensification (SRI) technology is expected to be utilised at least partially in the post-modernisation

scenario.

Table 8: System-wise proposed cropping pattern (area in ha)

No Name of Canal CCA Kharif crops Rabi crops Bi seasonal crops

Total

Paddy Jowar Paddy Groundnut Sugarcane Garden

1 Raya 2226 441 1285 250 429 400 50 2855

2 Basavanna 1240 100 740 20 388 170 29 1447

3 Bella 600 70 396 14 127 80 54 741

4 Kalaghatta 237 30 172 10 102 15 20 349

5 Turtha 931 110 461 75 165 100 260 1171

6 Ramasagar 673 98 440 75 276 50 85 1024

7 Kampli 620 152 301 152 125 60 104 894

8 Belagodahala 210 41 112 35 83 17 40 328

9 Sirguppa 764 165 476 202 381 90 30 1344

10 Deshnur 478 188 224 121 217 55 10 815

Total 1395 4607 954 2293 1037 682 10968



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No Name of Canal CCA Kharif crops Rabi crops Bi seasonal crops

Total

Paddy Jowar Paddy Groundnut Sugarcane Garden

11 Hulugi 265 91 129 82 77 20 20 419

12 Shivapura 403 190 176 117 202 2 30 717

13 Anegundi 789 234 417 128 450 6 124 1359

14 Upper

Gangavathi 775 217 453 195 412 56 30 1363

15 Lower

Gangavathi 667 164 404 170 317 48 38 1141

16 Bichal 276 13 140 9 4 60 50 276

Total 909 1719 701 1462 192 292 5275

Total Area 11154 2304 6326 1655 3755 1229 974 16243

The overall cropping pattern of Vijayanagar channel system during post-modernization period is expected to

be as given in Table 9.

Table 9: Overall VNC proposed cropping intensity

Season/Crop Cropped Area

Kharif

3. Paddy 2304

4. Jowar 6326

Rabi

3. Paddy 1655

4. Groundnut 3755

Perennial (Bi-seasonal)

3. Sugarcane 1229

4. Garden (Banana) 974

Total 16,243

Proposed Cropping Intensity 145.6%

A detailed description of agriculture assessment is provided in DPR (2013), as part of the KNNL’s submission

to CWC for the project approval.



P a g e | 45

9.3 Field Application Efficiency

The Channel network of Vijayanagara Channel system is partially lined leaving a major portion unlined. Now,

to optimize utilization of water, it is proposed to line the entire Channel system (from main Channel to field

irrigation channels). The crop water requirements are calculated using “Modified Penman Method”

considering the field application efficiency as 85% of ponded crops and 65% for non-ponded crops and

conveyance efficiency as 75%.

Table 10: Irrigation efficiency

No Type of Efficiency Ponded Non-ponded

Conveyance efficiency of Channel system upto out let 75% 75%

Field application efficiency 85% 65%

Overall Irrigation efficiency 0.6375 0.4875

Say 64%. Say 49%.

Water requirement for crops under the scheme is calculated as per Modified Penman’s method for the present

notified area by considering the overall irrigation efficiency of 64% for ponded crops and 49% for non-ponded

crops.

9.4 Assessment of Crop Water Requirement

The crop water requirement is computed based on Modified Penman’s method. The method consists of

computing evapotranspiration of crop (ETC) using the formula:

ETC = KC x ETO

Where Kc - Crop coefficient

ETO - Potential evapotranspiration

The ETO values of Bellary station are considered for calculation as notified by Indian Meteorological

Department, PPSR – 136 (Table 11).

Table 11: Potential evapotranspiration (ETO) at Bellary Station

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

ET0 115.1 128.5 170.9 180.9 194.8 167 155.7 152.8 138.4 123.4 106 104

The main objective of Modernisation of Vijayanagar channels is to improve efficiency of the channel system.

Minimize water losses and to establish savings of water. The crop water requirement are calculated based on

modified Penman’s method considering Hydrometeorological data of Bellary and weighted average rainfall of

the atchkat. Total VNC water requirement for the proposed post-modernisation cropping pattern has been

estimated to be 5.8 TMC. For Details regarding calculation of water requirements of crops, refer to Annexure

6.1 to 6.4 of DPR (2013).



