JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE AND PARKS...JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE AND PARKS Published by Department of Wildlife and National Parks (DWNP) Peninsular Malaysia Printed by Universal Iprint Sdn Bhd

JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE AND PARKS

Published by Department of Wildlife and National Parks (DWNP) Peninsular MalaysiaPrinted by Universal Iprint Sdn BhdPrinted 2012

ADVISORDato’ Abd. Rasid Samsudin

Director GeneralDepartment of Wildlife and National Parks

CHAIRPERSONMisliah Mohamad Basir

Deputy Director General IDepartment of Wildlife and National Parks

EDITOR-IN-CHIEFSivananthan Ellagupilay, Ph.D

Department of Wildlife and National Parks

MANAGEMENT BOARDJeffrine Japning Rovie-Ryan

Kayal Vizi KaruppannanFrankie Thomas Sitam

Rahmah IliasTan Poai Ean

Hazril Rafhan Abdul HalimDepartment of Wildlife and National Parks

EDITORIAL BOARDShukor Md.Nor, Ph.D

Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

Tajuddin Mohd.Abdullah, Ph.DUniversiti Malaysia Sarawak

HONORARY EDITORLim Boo Liat, Ph.D

General Correspondence:Director GeneralDepartment of Wildlife and National ParksKM 10, Jalan Cheras, 56100 Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaTel:03-90866800 Fax: 03-90752873 Email: [email protected]: www.wildlife.gov.my

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Journal of Wildlife and ParksVol 26 (2009-2010)ISSN 0121-8126

CONTENTS PAGE

Magintan, D., Rufino, M.B.M, & Cosmas NgauActivity Pattern On Malayan Tapir (Tapirus indicus) In Temengor Forest Reserve, Perak, Through The Use Of The Camera Trapping Technique 1 – 4

Magintan, D., Rufino, M.B.M, Cosmas, N., & Dennis, T. C.YSome Evidences Of Sumatran Rhinoceros Presence In Temengor Forest Reserve, Perak 5 – 10

Karuppannan, K.V, Saaban, S, Mustapa, A.R and Alias, M.HA Study On Density And Composition Of Long Tailed Macaque (Macaca fascicularis) In Lembah Kiara Recreational Forest, Taman Tun Dr Ismail, Federal Territory 11 – 18

Magintan, D & Mohd Nor Firdaus RahimDirect Sighting Of Tapir At Gunung Inas, Gunung Inas Forest Reserve, Baling Kedah 19 – 20

Norela Sulaiman, Saidah Md Said, Maimon Abdullah & Ahmad Adnan MohamedButterfly Fauna (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) Of The Sungai Sedim Forest Reserve In Kedah, Malaysia 21 – 32

Siti Nurlydia Sazali , F.A. Anwarali , Besar Ketol, Wahap Marni & M.T. AbdullahNew Distribution Record Of The Ashy Roundleaf Bat (Hipposideros cineraceus) Blyth 1853 In Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo: Conservation Implications 33 – 38

Ch’ng Chin Ee & Badrul Munir Md-ZainLocomotion and Positional Behaviour Of Dusky Leaf Monkeys (Trachypithecus obscurus) At Penang Botanical Garden 39 – 46

Farah Shafawati, Mohd-Taib & Shukor, Md-NorAvian Temporal Diversity Assessment In Pangsun, Selangor 47 – 57

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CONTENTS PAGE

Rufino, M., Abdul Kadir Abu Hashim, Dennis Ten Choon Yung, David Magintan, Cosmas Ngau, Abu Zahrim Ismail, Hamidi Jamaludin, Zainal A.M., Idlan Rasdi & Fauzul Azim Z.A.A Study On Activity Patterns Of Clouded Leopard And Marbled Cat In Temengor Forest Reserve, Hulu Perak 59 – 66

Zainal Zahari, Z, Sheikh Omar & Abraham, MCandidiasis In A Seladang (Bos gaurus hubbacki) Calf 67 – 70

Rahmah Ilias & Hamdon TakA Checklist of Birds At Three Forest Reserves Of Pangkor Island, Perak 71 – 77

Tan Poai EanA Checklist of Mammals In Tasek Bera Ramsar Site, Pahang 79 – 81

Badrul Munir Md. Zain, Norlinda Mohd. Daut & Shukor Md. NorCharacterizing Silvered Leaf Monkey-Visitor Interactions AtBukit Melawati, Kuala Selangor, Malaysia 83 – 94

Sam Shor Nahar Yaakob & Saidon AmriGunung Tahan Trail: Some History and Background 95 – 107

Norela Sulaiman, Zarul Idham bin Kazal Maidin,Maimon Abdullah & Saidah Md SaidMoth (Lepidoptera: Heterocera) Of Sungai Sedim Forest Reserve, Kedah, Malaysia 109 – 118

Badrul Munir Md-Zain, Norlindawati Abd. Pateh, Ang Khai Chun, Vun Vui Fui, Zainal Zahari Zainuddin, Maklarin Lakim, Ahmad Ampeng, Shukor M. Nor & Mahani Mansor ClydeMolecular Systematics Of Nycticebus coucang and Its Relationships to the Other Malaysian Primates Based On Cyt B Gene Sequences 119 – 12

Noor Haliza Hasan, Faisal Ali Anwarali Khan, Juliana Senawi, Besar Ketol, Isa Sait, M. T. AbdullahShort Note On Bats Survey At Air Panas-Gua Musang, Kelantan 129 – 136

Journal of Wildlife and Parks (2009-2010) 26 : 1-4 1

ACTIVITY PATTERN ON MALAYAN TAPIR (Tapirus indicus) IN TEMENGOR FOREST RESERVE, PERAK, THROUGH THE USE OF THE CAMERA TRAPPING

TECHNIQUE

Magintan, D., Rufino, M.B.M, & Cosmas Ngau

Department of Wildlife and National Parks (DWNP)KM 10, Jalan Cheras, 56100 Kuala Lumpur

ABSTRACT

A study on the activity pattern of Tapir (Tapirus indicus) was carried out in Temengor Forest Reserve, Perak, using camera trapping technique. A total of 11 camera traps were deployed and 318 photographs of tapir from 2813 trap nights were captured. The percentage ratio of the tapir captured per unit sampling effort was 0.113. The analysis of the photos showed that tapir were active early morning (00:00 to 11:00) and 18:00 hr to 23:00 hr in the afternoon. The highest percentage of tapir’s activity pattern noted in this study is between 05:00 hr to 20:00 hr, while the minimum record of the activity pattern was at 16:00 hr to 18:00 hr.Keywords - Activity pattern, Malayan Tapir, Tapirus indicus, Temengor Forest Reserve, camera trapping

INTRODUCTION

Peninsular Malaysia and Sumatra, Indonesia are the world’s strongholds for the Malayan Tapir, Tapirus indicus. Based on observation, this animal seems to have abundant in its habitat; however, more research needed to be carried out. The behavioral ecology and habitat needs of the Malayan Tapir are poorly understood as well as its population status. The survival of this animal is under threat in its ranges due to forest conversion to agriculture and habitat loss (Khan, 1997). Land conversion into agriculture such as huge oil palm plantation, construction of highways, human resettlements and logging industry in the country have lead to forest fragmentation in which eventually decreased the habitat of tapirs.

Tapirs are forgotten species and less known (Khan, 1997), hence, more study is needed to expand facts on the animal. In this study, we used camera trapping technique to obtain data on the activity of tapir that populate the forest reserve. The so-called camera trapping technique has been used by researchers to facilitate the evaluation of tapir distribution, population, habitat use and daily activities (Holden, 1998; Holden et al., 2003; Kawanishi et al., 2002; Novarino et al., 2004, Traeholt & Sanusi, 2009) and a few of them described the activities pattern of tapir based on the photos captured. The use of camera traps as tool for tapir research was revealed important by recent study carried out by Traeholt and Sanusi in 2009 at Krau Wildlife Reserve, where individual of tapir visiting saltlicks were identified through its neckline. In addition, they also found ecological behavior of tapirs which was suggesting that tapirs appear to roam within relatively confined home-ranges up to, at least four years. The objective of this study is to observe the activity pattern of tapir in Temengor Forest Reserve.

2 Magintan,D.,Rufino,M.B.M,&CosmasNgau

Figure 1: Map shows the location of Temengor Forest Reservewhere study was conducted.

METHODOLOGY

The study was conducted in Temengor Forest Reserve, northern Perak. The topography of the study site ranging from 200 m a.s.l to 1200 m a.s.l with some parts are mountainous. Logging activities are being carried out during the field works in several compartments of the reserve. A total of eight camera traps (Cam Trekker) were deployed in July 2007 and further trip was conducted to deploy another two camera traps in October. Overall, we set up four to 11 cameras in each program. All cameras were set operational for 24 hours, and the delay between each snaps was 10 second. Every eight weeks, the battery and the memory card were replaced. The locations of camera traps are varied in terms of altitude and site, often deployed along the active animal trails. Each trip comprised of 5 to 8 staffs from the DWNP. The camera trapping programs ended in August 2008.

For flexibility reason all images were recorded in JPEG Image format. Activity levels were considered from the date and time imprinted on the image. For study purposes, we exclude other species images. The percentage of activity level was used to indicate whether the activity is nocturnal or diurnal. Activities recorded between 1800 – 0700 hr were classified as nocturnal and those between 0701 – 1759 hr were classified as diurnal (Mohd. Azlan & Engkamat, 2006). A trap night is a period of 24-hour of camera in function.

Activity Pattern On Malayan Tapir (Tapirus Indicus) In TemengorForest Reserve, Perak, Through The Use Of The Camera Trapping Technique

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RESULTS & DISCUSSION

A total of 318 photographic images of Malayan Tapir (Tapirus indicus) from 2813 trap nights were obtained during the study period. Image of Malayan Tapir was the most frequently detected throughout the study in all location. Novarino et al. (2005) has used the percentage ratio of tapir image-captured per unit sampling effort (number of times that tapirs passed through the camera/ number of trapping) for tapir’s activities study in Kerinci Seblat National Park Sumatera, Indonesia and recorded 0.092 percentage ratio per unit sampling effort.

For this study, the percentage ratio of tapir captured per unit sampling effort was 0.113. In the previous study by Holden et al. (2003) in the same area of Kerinci Seblat National Park Sumatera, Indonesia, the study recorded 0.017 – 0.081 of the percentage ratio per unit sampling. The three finding when compared, the percentage ratio in Temengor Forest Reserve in Perak was slightly higher than the previous studies in Indonesia. The activity patterns were analyzed based on the time of imaged captured (Figure 2). The results indicate that tapirs are active mostly at night and tend to be solitary. Nonetheless, we have also encountered images where two individual of tapir captured in the same frame. The photos were mostly recorded during early morning (00:00 hr) to late morning (11:00 hr) and from evening (18:00 hr) to midnight (23:00 hr). This study recorded tapir passed through camera trap at 16:32 and tapir passed through camera traps at late morning (10:07 hr & 11:03 hr).

