Jyoti path

Suvir Hira INDD 202-1 • Design 4 • SP14

Jyoti Path

2

Providing Comfortable Personal Environment and Task Lighting

3

SUVIR HIRA

SPRING 2015PHILADELPHIA UNIVERSITYDESIGN 4 INDUSTRIAL DESIGN STUDIOPROFESSOR LYN GODLEYPROFESSOR MARK HAVENS

4

CONTENTS 5

SUSTAINABLE DESIGNRESEARCHPROBLEM FINDINGMIND MAPSDESIGN ITERATIONSMATERIAL EXPLORATIONPROCESS TREEECO-AUDITDESIGN DEVELOPMENTSUMMARYWORKS CITED

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6

Industrial Design Studio 4

ASSIGNMENT:

Choose a market and

defined need, and

create a luminaire using

Sustainable Design

Practices addressing

material research, light

and power source options,

and environmental impact.

SUSTAINABLE DESIGN 7

WHY SUSTAINABLE DESIGN?

ENERGY CRISIS

“An energy crisis is any great bottleneck or price rise in the supply of energy resources to an economy. In popular literature, it often refers to one of the energy sources used at a certain time and place, particularly those that supply national electricity grids or serve as fuel for vehicles.”

“Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause adverse change. It can take the form of chemical substances or energy, such as noise, heat or light. Pollutants can be either foreign substances/energies or naturally occurring contaminants.”

“A landfill is a site for the disposal of waste materials by burial and is the oldest form of waste treatment. Historically, landfills have been the most common method of organized waste disposal and are rampant across the world.”

POLLUTION

LANDFILLS

8 CONTENTS

Exploring Sustainable Strategies

The 21st century has provided the opportunity for man to adopt sustainable methods of energy generation, while still remaining in his comfort zone. However, such processes are limiting in comparison to their conventional counterparts and often do not produce the required amount of energy to meet the human demand. In theory, one may claim that solar and wind power strategies can eliminate the world’s dependence on the grid, nevertheless such strategies are limited by climatic conditions, hence have a smaller scope in implementation. While humans continue to look into newer technologies to improve their lifestyle, the science behind such upcoming concepts have great potential to be applied to sustainable energy generation, such as in the case where microorganisms can help generate fuel from readily available renewable sources. Humans are responsible for reducing their

RESEARCH 9

impact on the environment; therefore they must act collectively and orderly. Sustainability requires public participation and constant analysis of human impact on the environment through recorded data. There are many sustainable energy sources that are being implemented around the world. Feldheim, a village in Germany, is a self-sustaining village where renewable energy is local and immediate. In a small village where the electric grid does not reach, a wind farm and a solar energy park are sufficiently providing electricity. (First Self-sufficient Town in Germany). Being less reliable on fossil fuel, this is a sustainable model that can break down the traditional electricity grid. Although not renewable, waste energy is a viable method to sustainability in any part of the world. People have to

produce wastes every day and it has always been a challenge on disposal. In a campus setting, the Nebraska Innovation Campus renewable energy system helped condition buildings by reusing waste water. It is important to note that people consume energy and produce waste when they are most active. By turning waste back to energy completes the energy cycle. (Hacking Infrastructure). In a national setting, Sweden’s waste management system has been successful. Its achievement is dependent on the public’s access to recycling. When designing for sustainability, designers must always consider people’s participation. (The Swedish Recycling Revolution). Technology provides assistance in sustainable strategies. Lighting, being one of the essential elements of life, may contribute

to sustainability. Urban lighting design is a major part of infrastructure. Public and certain private lighting play a crucial role in cities and towns, they illuminate public spaces and most importantly, ensure public safety. Urban lighting can contribute more to the area. A digital system that links all lightings together can gather data into a central base. This system will be able to immediately detect any malfunctions and notifies the operators for repair. (LightLink). When the system evolves to acquire a larger scope of data through public and private urban lighting, it may improve the overall infrastructure. The advantage of using lights as data gathering station is their locations. The position of lights in a city is constant and literally reflects the infrastructure. One lighting fixture does not have to be used only for illumination; it can also be