P a g e | 46

Table 12: System-wise water requirement N

o

Na

me

of

Ca

na

l

CC

A

Kharif Rabi Bi seasonal

To

tal

Pea

k d

isch

arg

e

m3

/sec

WR

in

TM

C

Pa

dd

y

Jo

wa

r

Pa

dd

y

Gro

un

dn

ut

Su

ga

rca

ne

Ga

rden

1 Raya 2226 441 1285 250 429 400 50 2855 1.75 1.03

2 Basavanna 1240 100 740 20 388 170 29 1447 0.81 0.45

3 Bella 600 70 396 14 127 80 54 741 0.37 0.24

4 Kalaghatta 237 30 172 10 102 15 20 349 0.19 0.1

5 Turtha 931 110 461 75 165 100 260 1171 0.82 0.47

6 Ramasagar 673 98 440 75 276 50 85 1024 0.66 0.34

7 Kampli 620 152 301 152 125 60 104 894 0.75 0.36

8 Belagodahala 210 41 112 35 83 17 40 328 0.24 0.12

9 Sirguppa 764 165 476 202 381 90 30 1344 1.09 0.48

10 Deshnur 478 188 224 121 217 55 10 815 0.64 0.31

Total 1395 4607 954 2293 1037 682 10968

3.90

11 Hulgi 265 91 129 82 77 20 20 419 0.36 0.16

12 Shivapur 403 190 176 117 202 2 30 717 0.57 0.27

13 Anegundi 789 234 417 128 450 6 124 1359 0.96 0.48

14 Upper Gangavathi 775 217 453 195 412 56 30 1363 1.05 0.48

15 Lower Gangavathi 667 164 404 170 317 48 38 1141 0.89 0.4

16 Bichal 276 13 140 9 4 60 50 276 0.18 0.11

Total 909 1719 701 1462 192 292 5275 1.90

Total Area 11154 2304 6326 1655 3755 1229 974 16243

5.80



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10 ENGINEERING DESIGNS AND COST ESTIMATES

Engineering designs and cost estimates have been prepared using the IS standards and other industry practices

and Standard Rates prevalent in India and Karnataka. Refer for details to DPR (2013).

10.1 Conveyance Channels

The estimate is prepared based on the designed section and cut-off statement of the channel. Design provisions

made for conveyance channels are as follows:

CC lining of 80 mm thickness is proposed using mechanical pavers where the channel bed is more

than 1.2 m;

Manual lining is proposed where the channel bed width is less than 1.2 m;

CNS backing is provided as the stratum met with is of B C soil as per BIS;

Provision of lugs and template walls as per standards;

Improvement of service road;

Improvement of inspection path;

Removal of silt;

Earthwork excavation in ordinary soil;

Constructing uncoursed rubble masonry;

Tarfelt expansion joint for CC lining;

Perforated GI pressure relief pipes for pressure relief arrangement, and

Hectometre, kilometre and boundary stones.

10.2 Canal Structures

Design provisions made for canal structures are as follows:

Earthwork excavation in ordinary soil;

M10, 40 mm CC for foundation;

M15, 40 mm CC for abutment;

M15, 20 mm CC for sub structure;

M20, 20 mm for Deck slab, kerb and wearing coat for bridges;

Provision for steel reinforcement, and

Provision for stone pitching

An estimate for Rs. 407.51 Crores is prepared for various works envisaged in the project with the following

provisions. The cost estimate is based on the latest schedule of rates of WRD, Bengaluru (2013 -14). This

includes 25% extra weightage for closure period as provided in the SR. The total cost of modernization is

classified into different sub-heads shown below.

A. PRELIMINARY

A provision of Rs.561.63 lakhs is made for charges towards consultancy services viz, detailed survey,

investigation, Preparation of DPR etc and other preliminary works as required for the project.

B. LAND

No provision is made in the estimate towards land acquisition.