In comparison to several studies in Sumatera, Novarino et al. (2005) recorded tapir during 04:25 hrto 19:57 hr; Holden et al. (2003) recorded at 09:00 to 18:00. The highest percentage of tapir activity was at 05:00 (13%) and at 20:00 (12%). No record of tapir passing through camera traps between 12:00 to 15:00 hr. Minimum activity levels were recorded between 08:00 (2%) to 10:00 (1%) and 16:00 (1%) to 18:00 (1%).

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Figure 2:Activity pattern of Malayan Tapir (Tapirus indicus) in Temengor Forest Reserve, Perak,from July 2007 to August 2008.

4 Magintan,D.,Rufino,M.B.M,&CosmasNgau

Kawanishi et al. (2002) also have recorded high result for tapir photographs when conducting camera trapping study in Taman Negara, however, she did not include the photographs ratio. In Novario et al. (2005) findings, the difference in percentage ratio per unit sampling between his study and Holden et al (2003) findings resulted from the effect of altitudinal and the placement of camera traps close to the saltlicks. In this study, the placement of camera traps were between 800m to 1250 m (a.s.l.) of altitude, while, Novarino et al (2005) placed the camera at the altitudinal range from 183 to 700 m (a.s.l). The result (percentage ratio of tapir image-captured per unit sampling effort) was surprisingly higher than the studies at the low level of habitats. Its shows that tapirs are in fact well distributed in all altitudinal zonation including higher elevation. Numata et al. (2005) highlighted the captured of less than 10 photos of tapir during his study on mammals in lowland Pasoh Forest Reserve and adjacent fragmented forest using camera traps methods was in contrast with the size of the area which was only about 25.5 km2.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to thank the Director General: the respective division and state directors, and staffs of Department of Wildlife and National Parks (DWNP), Peninsular Malaysia for their support and involvement of the program in Temengor Forest Reserve.

REFERENCES

Holden, J., Yanuar, A. & Martyr, D. J. (2003). The Asian tapir in Kerinci Seblat National Park, Sumatra: Evidence collected through photo-trapping. Oryx 37 No 1: 34 – 40

Holden, J. and D. Martyr, D. (1998). Southern Sumatera. Tapir Conservation 10 ; 17 Mohd. Azlan, J. & Engkamat, L. (2006). Camera Trapping and conservation in Lambir Hills

National, Park, Sarawak. TheRafflesBulletinofZoology 54(2): 469 – 475.Novarino, W. (2005). Population Monitoring and study of daily activities of Malayan Tapir (Tapirus

indicus) through the use of the camera trapping technique in Taratak Forest Reserve, Sumatera Indonesia. Report to the Rufford Small Grant (for Nature Conservation). Andalas University.

Novarino, W., Karimah, S.N., Jarulis, Silmi, M. and Suafri, M. (2004). Habitat Use by Malay Tapir (Tapirus indicus) in West Sumatra, Indonesia. Tapir Conservation 13(2): 14 - 18

Numata, S., Okuda, T., Sugimoto, T., Nishimura, S., Yoshida, K., Quah, E.S., Yasuda, M., Muangkhum, K. & Nur Supardi, M. N. (2005). Camera Trapping : A Non-Invasive Approach as an Additional Tool in the Study of Mammals in Pasoh Forest Reserved and Adjacent Fragmented Areas in Peninsular Malaysia. Malayan Nature Journal 57 (1): 29 - 45

Kawanishi, K. Sunquist, M. & Othman, S. (2002). Malayan Tapir (Tapirus indicus): Far from extinction in a Malaysian Rainforest. Tapir Conservation 11(1) : 23-27.

Khan, M. (1997). Status and Action Plan of The Asian Tapir (Tapirus indicus). IUCN Gland, Switzerland.

Traeholt, C. & Mohd. Sanusi, M. (2009). Population estimates of Malay Tapir, Tapirus indicus by camera trapping in Krau Wildlife Reserve, Malaysia. Tapir Conservation 18 (1): 12 – 20.

5Journal of Wildlife and Parks (2009-2010) 26 : 5-10

SOME EVIDENCES OF SUMATRAN RHINOCEROS PRESENCE IN TEMENGOR FOREST RESERVE, PERAK.

Magintan, D., Rufino, M.B.M, Cosmas, N., & Dennis, T. C.Y

Department of Wildlife and National Parks (DWNP),KM 10 Jalan Cheras, 56100 Kuala Lumpur

ABSTRACT

A study was conducted at Temengor Forest Reserves between 2007 and 2008 with the main aim to investigate the presence and distribution of large wildlife species primarily Sumatran Rhinoceros. Two study methods were employed namely trail survey and camera trapping. Field survey recorded a total of 29 species of mammals which include 5 species of primates, 14 species of carnivores, 9 species of ungulates (including Sumatran Rhinoceros) and one species of rodents. Camera trapping captured 19 species of mammals which the most common were the Malayan Tapir, followed by the Malayan Sun Bear, Barking Deer, Gaur and the Yellow-throated Marten. Pictures of Sumatran Rhinoceros were also present. At the same area, Sumatran Rhinoceros sighting also were reported in the previous studies in 2000 and early 2007. Recent evidence of Sumatran Rhinoceros were based on signs of fresh footprints, debarking of tree mark, scraped on ground and strong smell of urination at the ridge close to Sungai Talang. Evidence of the presence of Sumatran Rhinoceros at the study area is important for conservation of this species.

INTRODUCTION

In the recent times, there are very few records or reports of Sumatran Rhinoceros available despite several wildlife inventories, full time surveillance in Taman Negara, and camera trapping technique were conducted. The current situation is critical, given that, this rhino is considered one of the most endangered species of rhinos in this earth. Habitat destruction through logging, agricultural development, human settlement and shifting cultivation; and poaching for its horn and nails are the main threat. At present, the Sumatran Rhinoceros exist in small pockets of population and perhaps in small isolated sub population. Comprehensive efforts needed to ensure and maintain the existence of the animal in its natural habitats.

The outcome of Rhino Patrolling Unit’s patrolling and monitoring activities in 1999, a record of Sumatran Rhinoceros discovered in Bukin Ramin. Another new discovery was in Mac 2005. Information from the aborigines, there was a sign of rhino found in Sungai Mendelum, Temengor Forest Reserve. In 1998 and 2002, other records were obtained in upper Sungai Singor area. Since 2005, there were two comprehensive wildlife survey were conducted especially in the Main Range complex. During the first survey, signs (footprints) of rhinos were discovered at the Sungai Perias, Sungai Panis and Sungai Bering all in the main range. Preliminary survey was carried out by the Sumatran Rhinoceros Taskforce Team in accordance with the sighting of some fresh rhino signs in Main Range during inventory of wildlife in Mei and early Jun 2007. At least three patrols were conducted after the reports to collect more and new information of rhinos signs in the areas.

6 Magintan,D.,Rufino,M.B.M,Cosmas,N.,&Dennis,T.C.Y

METHODS

Study Area

The study was conducted at the Temengor Forest Reserve in state of Perak. The habitats mainly primary forest with some areas actively logged. The topography of the study area are mountainous with several highest point that up to 1300 m asl. Several wildlife inventories were conducted in this area mainly by the Wildlife Department. The inventory program in 2005 was made together with the arm forces and the recent was in the middle of 2007.

Wildlife Survey

Several field surveys by teams of DWNP staff were conducted along pre-determined trails between July 2007 to July 2008. The trails were selected based on their accessibility and based on the previous records of Sumatran Rhinoceros. The form of the terrain also considered as a factor for determining the trails. Some parts of the survey areas are steep and mountainous. The survey trails followed by the team pass through some valleys and streams as well as both lowland and highland areas. Both direct and indirect signs of wildlife found on and alongside the trails were recorded. As for rhino, track identification were based on it tracks shapes and size. Other signs were the feeding signs, wallows, twisted twigs and mark on the ground. Tracks of other wildlife were identified and measured according to the method fixed in the inventory form provided. GPS (Garmin 12XL) reading was used to determine the precise location of signs.

Camera Trapping

Placement of camera traps was based on result from previous inventory, which identified main trails and main ridges that provides track for the animals to move around. A total of four camera trapping major programs were carried out in the study areas where the first group had set up nine camera traps in research area in July 2007 and another two additional camera traps were set in November 2007. In 2008, the programs were started in March 2008 to August 2008. A total of 8 camera traps (Cam Trekker) were deployed in the study areas. The batteries used were Panasonic, and 512G capacity of Sony memory cards. All cameras were set for 24 hours operational, and the delay between two snaps was 10 second. Every eight weeks, the battery and the memory card were replaced. The locations of camera traps are varied in terms of altitude and site, often depends on the active animal trails. The camera traps were set up about 50cm from the forest floor and tied on a tree along the animal trails. Each trip comprised of 5 to 8 staffs from the DWNP.

RESULTS & DISCUSSION

The surveys recorded a total of 29 species of mammals including 5 primate species (Table 1). The most common species, recorded was the Siamang (Syampalangus syndactylus), followed by the Banded Leaf-Monkey (Presbytis melalophos) and White-handed Gibbon (Hylobates lar). A total of eight species were only spotted once and giving least common species. The species were the Bear Cat (Arctictis binturong), Malayan Wild Dog (Cuon alpines), Sumatran Rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatransis), Marbled Cat (Felis marmorata), Flat-headed Cat (Felis planiceps), Banded Linsang (Prionodon linsang), Gaur (Bos Gaurus) and the Malay Weasel (Mustela nudipes). Among the primates, the Siamang (S. syndactylus) with 34% recorded with the highest percentage followed

Some Evidences Of Sumatran Rhinoceros Presence InTemengor Forest Reserve, Perak.

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by the Banded Leaf-Monkey (Presbytis melalophos) and White Handed Gibbon (Hylobates lar) with the 22% and 20%, respectively. Other record of wildlife especially the large mammals group were the Elephant (Elephas maximus), Gaur (Bos gaurus), Malayan Tapir (Tapirus indicus) and Sambar Deer (Cervus unicolor). As for carnivores, the Malayan Sun-Bear (Helarctos malayanus), Malayan Tiger (Panthera tigris) and Black Leopard (Panthera pardus) were recorded with the same percentage of observations. In addition, the images of the first two species were captured through camera trapping.

Observation of large mammals namely the Asian Elephant, Gaur and Sambar Deer were comparatively less in the study area. A few old marks such as drops and footprint of Asian Elephant and Gaur were recorded however, the findings were almost similar.