10 RESEARCH

a sound level meter, a light sensor, and an interactive device. (Smart Illumination). The city of Copenhagen has been utilizing data management to improve energy efficiency and ensure public safety. The system of networks is multi-functional it provides lighting where necessary, spots suspicious activities, eases traffic, prevents road accidents, and even predicts snowstorms. (Copenhagen’s Smart City Initiative). Urban lighting is one of the most important elements in infrastructural design. Along with technological development, urban lighting will become more than only a source of light. To create a shift towards a more sustainable future, several cities around the world have adopted solar lighting to substitute the conventional sodium halogen lamps on their streets, however this has often resulted in incompletely lit roads on overcast days, causing municipal authorities to rely back on the grid. Solar energy, having a high potential in theory, nonetheless lacks the technology required to light up the world’s streets, and seems to be losing its demand -as China’s solar panel industry claims. The market has produced such panels in excess, which has only resulted in

the bankruptcy of large companies such as Suntech. (Discussion on China’s Solar Panel Industry). The study of microorganisms has been increasing over the years, with the advancement in biotechnology and genetics. Other than solely producing new vaccines to improve human lifestyle, the science has helped provide a better environment for other earthly species. In the case of renewable energy production, microorganisms have been major players in the generation of biofuels, which not only breakdown organic waste matter into manure, but generate fuel for cooking and lighting. The input required to generate biogas is limited to organic waste, making it inexpensive and widely available. (Community Biogas Plant). As a matter of fact, the villages in Uttarakhand, India that depended on bituminous coal for cooking purposes during the late 20th century have adopted the concept of biogas, which has both reduced loads on the national grid and dropped air pollution levels significantly. Through the Appiko movement, farmers have been made aware of the high levels of methane present in cow dung, and utilize it to produce ‘Gobar Gas’. Ram

Bux Singh, the director of the movement mentioned, “Uttarakhand comprising of a Hindu majority where farmers worship their cows, made it effortless to implement biogas production within its villages.” (Gobar Gas). In the field of lighting, biogas lamps are being developed in order to make the equipment less cumbersome, yet such lamps have significant advantages over incandescent lighting in heating homes and controlling its luminance. Similar to a cooktop, biogas lamps have two color temperatures, which can be set accordingly to provide thermal comfort. As a result, the technology has been made adaptable to cities, where portable biomass pellets can power such lamps, to provide eco-friendly light to regions that do not produce biogas, consequently reducing one’s dependency

RESEARCH 11

on fossil fuels. (Possibilities with Biomass Pellets). Another source of energy from microorganisms is by algae. The technology that exists allows the world to reduce its carbon dioxide content through such microorganisms that use the process of photosynthesis to purify the air, and produce fuel. The genetically multiplied algae require carbon dioxide, sunlight and water as inputs to provide fuel and oxygen as outputs, making it ideal to be placed along arterial road networks. (Algae). A project in France in the Village of Champs comprising of a series of bioreactor tubes was placed on the town’s viaduct to cultivate algae. The project gathered significant attention and spread awareness amongst the pedestrians, bicyclists, tram and road commuters, bringing about biophilia at the site, which

many locals refer to as a peaceful haven. (Algae for Energy and a Cleaner World). While biofuels can be obtained from crops such as corn, algae carry out photosynthesis at a significantly higher rate, rendering the efficiency of fuel from cash crops as negligible. Geneticist Venter claims that if one tried to make liquid transportation fuels to replace petroleum in the United States, one would require cornfields that occupy a total area of the North American continent, as opposed to algae requiring an area of the size of Maryland. (Can Algae Feed the World and Fuel the Planet). As the country invests in algae lobbies over the years, there is a high potential for its cars to run on algae powered fuels, eliminating the concept of petroleum in transportation. Contemporary sustainable strategies

are often viable and are reflected on communities that implement them. A successful strategy requires public participation in which they must act upon their basic understanding of sustainability. Therefore, the public will have access to the system. Technology is also necessary for assistance in the process. Record keeping and monitoring provide feedback on the progress. Sustainable strategies will improve with public participation and constant analysis.

12 CONTENTS

Sustainable Design Companies

Canada

England

Japan

RESEARCH 13

Christophe Pourny StudioFifteen years ago Christophe moved to New York and opened his restoration studio in Dumbo, Brooklyn. The studio specializes in French polish, period fi nishes, antique restoration, & custom furniture production. The studio is proud to call some of the most talented interior designers in the industry clients. Christophe has also worked extensively on the restoration of City Hall, Gracie Mansion, & The Holy See Mission to The United Nations.

Furniture Restoration is...a work of art and also a sustainable practice. Christophe Pourny Studio had demonstrated their restoration methodology at their NY NOW exhibition. An antique cupboard was bought from an auction and treated by the studio. The restored piece was displayed at the exhibition as an attraction.

Disposable Furniture is...mostly imported from outside of the US. The largest providers of disposable furniture are China, Vietnam, and Mexico. With such broad demographics of providers, Christophe Pourny Studio’s philosophy of restoration is facing challenges imposed by cosumerism.

Challenges

Utility products are designed to last a lifetime.

Wood crate package Shredded cardboard is used as padding

Christophe Pourny Studio specializes in wood and leather care by vending oil and wax prepared based on a traditional family recipe.