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C. WORKS (ANICUT)

There are 11 anicuts. These anicuts are constructed using huge boulders in a zigzag manner. Due to constant

wear and tear during the last 400 years of existence, the boulders have been displaced and huge leakages are

noticed.

It is proposed to strengthen the anicut by providing cement concrete M 20 skin wall encasement.

The provisions made are as follows:

- Providing anchor rods;

- Provision for curtain grouting;

- Providing skin wall to the entire length of anicut;

- Providing contraction joint;

- Providing concrete toe walls on both ends, and

- Formation of approach roads to anicuts wherever required from the nearest road.

In addition, provision for coffer dam to facilitate unhindered repair works is made. A provision of Rs. 6126.33

lakhs is made for Improvements of 11 anicuts. This involves providing anchor rods to the bed and skin walls

with CC M 20 throughout the length and width of the weir.

D. REGULATORS AND MEASURING DEVICES

A provision of Rs. 2919.56 lakhs is made towards Repair/Reconstruction/new construction of Head

Regulators, Cross Regulators and Measuring Devices under main Channel and its network (Table 13).

Table 13: Regulators and Measuring Devices

No Name of the Channel Name of Structures

No of Structures

Construction Dismantling &

Reconstruction

1. Raya Head Regulator

Cross Regulator 1

Measuring Device 1

DPO 2 50

2. Basavanna Head Regulator 1

Cross Regulator 2

Measuring Device 1

DPO 42

3. Bella Head Regulator 2

Cross Regulator 1

Measuring Device 1

Distribution box 1

DPO 2 10

4. Kalghatta Head Regulator

Cross Regulator

Measuring Device 1

DPO 29

5. Turtha Head Regulator

Cross Regulator 3

Measuring Device 1

DPO 40



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No of Structures


Reconstruction

6. Ramsagar Head Regulator 1

Cross Regulator 2

Measuring Device 1

DPO 20 8

7. Kampli Head Regulator

Cross Regulator 1

Measuring Device 1

DPO 34 4

8. Belgodhalla Head Regulator

Cross Regulator

Measuring Device 1

DPO 21 8

9. Siruguppa Head Regulator

Cross Regulator 2 2

Measuring Device 1

DPO 2 0

10. Deshnur Head Regulator

Cross Regulator 4

Measuring Device 1

DPO 14

11. Hulgi Head Regulator

Cross Regulator

Measuring Device 1

DPO 55

12. Shivpura Head Regulator

Cross Regulator 1

Measuring Device 1

DPO 1 23

13. Anegundi Head Regulator

Cross Regulator 1

Measuring Device 1

DPO 54

14. Gangavathi Upper Head Regulator 3

Cross Regulator 1

Measuring Device 1

DPO 26

15. Gangavathi Lower Head Regulator 3

Cross Regulator 1 1

Measuring Device 1

DPO 29

16. Bichal Head Regulator

Cross Regulator 1

Measuring Device 1

DPO 10



P a g e | 50

E. FALLS

A provision of Rs. 152.57 lakhs is made towards construction of channel drops for different channels and also

construction of chambers for linked channels, where the higher level channel joins the lower level channel

(Table 14).

Table 14: Canal falls in VNC


No of Structures


Reconstruction

1. Raya Canal drop 9

2. Basavanna Canal drop 7

3. Bella Canal drop

4. Kalghatta Canal drop 1

5. Turtha Canal drop 7

6. Ramsagar Canal drop

7. Kampli Canal drop

8. Belgodhalla Canal drop

9. Siruguppa Canal drop

10. Deshnur Canal drop

11. Hulgi Canal drop 1

12. Shivpura Canal drop 1

13. Anegundi Canal drop 2

14. Gangavathi Upper Canal drop

15. Gangavathi Lower Canal drop 1

16. Bichal Canal drop

F. CROSS DRAINAGE WORKS

A provision of Rs. 912.10 lakhs is made towards construction of inlets with CC M15 and under tunnels (Table

15).