Camera trapping captured a total of 1030 photographic images from 2813 trap nights during the study period. The most common images of mammals captured were the Malayan Tapir (318 trap nights), followed by the Malayan Sun Bear (93), Barking Deer (42), Gaur (42) and the Yellow-throated (30). Other species were 20 or less photographic images captured. There are 19 species of animals captured on camera trapping, a promising number as compared to other camera trapping study areas.


Table 1: List of wildlife species recorded during the survey

Order Family Common name Scientific name Image captured

Primate Hylobatidae White-handed Gibbon Hylobates lar

Black-handed Gibbon Hylobates agilis

CercopithecidaeSiamangBanded Leaf Monkey

Symphalangus syndactylusPresbytis melalophos

Long-tailed Macaque Macaca fascicularis

Carnivore Ursidae Malayan Sun-bear Helarctos malayanus √

Felidae Malayan Tiger Panthera tigris √

Black Leopard Panthera pardus

Clouded Leopard Neofelis nebulosa √

Marbled Cat Felis marmorata √

Golden Cat Felis temmincki √

Flat-headed Cat Felis planiceps √

Leopard Cat Felis bengalensis √

Mustelidae Yellow Throated Marten Martesflavigula √

Malay Weasel Mustela nudipes √

Smooth Otter Lutra perspicillata

Canidae Malayan Wild Dog Cuon alpines √

Viverridae Banded Linsang Prionodon linsang √

Bear Cat Arctictis binturong √

Proboscidae Elephantidae Asian Elephant Elephas maximus √

Perisodactyla Tapiridae Tapir Tapirus indicus √

Rhinocerotidae Sumatran Rhinoceros Dicerorhinus sumatrensis √

Artiodactyla Suidae Wild Pig Sus scrofa √

Barking Deer Muntiacus muntjak √

Sambar Deer Cervus unicolor √

Bovidae Serow Capricornis sumatraensis

Gaur Bos gaurus √

Tragulidae Greater Mouse-deer Tragulus napu

Rodentia Hystricidae Large Porcupine Hystrix brachyura

Traces of Sumatran Rhino

As stated earlier, the sighting of signs of Rhino was initially recorded during the wildlife inventory in 2007. The indirect observations were based on the mark of twisted saplings of undergrowth vegetation reported by Zainal Zahari et al (2000). The discoveries have led to another few surveys carried out in the same locations and its surrounding in Temengor Forest Reserve. More surveys were carried out to get new information, data and details of the findings where signs of Sumatran Rhinoceros were recorded from the ridges close to Sungai Talang. The signs were the fresh footprints, debarking of tree mark, scraped on ground and strong smell of urination. Other than that, a partial body part of Sumatran Rhinoceros was photographed during the study period

Some Evidences Of Sumatran Rhinoceros Presence InTemengor Forest Reserve, Perak.

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indicating that Sumatran Rhinoceros still exist in fragmented forests in Peninsular Malaysia and crucial conservation steps should be taken to ensure the survival of this endangered species. The rhino’s marks are showed on the Photographs 1 to 5 below.

Photograph 1: A fresh footprint found on the ridge in Sungai Talang, area. The size was 19 x 8 cm.

Photograph 3: Debarking of tree, another marking method found during one of the survey

Photograph 5: Photographed image of suspected Sumatran Rhinoceros in Temengor Forest Reserve, Hulu Perak during the study period.

Photograph 2: Scraped ground was also found in the same location where the footprint were discovered

Photograph 4: The Average length of fiber content of faeces was more than 2 cm.


The study area is considered high in wildlife diversity. The sighting of rare and critically endangered wildlife species can still be found in the area namely the Sumatran Rhinoceros, Serow and the Wild Dog. Since this area is inhabited by high number of wildlife species, it is suggested that these areas should be monitored regularly. Thus, it should be considered a high priority site, and regular monitoring and patrolling should be conducted to stop encroachment and poaching activity.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to thank the DWNP General Director, division and state directors, and staff of DWNP for their support and involvement in the Rhino Task Force programme in Temengor Forest Reserve and the biodiversity inventory in the main range.

REFERENCES

DWNP. (2008). Laporan Program Tangkapan Badak Sumatera Di Kawasan Hutan Simpan Temengor, Perak Pada Januari Hingga Ogos 2008. (unpubl. Report). Department of Wildlife and National Parks, Peninsular Malaysia.

DWNP. (2001). Laporan Inventori Hidupan Liar Taman Negeri Perak (16 – 28 Julai) 2001.(unpubl. Report). Department of Wildlife and National Parks, Peninsular Malaysia.

DWNP. (2005). Laporan Kemajuan Program Rondaan dan Kawalan Populasi Badak Sumatera Januari – Jun 2005. (unpubl. Report). Department of Wildlife and National Parks, Pen-insular Malaysia.

Flynn, R. W. & Tajuddin, A. (1984). Distribution and Status of the Sumatran Rhinoceros in Peninsular Malaysia. Biological Conservation 28: 253 – 273

Hashim, A. K. A (2002). Sumatran Rhinoceros and Wildlife Survey At Gunung Basor and Gunung Anak Noring (Perak – Kelantan) From 24th – 31st July 2002. Journal of Wildlife and Parks (2002) 20: 27 – 36

Khan, Mohd Bin Momin Khan, (1987). Distribution and population of the Sumatran Rhinoceros in Peninsular Malaysia. Proceedings of the Fourth IUCN/ SSC Asian Rhino Specialist Group meeting. Rimba Indonesia 12(4): 75 – 81.

Metcalfe, G. T. C. (1961). Rhinoceros in Malaya and their future. In: Wyatt-Smith and Wycherley. Nature Conservation in Malaya. Kuala Lumpur, Malayan Nature Society: 183 – 193.

Stevens, W. E. (1968). The rare large mammals of Malaya. Malay Nat. J., 20: 1 – 17Zainal-Zahari, Z., (1995). Review of Sumatran Rhinoceros Population in Peninsular Malaysia.

Journal of Wildlife and National Parks, Vol. XIV: 1 – 15Zainal-Zahari, Z., Julia, N. S. C., Ahmad Azahar, M., Mohd Noor, I.(2000). Indirect Observations

Of The Sumatran Rhinoceros In The Wild. Malaysian Naturalist, 53(40, 2000.


A STUDY ON DENSITY AND COMPOSITION OF LONG TAILED MACAQUE (Macaca fascicularis) IN LEMBAH KIARA RECREATIONAL FOREST, TAMAN TUN DR

ISMAIL, FEDERAL TERRITORY OF KUALA LUMPUR

Karuppannan, K.V, Saaban, S, Mustapa, A.R and Alias, M.H

Department of Wildlife and National Parks (DWNP)KM10 Jalan Cheras, 56100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

ABSTRACT

A study on density and composition of Long Tailed Macaques was conducted from 1st to 31st October 2009 in Lembah Kiara Recreational Forest, Taman Tun Dr Ismail, Federal Territory. There were four objectives in this study, which were to determine the group composition, the total individual number in each group, group density and population density of targeted species in the study area. Study showed there were ten (10) different groups of Long Tailed Macaques in this study area. A total of 337 Long Tailed Macaques consisting of 10 groups were recorded. The group density was estimated about 0.621 groups /hectare with population density of 20.915 individuals/ hectare and the mean group size of 33.7 individuals per group. The age and sex of the species comprised of 3% Alfa males, 7% adult males, 30% adult females, 48% juvenile and 11% infants in the study area.

INTRODUCTION

The Long Tailed Macaques are found in a wide variety of habitats, including primary lowland rainforests, disturbed and secondary rainforests, riverine, islands and coastal forests of nipah palm and mangrove. They easily adjust to human settlements and are considered sacred at some Hindu temples, while a pest some around farms and villages. Typically it prefers disturbed habitats and forest periphery. The native range of this species includes most of mainland Southeast Asia, including the Malay Archipelago islands of Sumatra, Java, and Borneo, the islands of the Philippines, and the Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal (Mah, 1992).

In Peninsular Malaysia, this species is widespread occurring in riverine forest, primary forest, and secondary forest and in suburban areas with patches of secondary forest (Noor, 1998). The population of this species are associated with to human- Long Tailed Macaque conflict in our country. This problem is also related to being easily available and attractive to Macques (Fuentes et al.,2008). Consequently, Malaysia’s human- long tailed Macaque conflict seems largely driven by an attraction to human food sources. Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur is one of the states receiving high numbers of human – Long Tailed Macaque complaints from public. A total of 2,220 complaints associated with Long Tailed Macaque were recorded from year 2005 to year 2009 (Table 1). There were eight types of disturbances by this species to human which caused death to human, injury to human, damaged to property, damaged to plants, death to pets and livestock, fear, prowling and nuisance (Perhilitan 2005, Perhilitan 2006, Perhilitan 2007,Perhilitan 2008 and Perhilitan 2009).

12 Karuppannan, K.V, Saaban, S, Mustapa, A.R and Alias, M.H

Table 1: Human-Macaque complaints reported in Federal Territory in between 2005 and 2009.

Year Number Of Complaints2005 5582006 5942007 3512008 3872009 330Total 2,220

The Lembah Kiara Recreational Park, located in Taman Tun Dr Ismail (TTDI), is a popular recreational spot in the middle of the city widely visited by many during weekdays and weekends. This park covers a total area of 16.113 hectares. This area covers Jalan Abang Hj Openg from Jalan Datuk Sulaiman 2 and 4, and TTDI. It also covers a part of Taman Arboratum Bukit Kiara, which is well known reserved forest for research (www.dbkl.gov.my).

This park is one of the main human-Long Tailed Macaque conflict areas in Federal Territory (Perhilitan, 2007). Major complaints at this area were Macaque causing fear to park visitors, prowling in residency areas, causing damages to plants and nuisance to public. Many actions were taken by Department of Wildlife and National Parks (DWNP) to overcome these problems such as trapping and translocation, culling and monitoring the population.

In this study, the density and composition of Long Tailed Macaque in study area was determined. This information is important for the long term monitoring and management of the Long Tailed Macaques. The field data that gathered in this study include; i) group composition, ii) total number of individuals, iii) group density, and iv) population density.

METHODOLOGY

Field Observation

The study was started with one day preliminary observation few days before the study was started, for acclimatisation of the study area and to get a rough estimation of Long Tailed Macaque population to prepare enough bait during study period.

The study was started on 1st until 31st October 2009. Observations were made using naked eyes and binoculars by at least three field researchers. Tally counter was used for counting. Observation and counting period were divided into two sessions. First session was started at 0700 morning until 1230 afternoon. Second session was continued at 1430 afternoon until 1830 evening. These were the peek time for targeted species to come out from the hiding areas to search for food and considered the best time to conduct observation and counting (Sha et al., 2009).