Products that are not of Wood and Leather...are common in the industrial practice. Plastic and steel are widely used for furniture. However, restoration pertains to a limited scope of materials.

Large Scale Packaging...can be unsustainable if not treated carefully. For distrbution purposes Christophe Pourny Studio uses wood crates and cardboard boxes to store their products. Yet the use of the packages by its customer is unknown.

14 CONTENTS

The Problem

GONDA

INDIA

The rural areas of India are made to

sacrifi ce their electricity to the cities

to meet the country’s economic

demand, resulting in them acquiring

the resource only during the wee

hours of the night, consequently

impacting the daily routine of the

villagers. Indian villages having a

young population with an average

age of 15, has a number of children

pursuing their secondary education

who are deprived of fundamental

resources, such as electric lighting.

As a matter of fact, the villages in

the state of Uttar Pradesh (UP)

only have access to electricity

between 12am and 4am, which affect

students’ health, as they can only

study during those hours to succeed

in the highly competitive education

system.

PROBLEM FINDING 15

STUDENTS’ DAILY ROUTINE IN GONDA

Hours of Electricity = Hours of Study

Limited sleep causing students to become lethargic in school.

No Light (Power Cut)

STUDY

SCHOOL

FARM

UNPRODUCTIVE PERIOD

SLEEP

12am

4am

6am

3pm

8pm

16 PROBLEM FINDING

Secondary Issue

THE FIRST WORLD

On a global scale, humans are unable

to view objects in dark conditions

and require external lighting, as the

eye does not emit light. As a result

one tends to illuminate a number

of spaces to enable ones vision at

night, however, issues such as light

pollution and excessive electricity

consumption have a drastic impact

on the surrounding context.

Architecture designed to meet a

specifi c load requirement takes into

consideration the overall lighting

required in a space, and is calculated

based on required luminance

standards, causing one to illuminate

the entire space to meet the light

levels of an individual’s need, raising

the energy use drastically.

PROBLEM FINDING 17

EXCESSIVE ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION

LIGHT POLLUTION

18 MIND MAPS

Thought Process

OPPORTUNITY

SCOPE

USER DEMOGRAPHICS

MIND MAPS 19

LAMP

ENERGY SOURCE

SUSTAINABILITY

20 DESIGN ITERATIONS

Design Development

SCHEME 1

SCHEME 2 SCHEME 3

The wearable technology designed initially to light up the villages of India, where students’ study for long hours, would improve the standard of living in such areas, and later can be implemented into the cities to

prevent the excessive lighting of spaces, consequently reducing the lighting load on the environment.

DESIGN ITERATIONS 21

TOP

BOTTOM

COMFORTABLELIGHTWEIGHTTASK + ENVIRONMENT

LIGHTING

22 MATERIAL EXPLORATION

Material Exploration

EXTRAPOLATIONS:

MATERIAL EXPLORATION 23

Aluminum Die Cast:

Cotton: PP Rigid Foam:

Process Tree

ALUMINUM

Extracton

Bayer Process

Electrolysis

Extrusion

Mandrel Bending Process

Bauxite

Al Oxide

Aluminum

Aluminum Tube

Aluminum Substructure

Bauxite

Al Oxide

T

T

T

Aluminum Slug

Aluminum Tube

Cotton Plant

Cotton Pod

Cotton Fiber

CombedCotton Fiber

Cotton Fabric

Unfi nished Product

Face Lighting Fixture

Foam Protective Casing

Aluminum Substructure

PROCESS TREE 25

T

T

T

T

T

COTTON

Growing

Ginning

Spinning

Weaving

Cotton Pod

CottonFiber

Long Aligned Cotton Fibers

Cotton Fabric

FLEXIBLE POLYMER FOAM LIGHT EMITTING DIODE LI-ION BATTERYPolyol Gallium Carbon

Diisoocynate Phosphor Lithium

Polyurethane Gallium Phosphoride

LithiumCarbide Solvent

Expansion Purifi cation Electrolysis

Solidifi cation Liquidation Compression

Cutting and Sanding

Cutting and Sanding

Coating

Epitaxialidization Slittering

Polyurethane Semiconductor Wafer (GaP)