Table 15: Cross-drainage works in VNC

No Name of the

Channel Name of Structures

No of Structures


Reconstruction

1. Raya Inlet 2

Undertunnel 2 1

2. Basavanna Inlet 2

Undertunnel 2 2

3. Bella Inlet 4

Undertunnel

4. Kalghatta Trough 2

Undertunnel

5. Turtha Inlet

Undertunnel

6. Ramsagar Inlet 11

Undertunnel

7. Kampli Inlet 9

Trough 2

8. Belgodhalla Inlet 2



P a g e | 51

No Name of the


No of Structures


Reconstruction

Undertunnel

9. Siruguppa Inlet

Undertunnel

Super passage 1

10. Deshnur Inlet

Undertunnel

11. Hulgi Inlet 2

Undertunnel

12. Shivpura Inlet 6

Undertunnel 1

13. Anegundi Inlet 10

Undertunnel 2

14. Gangavathi Upper Inlet 13

Undertunnel

15. Gangavathi

Lower

Inlet 3 1

Undertunnel

16. Bichal Inlet

Undertunnel

G. BRIDGES

A provision of Rs.1959.98 lakhs is made towards construction of Cart Track Crossings/ Village road bridges

with deck slab of CC M20, Foot Bridges and Sopanams (Table 16).

Table 16: Bridges in VNC

No Name of the


No of Structures


Reconstruction

1. Raya Cart track Crossing 12 7

Major Road Bridge 1

Village road bridge 3

Foot bridges 1

Sopanams 1

2. Basavanna Cart track Crossing 7


Foot bridges 1

Sopanams 6

3. Bella Cart track Crossing 1 4

Village road bridge 1 2

Foot bridges 1

Sopanams 1

Cattle ramp 3

4. Kalghatta Cart track Crossing 1 7


Foot bridges 1

Sopanams

5. Turtha Cart track Crossing 7

Village road bridge

Foot bridges



P a g e | 52

No Name of the


No of Structures


Reconstruction

Sopanams 2

Cattle ramp 1

6. Ramsagar Cart track Crossing 6 4

Village road bridge

Foot bridges

Sopanams

Cattle ramp 1

7. Kampli Cart track Crossing 20 16

Village road bridge 3 2

Foot bridges 15 5

Sopanams 3

8. Belgodhalla Cart track Crossing 12 4


Foot bridges 1

Sopanams

9. Siruguppa Cart track Crossing 2 3

Village road bridge

Retaining Wall 1

Sopanams 1

10. Deshnur Cart track Crossing 4 4

Road bridge 1

Foot bridges

Sopanams

11. Hulgi Cart track Crossing 8


Foot bridges 1

Sopanams

12. Shivpura Cart track Crossing 2


Foot bridges

Sopanams

13. Anegundi Cart track Crossing 2 9


Foot bridges

Sopanams 5

Cattle ramp 3 1

14. Gangavathi Upper Cart track Crossing 6


Foot bridges

Sopanams 6

15. Gangavathi

Lower

Cart track Crossing 4

Village road bridge

Foot bridges

Sopanams

16. Bichal Cart track Crossing 11

Village road bridge

Foot bridges

Sopanams



P a g e | 53

H. ESCAPES

A provision of Rs.557.92 lakhs is made towards construction of Escapes, relieving weirs, and scouring sluices

with CC M15 (Table 17).

Table 17: Escapes in VNC

No Name of the


No of Structures


Reconstruction

1. Raya Escapes 2

Relieving weirs

Scouring sluices 1 3

2. Basavanna Escapes

Relieving weirs 1

Scouring sluices 2

3. Bella Escapes

Relieving weirs 1

Scouring sluices 1

4. Kalghatta Escapes

Relieving weirs

Scouring sluices 1

5. Turtha Escapes 2

Relieving weirs 1

Scouring sluices 1

6. Ramsagar Escapes 2

Relieving weirs 1

Scouring sluices

7. Kampli Escapes

Relieving weirs


8. Belgodhalla Escapes

Relieving weirs


9. Siruguppa Escapes

Relieving weirs

Scouring sluices 1

10. Deshnur Escapes

Relieving weirs

Scouring sluices 2

11. Hulgi Escapes 1

Relieving weirs

Scouring sluices 7

12. Shivpura Escapes

Relieving weirs

Scouring sluices 1

13. Anegundi Escapes 5

Relieving weirs 2 7

Scouring sluices

14. Gangavathi Upper Escapes 1

Relieving weirs

Scouring sluices 1

15. Gangavathi Lower Escapes 1

Relieving weirs

Scouring sluices 1



P a g e | 54

No Name of the


No of Structures


Reconstruction

16. Bichal Escapes

Relieving weirs

Scouring sluices

I. NAVIGATION WORKS

No provision is made in the estimate as there is no navigation needs.