A Study On Density And Composition Of Long Tailed Macaque (Macaca fascicularis)In Lembah Kiara Recreational Forest, Taman Tun Dr Ismail, Federal Territory

13

Group Composition and Number of Individuals

The estimate the group composition and number of individuals per groups, the researchers walked along the jogging trails and roads to locate targeted species through direct sighting, movements or vocalizations. Once the Macaques were found, the following data were gathered; i) the number of individuals per group, i) group composition and iii) the locations of each group (Thompson, 1992).The group composition consists of five categories, alpha male, adult male, adult female, juvenile and infant. The characteristics of the alpha males are large body size and protruding testis. Adult females are categorized as having well developed mammary organs while some females also may be carrying infant. Juveniles also were identified by size, usually half the size of adult and with playful behaviour. Infant that is generally dark coloured usually attach to mother (Perhilitan, 2006).

Carefully and gently the researchers approached the group and baited them with groundnuts and sunflower seed. Behaviors such as how the Macaque group responded to human presence and how the group responded to food cues were recorded. In some groups, if the population size were not confidently estimated, the processes were repeated at other instance of different day and time.

Group and Population density

Group density, mean group size and population density was calculated using following equations (Ganga and Kamal, 2008):

Group Density (GD) = Number of identified groups Area surveyed (hectare)

Mean group size (M) = Total number of individuals (I) Total number of groups (G)

Population Density (PD) = Group Density (GD) X Mean Group Size (M)

RESULTS

Group Composition

The results from this study showed there were ten (10) different groups of Long Tailed Macaques in this study area (Figure 1). All the groups were given name according to their physical differentiation or marks on alfa male. The groups were named as 2 Alfa, Kondo, Sumbing Ekor Kontot, Alfa Gemuk, Kudung, Alfa Kontot,Tali Hijau, Alfa Tangan Kiri Sakit, Alfa Tangan Kiri Cacat and Alfa Mulut Koyak.


Figure 1: Locations of ten (10) Macaque groups in the study area.

Number of Individuals

The field observation indicated that there were 337 individuals of Long Tailed Macaques consisting of 10 groups at the study area. Juvenile category has recorded the highest number with 163 individuals while adult females were 102 individuals. The results show the ratio of males to females is 1:3 (Table 2). Figure 2 shows estimated number of individuals from all the 10 groups.


15

0

10

20

30

40

50

Estimation Number of Long Tailed MacaqueIndividuals

NUMBER

OF

INDIVI

DUALS

GROUPS

Dua Alfa

Alfa kontot

Alfa gemuk

Sumbing ekorkontot

Tali hijau

Alfa tangan kirisakit

Alfa kondoDua Alfa Alfa

kontotAlfa

gemukSumbing

ekorkontot

TaliHijau

Alfatangan

kiri sakit

Alfakondo

Alfatangan

kiri cacat

AlfaKudung

AlfaMulutkoyak

23 22

32 32 33

40 40 40

30

45

Figure 2: Estimated number of individuals in each group

Table 2: Number of individuals Macaques according to their group composition.

Number GroupGroup Composition Total

Alfa AM AF J I

1 Dua alfa 2 0 5 14 2 23

2 Alfa kontot 1 1 10 16 4 32

3 Alfa gemuk 1 5 15 20 4 45

4 Sumbing Ekor kontot 1 2 9 16 4 32

5 Tali hijau 1 2 14 15 8 40

6 Alfa tangan kiri sakit 1 3 11 13 2 30

7 Alfa kondo 1 1 5 13 2 22

8 Alfa tangan kiri cacat 1 6 14 15 4 40

9 Alfa kudung 1 1 9 18 4 33

10 Alfa mulut koyak 1 3 10 23 3 40

Total 11 24 102 163 37 337

Percentage (%) 3 7 30 48 11 100 %

Key: AM- Adult male, AF-Adult female, J-Juvenile and I-Infant


Group Density and Population Density

The mean group size was 33.7 individuals. The group density (GD) was 0.621group/hectare and the estimated population density (PD) of the study area was 20.915 individuals/ hectare. Age and sex composition comprised 3% alfa males, 7% of adult males, 30% of adult females, 48% of juveniles and 11% of infants with undetermined sex (Figure 3).

Age and Sex Composition

Figure 3: Age and Sex composition in the study area

DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSIONS

Hanya et al. (2003) stated that a “group” should be modified to reflect the normal group spread of the species and defined a group only by distance, and did not distinguish situations when Macaques belonging to different social units (troop) stayed within 500m each other. We also followed Hanya et al. (2003) for defining the group to estimate the group density though this shortcoming may have caused an underestimation. Intensive study may be required to avoid this underestimation.

In this study the group density of Long Tailed Macaque was estimated as 0.621 group /hectare based on the total population count within a census area of 16.113 hectare (Hanya et al, 2003). The population density was calculated as 20.915 individuals /hectare in the disturbed and undisturbed areas respectively with the mean group size of 33.7 individuals. Further, in this survey, juvenile Macaques comprised of 48% of the total population, followed by female Macaque with 30% and the lowest was Alfa males with only 3%.

Six groups (2 Alfa, Kondo, Sumbing Ekor Kontot, Alfa Gemuk, Kudung, Alfa Kontot) of Macaques were found roaming in the recreational area and closing to the residential areas while feeding and some bagging for food from visitors that generally like to feed them. While the other four groups (Tali Hijau, Alfa Tangan Kiri Sakit, Alfa Tangan Kiri Cacat and Alfa Mulut Koyak), were seen inhabiting areas at the hill side of the park, is considered very aggressive compared to the other six groups and were difficult to be baited during counting. The population sizes of the first six


17

Macaque groups were relatively large with higher infant: adult female ratios compared to other four groups. The earlier groups were mostly congregated on the border of human settlement where establishments were more readily available as these groups learnt to associate humans as food source (Fuentes et al., 2008).

Behavioural observations in the field indicated that the main contributing factors that distinguished the existence of the first six groups at the recreational area and the second four groups at the hill (wild) side of the park was the food supply. The first six groups dominated the recreational area that considered with unlimited food source primarily from visitors and residential areas. Sign of high abundance of food sources is indicated with less fighting and competing for foods, while the other four groups were depending primarily on natural food sources such as wild fruits in study area. As indicated above these later groups were observed more aggressive and competitive among members of the group.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Great appreciation and many thanks to Tn Haji Mohd Nawayai Yasak, Director of Conservation Biodiversity Division, Mr. Salman Saaban, Principal Assistant Director of Conservation Biodiversity Division, Department of Wildlife and National Parks (DWNP), Mr Mohamad Hafid Rohani, Director of Federal Territory DWNP and all field staffs who played a main role in complete this study.

REFERENCES

Dewan Bandaraya Kuala Lumpur, (2009) www.dbkl.gov.myFuentes A, Kalchik S, Gettler L, Kwiatt A, Konecki M, Jones-Engel L. (2008) Characterizing

human– Macaque interactions in Singapore. Am J Primatol 70:1-5Hanya, G., Yoshihiro, S., Zamma, K., Kubo, R., & Takahata, Y. (2003) New Method to Census

Primates Groups: Estimating Group Density of Japanese Macaques by Point Census. Am J Primatol, 60, 43-56.

Ganga, R & Kamal, K (2008) Population status, Threats and Conservation Measures of Assamese Macaque (Macaca assamensis) in Langtang National Park, Nepal. A final report to Primate Society of Great Britain.

Mah, Y.L (1992). The ecology and behaviour of Macaca fascicularis, Phd thesis, University Malaya. Kuala Lumpur.

Noor Alif, W.O, (1998). A study on composition and density of Long Tailed Macaque (Macaca fuscicularis) in Kuala Lumpur. The Journal of Wildlife and Parks 1998:80-84.

Perhilitan (2005). Annual Report for year 20057. Jabatan Perlindungan Hidupan :iar dan Taman Negara (PERHILITAN).


Perhilitan (2006). Pelan pengurusan kera (Macaca fuscicularis) bermasalah di semananjung Malaysia.Jabatan Perlindungan Hidupan Liar dan Taman Negara (PERHILITAN).


Perhilitan (2008). Annual Report for year 2008. Jabatan Perlindungan Hidupan Liar dan Taman Negara (PERHILITAN).

Perhilitan (2009). Annual Report for year 2009. Jabatan Perlindungan Hidupan Liar dan Taman


Negara (PERHILITAN).Sha, J.C.M., Gumert, M.D.,Lee,Y.H., Fuentes,A., Rajathurai, S.,Chan,S and Engel,L.J (2009)

Status of the Long Tailed Macaque Macaca fascicularis in Singapore and implications for management. Biodivers Conservation, Springer, 18:2909-2926

Thompson, SK (1992) Sampling. Wiley. New York


DIRECT SIGHTING OF TAPIR AT GUNUNG INAS, GUNUNG INAS FOREST RESERVE, BALING KEDAH.

Magintan .D & Mohd Nor Firdaus Rahim

Department of Wildlife and National Parks (DWNP)KM 10, Jalan Cheras, 56100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Malaysia is the centre of the Malayan Tapir’s distribution range. Tapirs are found in every forest types including peat swamps up to lower montane forest. Based on the DWNP wildlife inventories, the signs of this animal are generally found in lowland areas, however, signs near Gunung Tahan at 1,430 Gunung Benom at 1,720 and Gunung Bintang Hijau at 1,730 were also found. Tapirs have been observed in forest fringes as well as logged over forest or disturbed forest, and occasionally may wander into rubber and oil palm plantations. According to William and Petrides (1980) Tapirs are found in all states of Peninsular Malaysia from the lowlands to the drier.

Sighting of Tapir were recorded twice between 10.00pm to 6.30am in Gunung Inas, Gunung Inas Forest Reserve. The observation site is situated approximately 0.5 km from the top of the Gunung Inas, 1300 meters above sea level. The observation recorded two individuals of Tapir came very close to our camp site. The first observation was at 10pm where the animal moves towards our camp and stop at around 2 meters of distance from the hammock. The Tapir was there for about 15 minutes observing around before gone for somewhere (Photograph 1). The second observation was at 6.30 am at the same place where we were surprised by a yowling sound coming toward our camp. We thought of a kind of predator chasing their prey for morning meal. In fact it was a Tapir running toward our camp in a moderate speed but luckily it was not hitting our camp. A camera traps study by Novarino (2005) indicating that tapir seems to be active mostly at night, this support the sighting of this animal wandering along the ridges at night. Normally, it is difficult to have direct observation of Tapir at daytime.

20 Magintan,D&MohdNorFirdausRahim

Photograph 1 : Pictures above show catch sight of tapir remained for a few minutes at a veryclose to our camp site before it gone for somewhere.