Lithium Carbide Solvent

FoamProtectiveCasing

LED Li-Ion Battery

FlexiblePloymer Foam

Semiconductor Homogeneous Li-C Alloy

Semiconductor Homogeneous Li-C Alloy

LPE Diode Charged Terminals

FlexiblePloymer

Foam

LPEDiode

Active Terminals

Assembly

Sewing

Sanitization

Packaging

Sold to Wholesaler

Sold to Customer

Unfi nished Product

Face Lighting Fixture

Product ready for Customer

T

Disposed by Customer

Used by Customer

AluminumSubstructure

AluminumOxide

Remelting

Electrolysis

AluminumOxide

Aluminum

Cotton Fabric

Bioethanol

Fermentation

Boiler

Bioethanol

Electricity Generation

Foam Protective

Casing

Foam Pellets

Cutting and Sanding

Packaging

Foam Pellets

Eco-Audit

While the materials may provide

a bennefi cial EoL potential, the

frequent use of the fi xture raises

the product’s burden on the

environment when charged with

electricity from the grid. The

estimated annual use of the light for

a typical user is 240 days for 6 hours

a day, considering only the weekdays

of the year, at the same time

assuming that the device is not used

on holidays. As a result, the number

has a higher potential of rising if not

checked at an early stage.

To solve the issue of use, the solar

option is made available to the users

with the help of a USB charger, in

that case, the device can be charged

during days receiving direct rays of

the sun, and if unavailable, it can then

depend on the electricity grid.

GLOBAL WARMING

RESOURCE DEPENDENCY

SOLAR - ALTERNATIVE STRATEGY

ECO-AUDIT 27

2.29+04 KCAL OF ENERGY PER YEAR 1.83+03 KCAL OF ENERGY PER YEAR

RELIANCE ON THE ELECTRICITY GRID THE SOLAR ENERGY OPTION

12.7 LBS OF CO2 PER YEAR 0.472 LBS OF CO2 PER YEAR

Development

To solve the problem, specifi cally focused on the village students of UP, a luminaire that hangs from ones ear around ones chin will not only provide portable task lighting for homework purposes, but also allow one to study during more reasonable hours and charge the device using the electricity grid during the early hours of the morning, allowing them to maintain a healthy sleep pattern. The luminaire also provides diffused light to the human face, to enable interaction during group study without bringing about glare.

On a global scale, humans are unable to view objects in dark conditions and require external lighting, as the eye does not emit light. As a result one tends to illuminate a number of spaces to enable ones vision at night, however, issues such as light pollution and excessive electricity consumption have a drastic impact on the surrounding context. Hence the idea of humans being the light source came about. While spectacles may seem ideal for such a purpose, one tends to make eye contact with others, and such a device would bring about glare that would seem uncomfortable to the corresponding individual, hampering the social nature of humans. However, when diffused lighting is brought into the environment through face lighting, one is able to interact with others and view them clearly. The device projects light downwards, illuminating the space around an individual.

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT 29

Suvir Hira INDD 202 1

Fixed Price List $/ Month

Rent 1200Food 660Utilities 185Medical 155Car 380Transportation 372Communication 125Technology Costs 80Entertainment 225Clothes 160Travel 500Miscellaneous 145

Total 4187

Hours of work/ Day 8Hours of work/ Week 40Hours of work/ Month 168

Min. Hourly Wage Required 24.92261905Rounded 25

Material/Process Cost ($)

Aluminum Tube 6.75Flexible Polymer Foam 4Cotton Fabric 3.25Led Light Bulbs 17Wire 3Switch 6Battery 9Battery Equipment 25Plug/ Adapter 10Drilling 3.25Sewing 8.25

Total 95.5

Packaging 4.5

Total Cost of 1 Fixture ($) 100

Population of Gonda 121648Literacy Rate (%) 71Average Family Size 7.2Population in School (Users) 11995.84444Users (Rounded) 11996

Research and DevelopmentHours Spent 360Fixed Cost per hour 25Total R&D Cost 9000

R&D Recovery% of Users considered 5Min. # of Fixtures Required 599.8Rounded 600R&D Cost per Unit 15

Total Cost 115

Desired Profit % 30Desired Profit 34.5

Potential Price of 1 Fixture 149.5

Sold to the Education Dept. Govt. of IndiaSold in the urban market Capatalist

LIVING COSTS FIXTURE COSTS - PRICING AND BENCHMARKING

30 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

Finalizing Details

DAY NIGHT

32 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT 33

LATEST PROTOTYPE

34 SUMMARY

Summary

Power: Battery – Option: Solar/ charged by electricity from the grid.

Light Source: Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs).

Sustainable Strategies: Lighting up individuals rather than spaces, to prevent the wastage of light. A room, designed for a capacity of 50 individuals, when occupied by one, brings about excess light consumption, as 50 lights are switched on to meet the demand of one person.

User: Primary – Students residing in the villages of Uttar Pradesh.Secondary – Urban users. Market Considerations: Voltage – 220VUrban – “Buy one, give one at less.” To lower the cost for villagers, consequently targeting cities too, with the focus on the lifestyle of the villages of Uttar Pradesh.

A room is like a stage, if you see it without lighting, it can be the coldest place in the world

- Paul Lynde

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