J. POWER PLANT CIVIL WORKS

No provision is made in the estimate as no power generation is involved.

K. BUILDINGS

A provision of Rs.197.00 lakhs is made in the estimate.

L. EARTHWORK, LINING AND SERVICE ROAD (MAIN CHANNEL)

A provision of Rs.20621.53 lakhs is made for sixteen channels of total length 215.93 km towards earthwork,

lining and service road for main channels and its networks. CC mechanical paver lining of 80 mm thick is

proposed where the bed width is greater than 1.2 m and for other reaches 75 mm thick manual lining with M15

grade is proposed. At every 15 m interval, CC template walls are proposed. Provision of CNS backing is made

as the soil is black cotton soil which is expansive in nature.

M. PLANTATION

A provision of Rs.67.95 lakhs is made for plantation on either side of the main channel at 15 m c/c. The rate

per km works out to Rs. 31,500.

N. TANKS AND RESERVOIRS

No provision is made in the estimate as it is not applicable to the current project.

O. MISCELLANEOUS

No provision is made in the estimate.

P. MAINTENANCE

A provision of Rs.391.79 lakhs is made towards maintenance at 1% of the cost of I – works less items A,

B,O,M,P,Q and X as per CWC guidance. This covers the cost of maintenance of roads and other structures

during the period of construction.

Q. SPECIAL TOOLS AND PLANTS

A provision of Rs.40.46 lakhs is made in the estimate.

R. COMMUNICATIONS


S. POWER PLANT AND ELECTRICAL MECHANICAL SYSTEM


T. WATER SUPPLY WORKS




P a g e | 55

U. DISTRIBUTARIES, MINORS AND SUB-MINORS

A provision of Rs. 5454.41 lakhs is made for modernization of 64.92 km of distributary networks and

161 km of minors coming under Vijayanagara channels. Provision of CNS backing with 75 mm thick manual

CC lining of grade M15 is made in the estimate.

V. WATER COURSES


W. DRAINAGE

A provision of Rs.277.76 lakhs is made towards construction of drains as Raya and Basavanna channels run in

part of municipal area.

X. ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY


Y. LOSSES OF STOCK

A provision of Rs.97.95 lakhs is made in the estimate at 0.25% of the cost of I – works less items A,

B,O,M,P,Q and X as per CWC guidance.

Z. PROVISION FOR POWER GENERATION


TOTAL OF I - WORKS – 40338.64 LAKHS

II. ESTABLISHMENT CHARGES


III. TOOLS AND PLANTS

A provision of Rs. 9.12 lakhs is made in the estimate

IV. SUSPENSE


V. RECEIPTS AND RECOVERIES ON CAPITAL ACCOUNT

No provision is made under this sub head.

10.3 Total Direct Charges

The total direct charges from the above sub head works out to Rs. 40347.76 lakhs.

10.4 Indirect Charges

A. Audit and accounts charges (1% of I –

works)

Rs 403.48 lakhs has been made in this sub

head B. Miscellaneous unforeseen works

10.5 Total Subproject Development Cost

Total subproject development cost including all direct and indirect charges has been estimated to be 40,751.23

Lakhs i.e. 407.51 Crores. The abstract of the subproject cost is given in Table 18. Refer for details to DPR

(2013)



P a g e | 56

Table 18: Abstract cost for modernisation of Vijayanagara channels in Tungabhadra project

S.