REFERENCES

Novarino, W., Kamilah, S.N., Nugroho, A., Janra, M.N., Silmi, M. and Syafri, M., (2005) Habitat Use and Density of the Malayan Tapir (Tapirus indicus) in the Taratak Forest Reserve, Sumatra, Indonesia. Tapir Conservation: The Newsletter of the IUCN/SSC Tapir Specialist Group, 14 (18): 28 - 30

Abdul Kadir, A. H & Hasdi, H., (2003). Distribution of the Malayan Tapir (Tapirus indicus) in Peninsular Malaysia: Preliminary Result. Journal of Wildlife and Parks 21: 13 - 19

Williams, K. D., and Petride, G. A., 1980. Browse use, feeding behaviour, and management of the Malayan Tapir. Journal of Wildlife Management 44(2) : 489 – 494


BUTTERFLY FAUNA (LEPIDOPTERA: RHOPALOCERA) OF THE SUNGAI SEDIM FOREST RESERVE IN KEDAH, MALAYSIA

Norela Sulaiman, Saidah Md Said, Maimon Abdullah & Ahmad Adnan Mohamed

School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences,Faculty of Science and Technology,

Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor Malaysia

ABSTRACT

Samplings of butterflies in the vicinity of Sungai Sedim Forest Reserve in Kedah, Malaysia were conducted from 17th to 19th August and from 7th to 9th December 2007. The objective of the study is to determine the diversity and abundance of butterfly species in the study area. Samples were manually collected using the butterfly sweeping net and food-baited traps set from 0900-1700 hours. A total of 171 individuals representing 59 species in 12 subfamilies and 5 families were collected during six days of sampling. Nymphalidae is the most dominant family recorded here with a total catch of 32 species, followed by Pieridae (13 species), Lycaenidae (9 species), Papilionidae (4 species), and Hesperiidae (2 species). Five species are categorized as common species, namely Melanitis leda leda (Linnaeus), Mycalesis horsfieldimucianis (Fruhstorfer), Mycalesis mineus macromalayana (Fruhstorfer), Elymnias hypermnesta tinctoria (Moore) and Eurema sari sodalis (Moore), while 33 species are categorized as rare species and two species as abundant, namely Elymnias hypermnesta tinctoria (Moore) and Melanitis leda leda (Linnaeus). The species Troides amphrysusruficollis(Butler) (Papilionidae: Papilioninae) is listed as a protected species under the wildlife Protection Act 1972. The Shannon species diversity index (H›) is highest on the sixth day of sampling (H› = 2.87), while there are also significant differences (p< 0.05) between the results of the sixth day sampling and those of other days. The highest value of Shannon Evenness index (E›) is also on the sixth day of sampling (E› = 0.97). The results show that the diversity of butterflies in this study site is very high and the species are evenly distributed. Results were also compared with others areas in Peninsular Malaysia, Taiwan and other parts of the world.

INTRODUCTION

Butterflies belong to the order Lepidoptera, in the class Insecta and phylum Arthropoda. These insects are divided into two main groups, or superfamilies: the Hesperioidea (skippers) and the Papilionidea (true butterflies or scudders), which are collectively known as Rhopalocera. Generally they can be differentiated from the closely related moths by their colorful wing patterns, a pair of clubbed antennae, and vertically folded wings upon resting. Adult butterflies are important pollinating agents of flowering plants, however the larvae of many species such as the Cabbageworms (Pieris rapae), Sulphur (Colias sp.), Checkered white (Pontia protodice) and other members of Pieridae and Nymphalidae are also among the main pests of commercial crops and timber species. Being sensitive to a wide range of environmental changes and habitat degradations, butterflies have also been widely studied as one of the potential bioindicators of global climate change (Vickery 2008).

The survey of butterfly fauna was conducted at the Sungai Sedim Forest Reserve, in the district of Kulim, Kedah. This forest is classified as a dipterocarp forest covering an area of about 100

22 Norela Sulaiman, Saidah Md Said,MaimonAbdullah&AhmadAdnanMohamed

km2. Sungai Sedim is a recreational forest about 30 km northeast of Kulim town. The area is being privately developed into an extreme sports recreational centre, particularly for watersport activities such as whitewater rafting and canoeing. This forest reserve is also a popular recreational site for nature lovers and those seeking solitude, peace and tranquility of the natural outdoors. Among the basic recreational facilities provided by the authorities is a canopy walk that offers visitors the opportunity to study and appreciate the tree canopy of our tropical forest at close range.

This study was conducted to determine the species diversity and abundance of the butterfly fauna in the Sungai Sedim Forest Reserve as an effort to prepare a preliminary checklist of the butterfly fauna in this forest reserve.

MATERIALS AND METHOD

Samplings of butterflies in the study area were conducted during two sampling visits, from 17th to 19th August 2007 and from 7th to 9th December 2007. Butterflies were collected manually between 0900-1700 hours daily, using butterfly nets and also by means of food-baited rope traps.

Each butterfly specimen was killed by pressing its thorax between the thumb and forefinger, and each was kept separately in a transparent-paper envelope. The usual procedures of softening, pinning, setting, drying, labelling and storing of specimens were conducted in the laboratory of the Centre for Insect Systematics, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (CIS-UKM). Identification and classification of the specimens were based on standard references such as Corbet et al. (1992). The specimens are currently kept at the repository of the CIS-UKM. The diversity and evenness indices of the butterfly species were determined using ECOSIM software (2009)

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Butterfly Fauna

A total of 171 individuals representing 59 species in 12 subfamilies and five families were collected during six days of sampling in the Sungai Sedim Forest Reserve (Table 1 & 2). Nymphalidae is the most dominant family recorded here, comprising 32 species or 53.33% of the total catch, followed by Pieridae (13 species or 21.67%), Lycaenidae (9 species or 15.00%), Papilionidae (4 species or 6.67%), and Hesperiidae (2 species or 3.33%). The total number of species constitutes approximately 5.82% of the total known species in Peninsular Malaysia (Table 1), and represents a new record for this forest reserve, since there has been no previously published report of butterfly fauna for this area.

ButterflyFauna(Lepidoptera:Rhopalocera)OfThe Sungai Sedim Forest Reserve In Kedah, Malaysia

23

Table 1 : Total individuals of each butterfly species recorded at Sungai Sedim, Kulim, Kedah over the sampling occasion.

No. TaxaSampling days

August 2007 December 20071 2 3 4 5 6

PAPILIONIDAESubfamili: Papilioninae

1 Parides nox erebus (Wallace) 0 0 1 0 0 12 Troidesamphrysusruficollis(Butler) # 0 1 0 0 0 13 Pathysa antiphates itamputi (Butler) 0 0 0 0 1 04 Papilio polytes romulus Cramer 0 0 0 0 2 0

NYMPHALIDAESubfamili: Nymphalinae

5 Euthalia evelina compta (Frushstorfer) 0 1 0 0 0 06 Cupha erymanthis lotis (Sulzer) 0 1 1 0 0 07 Lasippa tiga siaka (Moore) 0 2 1 0 0 08 Pantoporia sandaka sandaka (Butler) 0 1 0 0 0 09 Cyrestis themire themire (Honrath) 0 1 0 0 0 010 Moduza procris milona (Frushtorfer) 0 0 1 0 0 011 Cirrochroa orissa orissa C.& R. Felder 0 1 0 0 0 012 Tanaeciafloraflora M.R. Butler 0 0 0 3 0 013 Tanaecia aruna aruna (C. & R. Felder) 0 0 0 1 2 014 Hypolimnas bolina jacintha (Linnaeus) 0 0 1 0 1 115 Cethosia penthesilea methypsea Butler 0 0 0 0 1 0

Subfamili: Satyrinae16 Mycalesis orseis nautilus Butler 0 0 1 0 3 017 Melanitis leda leda (Linnaeus) 4 16 19 1 0 018 Yptimasavaratonkiniana Frushstorfer 0 1 0 0 0 019 Ypthimapandacuscorticoria Butler 3 0 0 0 1 020 Mycalesis mineus marcomalayana Fruhstorfer 1 1 3 0 1 021 Orsotriaena medus cinerea (Butler) 0 1 0 0 0 022 Yptimafasciatatorone (Fruhstorfer) 0 1 0 0 0 023 Neorina iowii neophyte (Fruhstorfer) 0 0 3 0 0 024 Mycalesishorsfieldihermana Fruhstorfer 0 0 1 0 0 025 Mycalesis intermedia distanti (Moore) 0 0 5 1 1 126 Mycalesis visala phamis Talbot & Corbet 0 0 0 0 1 027 Elymnias hypermnesta tinctoria Moore 0 0 0 0 11 128 Mycalesis fusca fusca (C. & R. Felder) 0 0 0 0 0 129 Mycalesis maianeas maianeas Hewitson 0 0 0 0 0 1


Subfamili: Danainae30 Parantica aspasia aspasia (Fabricus) 0 0 1 0 0 031 Ideopsis similis persimilis (Moore) 0 0 0 0 1 032 Euploea radamanthus radamanthus (Fabricus) 0 0 0 1 0 033 Euploea mulciber mulciber (Cramer) 0 0 0 0 1 034 Danaus chrysippus chrysippus (Linnaeus) 0 0 0 0 0 1

Subfamili: Charaxinae 35 Agatasa calydonia calydonia (Hewitson) 0 0 0 1 0 0

Subfamili: Morphinae36 Zeuxidiadoubledayidoubledayi Westwood 0 0 0 0 0 1

LYCAENIDAESubfamili: Lycaeninae

37 Hypolycaena merguia skapane (H.H. Druce) 0 2 0 0 0 038 Chliaria kina celastroides (Corbet) 0 2 0 0 0 039 Arhopala acta (Evans) 0 2 0 0 0 040 Eooxylides tharis distanti Riley 0 0 2 2 0 041 Catochrysops strabo strabo (Fabricus) 0 0 0 0 0 1

Subfamili: Riodininae42 Abisara saturata kausambioides de Nicēville 0 1 0 0 0 043 Abisara savitri savitri C. & R. felder 0 0 1 0 0 044 Paralaxita orphna laocoon (de Nicēville) 0 0 1 0 0 1

Subfamili: Miletinae45 Miletus chinensis learchus (C & R felder) 0 0 0 0 0 1

PIERIDAESubfamili : Coliadinae

46 Eurema lacteola lacteola (Distant) 1 0 0 0 0 047 Eurema andersonii andersonii (Moore) 2 2 1 0 0 048 Eurema ada iona Talbot 1 0 0 0 0 049 Eurema hecabe contubernalis (Moore) 0 1 0 0 0 250a Eurema simulatrix littorea Morishita 1 0 0 0 0 050b Eurema simulatrix tecmessa (de Nicēville) 0 0 0 0 0 151 Eurema sari sodalis (Moore) 1 1 2 1 0 352 Gandaca harina distanti Moore 0 2 1 0 0 0

Subfamili : Pierinae 53 Hebomola glaucippe aturia Fruhstorfer 0 1 0 0 0 054 Ixias pyrene birdi Distant 1 0 0 1 0 055 Appias libythea olferna Swinhoe 0 0 0 2 2 256 Pareronia valeria lutescens (Butler) 0 0 0 0 1 0


25

57 Leptosia nina nina Fabricius 0 0 0 0 0 2HESPERIIDAE

Subfamili : Hesperiinae58 Quedara monteithi monteithi (Wood-Mason&

Nicēville)1 0 0 0 0 0

59 Koruthaialos sindu sindu (C & R felder) 0 0 0 0 0 1Cumulative no. of individuals 16 57 104 118 149 171Cumulative no. of species 10 27 38 44 51 60Total no. of specimens 171Total no. of species 59

Notes: # Protected species under Wildlife Protected Species Act 76.


