Jump to first page Cell Biology Structure and Function.

Jump to first page

Cell BiologyStructure and Function

Jump to first page

Cell Theory

List the contributions of the following to the development of cell theory.

Anton van Leeuwenhoek Hooke Schleiden Schwann and Virchow State the cell theory

Jump to first page

Microscope Microscope first made in 1600’s Anton van Leeuwenhoek, a dutch

biologist saw tiny water organisms

Jump to first page

Robert Hooke

Englishman Observed slices of cork under

microscope Named spaces “cells”, because

they looked like a monastery room.

Jump to first page

Matthias Schleiden

German botanist Found all plants are made of cells.

Jump to first page

Theodor Schwann

Found all animals are made of cells.

Jump to first page

Rudolf Virchow

1855 of Germany Found all cells arise from the

division of pre-existing cells.

OR

Jump to first page

Cell Theory All living things are composed of

cells, whether one or trillions. Cells are the basic unit of structure

and function in living things. All cells come from pre-existing

cells.

Jump to first page

Review page 180

Jump to first page

Microscopes

Compound Light Microscope- Uses lenses to bend light

rays Has an objective lens

(5x,10x,20x,40x,60x,80x,100x)

Has an eye piece lens (10x)

Jump to first page

Transmission electron microscope Uses negative electron

charges to make an image on a screen

50,000x magnification

Jump to first page

Scanning Electron Microscope

False color images Sprays metal dust on

object. Metal gives off electrons which are detected and drawn on screen

Jump to first page

Glowing Fluorescent protein

Taken from jellyfish Attached to DNA and

produces a glowing protein that allows tracking of proteins in cells.

Mitochondria

Jump to first page

Cell structure Identify and give the function of the

cell structures. Compare the structure of the cell

membrane to the cell wall. Distinguish between prokaryotes

and eukaryotes.

Jump to first page

Prokaryotes

No nucleus Contain DNA,

strings like spaghetti

Contain tiny spheres called ribosomes

Jump to first page

Eukaryotes

Have a nucleus containing DNA

Contain many membrane bound organelles

Jump to first page

http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/13-cells.htm

Jump to first page

Cell Structures

Jump to first page

Cell membrane

Jump to first page

Cell Membrane Regulates what goes out and

comes in. door, phone, trash, groceries

Made of a double layer of phospholipids

Jump to first page

Membrane continued...

Stationary Proteins are stuck in the bilayer

Carbohydrates stick to proteins to serve as identifiers to other cells

Free moving proteins are doors which pump molecules in or out (Alleys for molecules to exit and

enter the cell)

Jump to first page

Cell Wall Found in plants, algae, some

bacteria. Made of 2 or more layers. Protects, supports, surrounds cell

membrane Porous (has holes) to allow water,

oxygen, and carbon dioxide to pass.

Jump to first page

Wall Layers

1st layer is between 2 cells. Buffer layer Made of cellulose & pectin

Pectin is a sticky glue Cellulose is elastic

Jump to first page

2nd wall layer

Trees have Seconary cell wall Made of cellulose and lignin

lignin provides rigidity

Jump to first page

Cell walls stain

Purple for Gram Positive Staphylococcus

Red for Gram Negative E coli

Jump to first page

Nucleus

Prokaryotic cells (bacteria) don’t have a nucleus

Eukaryotic cells have nucleus Directs cell activity (Boss)

reproduction production of proteins, lipids,

enzymes, carbohydrates, and other nucleic acids

Jump to first page

Nucleus continued...

Contains DNA blue print for construction of body long chain of DNA = chromosome

2-5 micrometers in diameter Surrounded by 2 membranes

called the Nuclear Envelope. Contains dozens of pores (doors to

nucleus)

Jump to first page

Inside the nucleus

Nucleolus Contains RNA- serves as copier of

DNA Ribosomes- aid in protein

production 6 feet of Chromosomes bunched

and attached to special round proteins

Half of DNA is passed to offspring

Jump to first page

RNA Three types Messenger RNA

Single strand that takes the copy of DNA to make proteins

Transfer RNA Attaches an amino acid to a triplet

of bases on messenger RNA. Ribosomal RNA

Helps the amino acid, tRNA, mRNA hold together

Jump to first page

Cytoplasm

Area between nucleus and cell membrane

Contains many structures floating in a liquid gel

Contains carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids, lipids, water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and enzymes.

Jump to first page

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Long structure that helps make and store proteins. The factory of the cell

Two types Rough E.R. Studded with

Ribosomes- makes proteins. Smooth E.R. makes lipids and

stores proteins.

Jump to first page

Golgi Apparatus

Transports proteins, hormones, carbohydrates outside the cell.

Blob shaped The truckers of the cell

Jump to first page

Lysosome

Blob structure that cleans up wastes and invaders by engulfing and digesting them.

Janitor of the cell

Jump to first page

Vacuole

Stores water for plant cells. Very large in plants

Animal cells have smaller vacuoles.

These gather excess water and transport it out of the cell.

Jump to first page

Mitochondria

Rod shaped Have folds inside where energy is

produced. Have their own DNA

Passed to children through the mother

Jump to first page

Plastids

Store pigments or starch Chloroplasts in plants store green

chlorophyll for photosynthesis

Jump to first page

Centrioles

Made of protein Cylinders that are used during cell

reproduction. Act as anchors or winches

Jump to first page

Cytoskeleton

Provides support, made of protein Microtubules Microfilaments

Jump to first page

Review page 193