No Particulars

(Rs. In Lakhs)

UNIT I

Headworks

(Anicuts)

UNIT II

Canal

Works

Total

I Direct Charges of Works

1 A - Preliminaries 561.63 561.63

2 B - Land - -

3 C - Works 6126.33 - 6126.33

4 D - Regulator 2919.56 2919.56

5 E - Falls 152.27 152.27

6 F - Cross Drainage Works 912.10 912.10

7 G - Bridges 1959.98 1959.98

8 H - Escapes 557.92 557.92

9 I - Navigation works - -

10 J - Power plants and Civil Works - -

11 K - Buildings 197.00 197.00

12 L - Earthwork

20621.53

20621.53

L1 - Lining

L2 - Service Road

13 M - Plantation 67.95 67.95

14 N - Tank and Reservoirs - -

15 O - Miscellaneous - -

16 P - Maintenance (1% of cost of I - works except

A,B,M,O,Q and X) 61.26 330.53 391.79

17 Q - Special Tools and plants 40.46 40.46

18 R - Communication - -

19 S - Power plant and Electrical systems - -

20 T – Water supply works - -

21 U - Distributaries and Minors 5454.41 5454.41

22 V - Water Courses and Field Channels - -

23 W - Drainage 277.76 277.76

24 X - Environment and Ecology - -

25 Y - Loss of stocks and unforeseen (0.25% of cost of

I - works except A,B,M,O,Q and X) 15.32 82.63 97.95

Total of I - Works 6202.91 34135.73 40338.64

II Establishment charges -

III Small Tools & Plants 9.12 9.12

IV Suspense - -

V Receipts & Recoveries on capital accounts

deductions - -



P a g e | 57

S.

No Particulars

(Rs. In Lakhs)

UNIT I

Headworks

(Anicuts)

UNIT II

Canal

Works

Total

Total Direct charges 6202.91 34144.85 40347.76

INDIRECT CHARGES

b)Audit and Account charges (1% of cost of I

works) 62.03 341.45 403.48

Total Indirect charges 62.03 341.45 403.48

TOTAL DIRECT AND INDIRECT CHARGES 6264.94 34486.30 40751.23

Grand Total Say Rs 407.51 Crores



P a g e | 58

11 FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

The summary of subproject Financial and Economic Analysis has been presented here. For details, refer

to Volume 4: VNC Financial and Economic Analyses submitted concurrently as the part of this

submission.

11.1 Development Cost

An Economic and Financial Analysis was carried out for the Vijayanagara sub-project. As mentioned in

the preceding section, the engineering base cost of the sub-project is $US 60.16 million (INR 4,032

million), which when included with costs for WUCS and project management and contingencies works

out to INR 5,355 million. O&M costs were estimated as INR 800/ha.

11.2 Crop Budgets

Crop budgets were prepared for Kharif & Rabi Paddy, other Kharif Crop-Sorghum, other Rabi crop-

Groundnut, sugarcane and banana crop. Key inputs, fertilizer and harvest labor were related to yield rates.

Yield rates with the project increase over three years and by-products are directly linked to yield.

Inorganic fertilizers and harvest labor are linked to the yield rate. New technology like SRI Rice is being

adopted in Karnataka, and it is envisaged that this will be introduced into the subproject.

11.3 Net Present Value

The Net Present Value (NPV) of the With-Project option ‘m’ relative to the base Without Project option

‘n’ is the sum of the discounted annual net benefits or costs, which can be determined by the following

relation:

y

yy

nmy

nm

r

NBNPV

1)1(

)(

)(

]*01.01[

Where, NBy(m-n) =Net economic benefit of investment option m relative to base option n in year y.

r = Discount rate (12%)

y = Analysis year (y=1, 2,………, 25)

11.4 EIRR and Sensitivity Analysis

The economic viability of the Subproject is assessed by estimating its Economic Internal Rate of Return

(EIRR) and Economic Net Present Value (ENPV) over an expected scheme life of 25 years. Sensitivity

analysis was undertaken for the key perceived risks. The Social Discount Rate for NPV is assumed at

12%, which is high compared to other investment opportunities, but is the rate normally assumed for

development projects assisted by ADB. Project benefits relate to delivery of water in the canal as the

current supply is planned to cease reducing a total production loss of 20%, changed cropping patterns and

improved yields. The economic returns are estimated as follows:

Change Variable Change EIRR ENPV

(@12%)

(%) (Rs million)

BASE - 17.02% 1505

Construction and CAD Costs Increases by 10% 13.18% 393

Benefits reduces by 10% 8.07% (1238)

Construction and CAD Costs Increases by and Benefits reduces by 10% 5.07% (2351)



P a g e | 59

11.5 Recommendations

Based on the above results, it can be concluded that the project is economically viable. The project still

remains viable, even if the cost of construction and CAD increases by 10%. In other cases, the project still

provides a good return on the investment. If the value of the water saved through the modernisation of

VNC subproject is taken into account, these economic parameters will certainly improve significantly.



P a g e | 60

12 IMPLEMENTATION

12.1 Project Institutional Arrangements

12.1.1 ICZ KNNL Munirabad

The VNC subproject comes under the control of the Chief Engineer, Irrigation Central Zone (ICZ),

Munirabad, and is responsible for the maintenance and operation of main canal system.

12.1.2 Tungabhadra CADA

The VNC command area development comes under the control of the Administrator, Tungabhadra

CADA, Munirabad, and is responsible for the operation and maintenance, and agriculture intervention in

the command area including the constitution and capacity building of the WUCS.

12.1.3 WUCS

As mentioned in the socio-economic assessment report, CADA in cooperation with ICZ KNNL and PSC

has already started the delineation of WUCS areas in VNC. The constitution of WUCS including

preparation of byelaws and registration will be carried out soon. WUCS will be responsible for operation

and maintenance of on-farm irrigation infrastructures and water management in guidance of CADA

including the collection of irrigation service fee.

12.2 Main System Works

The construction of main canals and associated infrastructures will be implemented through the

International Competitive Bidding (ICB) as per the FAM. ICZ KNNL Munirabad will be responsible for

this works. However, as per discussions with KNNL engineers during the meeting of PSC and PIO

Munirabad in September 2016, ICZ recommends that the VNC construction works should be divided into

two packages; one for Left Side VNC channels and the other for Right Side ones. This arrangement will

avoid the movement of the Contractor’s equipments and establishments across the Tungabhadra River.

This is also suitable from the KNNL organisation establishment point of view. Under this scenario, the

estimated amount of individual contact packages would be less than the limit for ICB contract, and these

would be implemented through National Competitive Bidding (NCB). ICZ is of opinion that NCB would

be more appropriate for VNC.

12.3 CAD Works

WUCS will be responsible for the construction of field channels and drains. As mentioned earlier, WUCS

would be constituted and adequate capacity building would be carried out before these CAD works are

implemented.

12.4 Subproject Implementation Schedule

Irrespective of whether it would be implemented through the ICB or NCB, the discussions with KNNL

engineers during September 2016 meeting at ICZ Munirabad reveal that the implementation of the main

canal works would take at least three financial years 2017/18, 2018/19 and 2019/20 due to short canal

closures, effectively only one close a year as the farmers require regular water for garden crops such as

banana.

Similarly, CAD works would require three financial years starting from 2018/19. CAD works can be

started only in the second year of implementation as the constitution of WUCS and their capacity building

would take significant time.



P a g e | 61

REFERENCES

ADB, 2014. Facility Administration Manual (FAM). Integrated Water Resource Management and

Sustainable Water Service Delivery in Karnataka

AS/NZS ISO 31000:2009 Risk Management – Principles and guidelines

FAO, 2009. Modernisation Strategy for Irrigation Management. Application of MASSCOTE in Upper

Krishna- KJBNL, Karnataka

KNNL, 2013. Detailed Project Report For Modernisation of Canal System of Tungabhadra Project (For

Balance Portion Excluding Already Tackled Works). WRD, ICZ, Munirabad

KNNL, 2013. Detailed Project Report for Modernisation of Vijayanagara Channels in Tungabhadra

Project. WRD, ICZ, Munirabad



P a g e | 62

VOLUME 2: INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION

VOLUME 3: SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT

VOLUME 4: FINANCIAL & ECONOMIC ANALYSES