Table 2: Some examples of butterfly species collected at Sungai Sedim Reserve Forest, Kulim, Kedah

Cethosia penthesilea methypsea ButlerNymphalidae : Nymphalinae

Papilio polytes romulus CramerPapilionidae : Papilioninae

Pathysa antiphates itamputi (Butler)Papilionidae : Papilioninae

Ideopsis similis persimilis MooreNyphalidae: Danainae

Hypolimna bolina jacintha (Drury)Nymphalidae : Nymphalinae

Cirrochroa orissa orissa (Felder)Nymphalidae : Nymphalinae

Ypthimapandocuscorticaria(Butler)Nymphalidae : Satyrinae

Danaus chrysippus chrysippus f. alcippoides (Linnaeus)Nymphalidae : Danainae

Eurema andersonii andersonii (Moore) Pieridae : Coliadinae

Mycalesis intermedia distanti (Moore)Nymphalidae : Satyrinae

Gandaca harina distanti (Moore) Pieridae : Pierinae

Moduza procris milonia (Corbet)Nymphalidae : Nymphalinae


27

Eurema sari sodalis (Moore)Pieridae : Coliadinae

Eurema ada iona (Talbot)Pieridae : Coliadinae

Eurema hecabe contubernalis (Moore) Pieridae : Coliadinae

Euploea radamanthus radamanthus (Fabricius)

Mycalesis intermedia distanti (Moore) Nymphalidae : Danainae

Parantica Aspasia aspasia (Fabricius)Nymphalidae : Danainae

Pieridae recorded the highest percentage of the total individuals collected (28.89 %) and with the most abundant species compared to the total known species for Peninsular Malaysia (Table 3). This butterfly family has three types of wing colors including white, yellow and yellow-orange, and some of the members are very prominently visible. Most individuals were caught while flying around in the shrubs and grass fringes of the study area. The abundance of members from this common family indicates that much of the forest area has already been disturbed and developed into an extreme sports recreational centre with activities such as whitewater rafting and canoeing. The next most abundant family is Nymphalidae (11.64%) followed by Papilionidae (8.89%), Lycaenidae (2.19%) and Hesperiidae (0.78 %).

The main environmental parameters that influenced butterfly abundance were monthly rainfall, relative humidity, minimum temperature and vegetation. Intachat et al. (2001) noted that high rainfall and relative humidity serve to decrease the population abundance, possibly by encouraging the spread and activity of pathogens and thus, affect the survival of the early life-stage larvae. The river tributaries provide moisture and abundant water supply for the large variety of flowering plants in the Sungai Sedim Forest Reserve, thus enhancing population abundance and diversity by providing suitable niches and host plants for the butterflies (Pullin, 1995).


Table 3 : Comparative number and percentage of butterfly species found at the Sungai Sedim Forest Reserve, Kedah and those of the Peninsular Malaysia

Family No. of species in each family in Sungai Sedim Forest Reserve (present study)

No. of species in each family in Peninsular Malaysia

Percentage of species in this study compared to those of Peninsular Malaysia

Papilionidae 4 45 8.89 Nymphalidae 32 275 11.64 Lycaenidae 9 411 2.19Pieridae 12 45 28.89 Hesperiidae 2 255 0.78 Total 59 1031 5.82

Protected species

Out of the 60 species recorded, only one was listed as a protected species under the Wildlife Protection Act 1972. The species is Troides amphrysus ruficollis (Butler) (Papilionidae: Papilioninae) (Table 1 & 2).

Common, Abundant and Rare Species

From the 60 species recorded, five were noted as common species (i.e. found during all the sampling occasions), namely Melanitis leda leda Linnaeus (Nymphalidae : Satyrinae), Mycalesis horsfieldimucianus Fruhstorfer (Nymphalidae : Satyrinae), Mycalesis mineus marcomalayana Fruhstorfer (Nymphalidae : Satyrinae), Elymnias hypermnesta tinctoria Moore (Nymphalidae : Satyrinae) and Eurema sari sodalis Moore (Lycaenidae : Coliadinae) (Table 1).

Two species were found to be abundant (i.e. with the highest number of specimens collected). These are Melanitis leda leda (Linnaeus) (Nymphalidae : Satyrinae), with a record of 40 individuals and Elymnias hypermnesta tinctoria (Moore) (Nymphalidae : Satyrinae) with a record of 12 individuals. Ackery (1984) noted that almost 1500 species from this subfamily were recorded worldwide, mainly in areas containing members of Arecaceae, Cyperaceae, and Poaceae. The abundant species Melanitis leda leda (Linnaeus) or well-known as the Common Evening Brown (Otsuka 2001), are often encountered close to the forest floor because their wing shape and colour can be camouflaged easily among the tall grasses and bamboo thickets abundantly found in the study area. According to Holloway et al. (1992), this species is a very fast flyer and glider, whereas the smaller Satyrinae are less agile and more erratic in flight.

A total of 33 species or 55% of the total species recorded in the study area appeared as rare, each with only a single specimen being caught during the sampling period. These included 20 species of Nymphalidae (comprising five sub-species), six species of Pieridae, four species of Lycaenidae, two species of Hesperidae and only one species of Papilionidae (Table 1).


29

Comparison with Butterfly Species in Other Areas of Malaysia

The total number of butterfly species recorded in this study area (59 species) is higher than that of the Belum Forest Reserve (57 species) (Table 4). The probable reason for this is that the Sungai Sedim Forest Reserve is a disturbed forest that has been converted into a recreational area and provided with basic infrastructure for a large number of visitors. Some parts of the forest have been planted with introduced ornamental and landscape species, thus providing host attraction to many butterfly species in this area as compared to the relatived untouched Belum Forest Reserve.

Table 4 : Comparative number and percentage of species recorded at Sungai Sedim Forest Reserve (SDFR), Sungkai Wildlife Reserve (SWCC) Hutan Simpan UKM, Bangi (UKM), Belum Forest Reserve (HSB),

Hutan Lipur Jeram Linang (HLJL), Hutan Lubuk Tapah (HLB), and Taman NegaraEndau Rompin (TNE).

Family Number of species in each familySDFR SWCC UKM HSB HLJL HLT TNE

Papilionidae 4 3 17 7 5 15 13Nymphalidae 32 40 91 26 29 47 36Lycaenidae 9 18 37 12 13 25 22Pieridae 12 19 22 11 11 18 16Hesperiidae 2 6 16 1 3 1 2

Total 59 86 175 57 61 106 89% of Peninsular Malaysia 5.82 8.34 10.70 5.53 5.92 10.28 8.63% of the World 0.34 0. 48 0. 98 0. 32 0. 34 0. 59 0. 49

Sources : Norela et al. 2005 (SWCC); Norela et al. 1986-2003 (UKM); Teoh 2004 (HSB); Saidi 2003 (HIJL); Nor Aizan 2003 (HLT); Zaidi et al. 2002 (TNE), present study (SDFR)*

However, the total number of butterfly species at Sungai Sedim Forest Reserve is relatively lower compared to those of other forest bed areas such as the Sungkai Wildlife Reserve (86 species or 8.34%), Hutan Simpan UKM (175 species or 10.70%), Hutan Lipur Jeram Linang (61 species, 5.92%), Hutan Lubuk Tapah (106 species or 10.28%) and Taman Negara Endau Rompin, Johor (89 species or 8.63%)(Table 4). These differences could be a reflection of differences in sampling efforts and duration rather than actual variations in diversity and abundance.

The species number at the Sungai Sedim Forest Reserve is closely similar to that of Hutan Lipur Jeram Linang (i.e. 61 species or 5.92% of the total record for Peninsular Malaysia), whereby both areas have exactly the same topography and many kinds of introduced ornamental plants as food sources for the butterflies. In conclusion, the diversity of butterfly species in this study was considered moderate, taking into account the limited sampling period and area covered as compared to similar studies from other parts of Malaysia.


Table 5 : Comparative number and percentage of butterfly species from various families in the Sungai Sedim Forest Reserve, Borneo, Peninsular Malaysia, Taiwan and world records.

Number of species in each familyFamily World Taiwan Malay

PeninsulaBorneo Sungai Sedim

Forest Reserve(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

Papilionidae 550 21 45 52 4Nymphalidae 8200 67 257 273 32Lycaenidae 4000 18 411 411 9Pieridae 2000 16 45 45 12Hesperiidae 3100 11 255 222 2Total species 17,850 133 1031 1003 59Percentage 100% 0.75% 5.77% 5.62% 0.34%

Notes : (a) Holloway et al. (1992), (b) Der Fung (2003), (c) Corbert et al.(1992), (d) Otsuka (2001), (e) this study. To date, a total of 17,850 butterfly species has been recorded worldwide (Holloway et al. 2000), with 133 species in Taiwan (Der Fung et al. 2003), 1031 species in Peninsular Malaysia (Corbet et al. 1992) and 1003 species in Borneo (Otsuka 2001) comprising 0.75%, 5.77% and 5.62% of world species, respectively (Table 5). The 60 species found in the Sungai Sedim Forest Reserve comprising 0.34% of the world species (Table 5) is considered a good contribution. However, the total species recorded here is somewhat limited by the brief sampling duration and lack of manpower. Three species of butterflies from Taiwan were noted to be similar to those found at the Sungai Sedim Forest Reserve, namely Danaus chrysippus chrysippus f. alcippoides (Linnaeus) (Nymphalidae: Danainae), Eurema hecabe contubernalis (Moore) (Lycaenidae: Coliadinae) and Ideopsis similis persimilis (Moore) (Lycanidae: Coliadinae). This resemblance could be due to the existence of similar types of food plants, especially in the disturbed forests and the capability of some butterfly species to adapt to a broader range of habitats and microclimatic conditions. Lovejoy et al. (1983) suggested that the adaptability and resilience of butterflies that enable them to thrive in marginal habitats are largely due to the complex life cycle of these beautiful insects.

Cumulative Species Diversity

Table 6 shows the values of Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H’), Shannon-Wiener evenness index (E’) and total cumulative species (S’) for six sampling days.

Table 6: Shannon-Wiener diversity Index (H’), Shannon-Wiener Evenness index (E’) and Total cumulative species (S’) according to sampling days.

Index Day of sampling 1 2 3 4 5 6

E’ 0.93 0.82 0.77 0.96 0.84 0.97H’ 2.13a 2.48b 2.23bc 2.21c 2.27c 2.87d

S’ 10 27 38 44 51 60Notes : H’ values with the same alphabets are not significantly different (p>0.05).


31

Cumulative analysis is used to determine the sufficiency of sampling efforts; whether more samplings or otherwise are needed to depict the true species diversity and richness of the study area. The cumulative Shannon-Weiner diversity index (H’) for the first sampling day was 2.13 (Table 6) and it had increased for the second sampling day to 2.48, but then decreased slightly for the third and fourth sampling days (2.23 and 2.21, respectively). However, the differences were not statistically significant (p>0.05) between the first and second sampling day, between the second and third day, and between the third and fourth day. The H’ then rose slightly to 2.27 on the fifth day and even higher to 2.87 on the sixth day (Table 6). The differences in H’ values are statistically significant (p<0.05) only between the sixth day and those of the earlier sampling days. The reason for these differences could be due to recapture of the same species in the subsequent sampling days. Thus, it can be generally concluded that six days of sampling are quite sufficient to represent the butterfly species diversity at the Sungai Sedim Forest Reserve as shown in the cumulative curve of Figure 1. The Evenness index, E’ fluctuated from the first to sixth sampling days, ranging from 0.77 to 0.97 (Table 6), thus indicating that the relative abundance was comparable amongst the various butterfly species in this area.

Figure 1: The cumulative curve of Shannon-Weiner diversity Index (H’)

Futher sampling efforts at the Sungai Sedim Forest Reserve could extend the species checklist, whereby a longer sampling period covering a wider area would likely provide a better representation of the butterfly fauna richness of this area. Such efforts could include data on various parameters such as species composition, diversity and evenness, richness, updates on common, abundant, rare and protected species of this potentially rich bio-reserve.

CONCLUSION

A total of 171 individuals representing 60 species (in 12 subfamilies, and 5 families) were recorded in this study. Nymphalidae is the most dominant family here with 32 species or 53.33% of the total catch, followed by Pieridae (13 or 21.67%), Lycaenidae (9 species or 15.00%), Papilionidae (4 species or 6.67%), and Hesperiidae (2 species or 3.33%). Five species are categorized as common species, namely Melanitis leda leda (Linnaeus), Mycalesis horsfieldi mucianis (Fruhstorfer), Mycalesis mineus macromalayana Fruhstorfer, Elymnias hypermnesta tinctoria (Moore) and Eurema sari sodalis (Moore), while 33 species are categorized as rare species and two species as abundant, namely Elymnias hypermnesta tinctoria (Moore) dan Melanitis leda leda (Linnaeus). The beautiful species


Troidesamphrysus ruficollis (Butler) (Papilionidae: Papilioninae) is listed as a protected species under the Wildlife Protection Act 1972. Both the Shannon- Weiner species diversity index (H› = 2.87) and Shannon-Weiner evenness index (E› = 0.97) were highest on the sixth sampling day (H› = 2.87 and E› = 0.97). The results show that the diversity of butterfly species in this study area is moderately high and the abundance of the various species is evenly represented. It is suggested that this forest reserve should be well protected against over-exploitation to sustain the biodiversity of its rich fauna, including the butterflies.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The authors would like to thank Mr. Mohd Zabidi Yaakob and Mr. Zairul Idham Khazal Maidin from the Faculty of Science and Technology, UKM for their assistance in field samplings, the Director of Kedah State Forestry Department for the permission to use the facilities and the assistance of the support staff. This research was funded by the student grant 2007, provided by UKM.

REFERENCES

Ackery, P.R. (1984). Systematic and faunistic studies of butterflies. In: Ackery, P.R. & Vane-wright, R.I. (eds). Proceedings of the Symposium of the Royal Entomology Society of London : Academic press.

The Wildlife Protection Act 72 (Amendment) (1991), P.U. (A). 306/91. Percetakan Nasional Malaysia Berhad, Kuala Lumpur.

Corbet, A. S., Pendlebury, H. M. & Eliot, J. N. (1992). ButterfliesoftheMalayPeninsular. 4th Ed. Kuala Lumpur: The Malayan Nature Society.

Der, F.Y., Xi, Y.C., Chie, C.G., Bo, C.L., Wen, D.W. & Shan, E.W. (2003). TaiwanButterflies. Taiwan : Taiwan Butterfly Protection Society.

Holloway, J.D., Kibby, G. & Peggie, D. (2001). ThefamiliesofMalesianmothsandbutterflies. Fauna Malesiana Handbook 3: xii + 456 pp. Brill, Leiden.

Intachat, J., Holloway, J.D. & Staines, H. (2001). Effects of weather and phenology on the abundance and diversity of geometroid moths in a natural Malaysian tropical rain forest. Journal of tropical ecology 17 : 411-429.

Nor Aizan M.N. (2003). Fauna Kupu-kupu (Lepidoptera:Rhopalocera) di Hutan Lubuk Tapah, Taman Negara Endau Rompin, Johor. Tesis SmSn (Kep) Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. Unpublish.

Norela Sulaiman, Mohamed Salleh Mohd Said & Mazlina Zainuddin (2005). Perbandingan species kupu-kupu Kampus Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia di antara tahun 1986 dengan tahun 2003 (Malay). Pameran 35 tahun UKM. Unpublished.

Norela Sulaiman, Nur Diana Mohamad & Maimon Abdullah. (2005). Butterfly Fauna (Lepidoptera:Rhopalocera) of Sungkai Wildlife Reserve in Perak, Malaysia. Jurnal of Wildlife and Parks. 22 : 119-128

Pullin, A.S. (2001). Ecologyandconservationofbutterflies. In association with the British butterfly conservation society. Chapman & Hall.

Saidi A. (2003). Fauna Kupu-kupu (Lepidoptera:Rhopalocera) di Hutan Lipur Jeram Linang, Pasir Putih, Kelantan. Tesis SmSn (Kep) Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. Unpublish.

Teoh, C.N.J. (2004). Fauna Kupu-kupu (Lepidoptera:Rhopalocera) di Hutan Simpan Belum, Perak. Tesis SmSn (Kep) Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. Unpublish.

Vickery, M. (2008). Butterflies as indicators of climate change. Science Progress 91(2): 193-201(9). Zaidi, M.I., Azman, S., Norela, S. & Saiful, Z.J. (2002). Fauna kupu-kupu (Lepidoptera:Rhopalocera)

Taman Negara Endau Rompin: Pengurusan Persekitaran Fizikal dan Biologi. Jabatan Perhutanan Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur.

33Journal of Wildlife and Parks (2009-2010) 26 : 33 – 38

NEW DISTRIBUTION RECORD OF THE ASHY ROUNDLEAF BAT Hipposideros cineraceus BLYTH 1853 IN SARAWAK, MALAYSIAN BORNEO: CONSERVATION

IMPLICATIONS

Siti Nurlydia Sazali1, *, F.A. Anwarali2, Besar Ketol1, Wahap Marni1 and M.T. Abdullah1

1DepartmentofZoology,FacultyofResourceScienceandTechnology,UniversitiMalaysiaSarawak, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia

2Department of Biological Sciences and the Museum, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA.

ABSTRACT

Herein we report a new distribution record of Ashy Roundleaf bat (Hipposideros cineraceus) from Mount Murud, Sarawak. These specimens were initially assigned to H. ater, in the field using external attributes and measurements. As these specimens external measurements overlaps with other morphologically similar bicolor species group (e.g., H. bicolor, H. cineraceus and H. dyacorum), the recognition of these H. ater remains uncertain. We employed morphometric hierarchical cluster analysis and molecular DNA sequencing technique to provide species level discrimination between other similar bicolor species group individuals. Results from analyses suggest that specimens assigned as H. ater were misidentified, and comparisons with other related species description provide evidence for the recognition of H. cineraceus. Subsequently, this documents the first record of H. cinereceus distribution in Sarawak. As the specimens studied here diverged genetically (5 % ) in cytochrome-b gene from that in Peninsular Malaysia, suggested that H. cinereceus individuals in Borneo or at least Sarawak may represent a different evolutionary lineage. We propose the revision of H. cineraceus conservation status, especially for those in Borneo or at least Sarawak to be changed to endangered species status, given the scarcity of their distribution and genetic structure. Further studies incorporating specimens from other populations from the Asian mainland and Borneo may provide insights in reevaluating the taxonomic status and their specific conservation status in this H. cinereceus complex

Keywords: Hipposideros cineraceus, Sarawak, Cluster analysis, Cytochrome-b, Conservation status

INTRODUCTION

Between 29 May and 7 June 2005, a field survey was conducted at Mount Murud, Sarawak. Three adult male specimens assigned as Hipposideros ater were collected using four-bank harp traps by Anwarali et al. (2006) at Raven’s Court, Mount Murud (04˚09›22.7 N 115 46›58.2 E, 1335 m above sea level). These specimens were identified in the field using external characters: forearm length, tibia length, tail length, noseleaf structure and pelage coloration following Payne et al. (1985). The first record for H. ater in Sarawak was recorded by Abdullah et al. (2003) at Jambusan Cave, Bau followed by Anwarali et al. (2007) in Bako National Park. Both of these reports have only used external measurements to establish species identification. As external measurements of H. ater overlaps with other bicolor species group (Tate, 1941), identification of previous H. ater as well as those from Mount Murud remained uncertain.

34 Siti Nurlydia Sazali , F.A. Anwarali , Besar Ketol,WahapMarni&M.T.Abdullah

Therefore, these specimens were morphologically analysed using 27 morphometric characters and compared with other morphologically similar bicolor species group individuals: H. ater (n=5), H. bicolor (n=6), H. cineraceus (n=3) and H. dyacorum (n=5). Both cranial and external measurements were taken (Table 1) from specimens deposited in UNIMAS Zoological Museum. They were compared with three male specimens from Mount Murud (Appendix 1). We extend our comparison with other published record in Borneo, including Hill (1963), Philips (1967), Payne et al. (1985), Koopman (1994), Kingston et al. (2006), and Suyanto and Struebig (2007). Partial mitochondrial DNA (413 bp) of cytochrome-b (cyt-b) gene were produced and genetically analysed (refer to Sazali, 2007). Genetic divergences were calculated using Kimura 2-parameter model (Kimura, 1980) and compared within Mount Murud specimens as well as with other bicolor species individuals from Borneo to establish interspecific discriminations within geographic area.

Results from both analyses were congruent and revealed that the three male specimens from Mount Murud were misidentified, suggested the recognition of H. cineraceus Blyth, 1853 following cranial description by Hill (1963). H. cineraceus can be distinguished from H. ater by its slender and slightly smaller skull, delicate zygomata which lack a jugal projection and less reduce, unextruded anterior upper premolar (sensu Hill, 1963). Morphometric hierarchical cluster analysis (Figure 1) suggests the groupings of these specimens with other individuals recognised as H. cineraceus from Peninsular Malaysia (Sazali et al., 2007). Genetic divergences of 10.8% between H. cineraceus and H. ater, 11.0% between H. cineraceus and H. bicolor and 8.8% between H. cineraceus and H. dyacorum (Sazali, 2007) provided a good species level discrimination between studied bicolor species individuals. Specimens from Mount Murud showed more than 5% divergence (above normal mammalian species level divergences) with other H. ater from different locality. These samples also clustered within other H. cineraceus from Borneo with less than 2% divergence, supporting the recognition of H. cineraceus.

Thus, we recognised the specimens from Mount Murud as H. cineraceus (Ashy roundleaf bat) (Plate 1). The similarities of the morphological features such as the absent of lateral leaflet and simple noseleaves between H. cineraceus and H. ater (Payne et al., 1985) were further discussed by Hill (1963) and later reviewed by Hill and Francis (1984). H. cineraceus are distributed in Pakistan, northern India, Burma, Thailand, Vietnam, Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, Sumatra, Krakatau Island, Riau Island, Kangean Island and Luzon Island (Corbet & Hill, 1992). Andersen (1918) includes Borneon distribution for H. cineraceus without precise locality. First published record of Borneon record was described by Phillips (1967) from tidal caves of Marudu Bay (Northwestern Sabah) and Tanjung Berungus (Sabah). Recent surveys from Sangkulirang peninsula (East Kalimantan) have reported on the occurrence of this bat species in the forest understorey at the karsts formation and near cave entrance (Suyanto & Struebig, 2007). Similarly, their study also experienced difficulties in discriminating H. ater from H. cineraceus using external morphology measurements alone.

Genetic divergences of 4.3% to 4.8% between specimens from Mount Murud to those from Peninsular Malaysia and Sabah, suggest that the specimens referred as H. cineraceus in this study may have independent evolutionary lineage from others and probably have separated for enough time to speciate (Bradley & Baker, 2001). As cyt-b phylogenetic analyses showed a reciprocal monophyly for this taxonomic unit, indicating historically isolated and independently evolving sets of populations. This suggests the recognition of this Mount Murud population as an Evolutionary Significant Unit (Moritz, 1994; 1999). Further analyses including nuclear gene with broader sampling could provide the basis for prioritising conservation effort for this taxonomic groups.

New Distribution Record Of The Ashy Roundleaf Bat (Hipposideros cineraceus) Blyth 1853 In Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo: Conservation Implications

35

In Sarawak, H. cineraceus is listed as one of the protected animal under the First Schedule (Section 2[1]) Part II in the Sarawak Wild Life Protection Ordinance 1998. As this new distribution record was counted for a collecting site that has been granted for a large scale logging project, we urge the government and proper authority to reevaluate the numbers of approved permits and design appropriate logging sites in Mount Murud to avoid further destruction of this population habitats. We propose future biodiversity assessments and surveys should include more data (e.g. cranial measurements, molecular data) to increase the accuracy of bats species identification. Such approach is important to properly recognised species and document the rich diversity of Malaysia.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We would like to acknowledge IRPA grant 09-02-09-1022-AE001 awarded to MTA, and Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, UNIMAS for financial and administrative support. We thank Mr. Mohd. Jalani Mortada and Ms. Audrey Mengan Jackson Bundan for their field assistance and companionship during this survey. We also thank Horn Professor Dr. Robert J. Baker of Texas Tech University for sharing the photograph presented here. Senior author SNS was supported by Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment, Malaysia and FAAK study at Texas Tech University was supported by Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia and UNIMAS.

REFERENCES

Abdullah, M. T., Jub, N. & Jalaweh, N. (2003) First record of Hipposideros ater in Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo. Sarawak Museum Journal, 79: 271-274.

Anwarali, F. A., Besar, K., Wahap, M., Tuen, A. A., Abang, F., Fong, P. H. & Abdullah, M. T. (2006) Small Mammals Diversity of Mount Murud. Conference on Natural Resources in the Tropics: Development and Commercialisation of Tropical Natural Resources. Kuching Hilton, Sarawak. 6-8 June 2006.

Anwarali, F. A., Sazali, S. N., Jayaraj, V. K., Aban, S., Zaini, M. K., Besar, K., Ryan, J. R., Julaihi, A. M., Hall, L. S. & Abdullah, M. T. (2007) Bats of Bako National Park, Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo. Accepted by Sarawak Museum Journal.

Baker, R. J. and Bradley, R. D. (2006) Speciation in mammals and Genetic Species Concept. Journal of Mammalogy, 87(4): 643-662.

Bradley, R. D. & Baker, R. J. (2001) A test of the Genetic Species Concept: Cytochrome-b sequences and mammals. Journal of Mammalogy, 82(4): 960-973.

Corbet, G. B. & Hill, J. E. (1992) The mammals of the Indomalayan region: A systematic review. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Hill, J. E. (1963) A revision of the genus Hipposideros. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History)Zoology, 2(1): 1-129.

Hill, J. E. & Francis, C. M. (1984) New bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) and new records of bats from Borneo and Malaya. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology, 47: 305-329.

Hill, J. E. & Zubaid, A. (1989) The Dyak leaf-nosed bat, Hipposideros dyacorum Thomas, 1902 (Chiroptera: Hipposideridae) in Peninsular Malaysia. Mammalia, 53(2): 307-308.

Kimura, M. (1980) A simple method for estimating evolutionary rates of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotides sequence. Journal of Molecular Evolution, 16: 111-120.

Kingston, T., Lim, B. L. & Akbar, Z. (2006) Bats of Krau Wildlife Reserve. Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi.


Lawrence, B. (1939) Collections from the Philippine Islands. Mammals. Bulletin of the Museum ofComparativeZoologyatHarvardUniversity, 86: 28-73.

Moritz, C. (1994) Defining ‘evolutionary significant units’ for conservation. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 9: 373-375.

Payne, J., Francis, C. M. & Phillipps, K. (1985) AfieldguidetothemammalsofBorneo. The Sabah Society and World Wildlife Fund Malaysia, Kota Kinabalu.

Philips, C. J. (1967) Occurrence of the least horseshoe bat, Hipposideros cineraceus, in Sabah (North Borneo). Journal of Mammalogy, 48(4): 667-668.

Sazali, S. N. (2007) Morphometric and molecular genetic analyses of Rhinolophus and Hipposideros in Malaysia. MSc. thesis, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Malaysia.

Sazali, S. N., Laman, C. J. & Abdullah, M. T. (2007) A morphometric study on the morphological variations among four Malaysian Hipposideros bats species. Submitted to Journal of Bioscience.

Suyanto, A. & Struebig, M. J. (2007) Bats of the Sangkulirang limestone karst formations, East Kalimantan – a priority region for Bornean bat conservation. Acta Chiropterologica, 9(1): 67-95.

Tate, G. H. H. (1941) Results of the Archbold expeditions. no. 35: A review of the genus Hipposideros with special reference to Indo-Australian species. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, LXXVIII: 353-393

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Figure 1: Morphometric hierarchical Cluster Analysis of four Hipposideros species(adapted from Sazali et al., 2007b).

Plate 1: Hipposideros cineraceus Blyth, 1853 - Ashy Roundleaf bat (Photograph by Horn Professor Robert J. Baker, Texas Tech University, USA).


LOCOMOTION AND POSITIONAL BEHAVIOUR OF DUSKY LEAF MONKEYS (Trachypithecus obscurus) AT PENANG BOTANICAL GARDEN.

Ch’ng Chin Ee & Badrul Munir Md-Zain

School of Environmental Sciences and Natural ResourcesUniversiti Kebangsaan Malaysia,

43600 Bangi, SelangorMALAYSIA

ABSTRACT

This study describes some qualitative aspects of locomotion and positional behavior of dusky leaf monkeys (Trachypithecus obscurus) in Penang Botanical Garden. Intensive observation with continous observation was carried out for 18 days during June and December 2006. Qualitative results demonstrated the locomotion modes of langurs consisted of leaping, moving quadrupedally, and moving bipedally. The postures comprised of inactive, feeding, and vertical clinging.

Keywords: Trachypithecus obscurus, Dusky Leaf Monkeys, Malaysian primates, Locomotion, Positional Behaviour.

INTRODUCTION

Trachypithecus obscurus is a widespread langur, which consists of eleven subspecies (Brandon-Jones et al. 2004). T. o. obscurus is the major subspecies that exists in Peninsular Malaysia, especially to the north and expands into South of Thailand. T. o. halonifer is another subspecies that can be traced in Dayang Bunting Island, Langkawi Island and Penang Island. The field observation of dusky leaf monkey is relatively scarce due to their shyness, less predictable habits, greater stealth and tendency to disperse (Chivers 1980).

Primates exhibit more diverse in locomotion and positional behavior compared to any other terrestrial mammal, such as vertical climbing, suspensory motion, and vertical leaping (Chatani 2003; Hunt et al. 1996). Each primate taxon possesses their characteristic positional repertoire that related to their morphological and ecological characters (Chatani 2003). The field observation of dusky leaf monkeys was carried out qualitatively to identify and depict various patterns of locomotion and postures.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This research was conducted in Penang Botanical Garden. The study site is a historical public botanical garden established in 1884 by Charles Curtis, who enthused to bear the seeds of exotic plants from distant lands. It occupying an area of 30 hectares.The garden is a popular recreation spot for local citizens to jog and exercise due to its precious cleaner and fresher air in the island. The beautiful landscape of garden provides a peace and tranquility environment to the stressful citizens. However, its importance is far more than recreational purpose. Penang Botanical Garden is inhabiting by fine collection of exotic flora and fauna, especially the long-tailed Macaques and dusky leaf langurs.

40 Ch’ngChinEe&BadrulMunirMd-Zain

The study group of dusky leaf monkeys at Penang Botanical Garden is composed by 18 individuals that comprises of one adult male, five adult females, 11 subadult females and one infant. The dominant male is obviously possesses a larger body size from the other members and some of its leading behavior has demonstrated its dominance status within the group. Five adult females were also in big size than the other 11 subadult females. The infant’s coat was in light orange combining with black color during observation in June 2006. Infant has totally turned into black color during observation in December 2006, although it still spent most of its day with mother. This subject group is considered as habituated in the term of not running away or accustomed to the presence of the observer (Curtin 1980).

Preliminary observation has been conducted in order to familiar with subjects and to determine types of locomotion and positional behaviour of the subjects (Altmann 1974; Martin & Bateson 1993). Preliminary observation was conducted for 4 days in the period from 16 June 2006 until 21 June 2006. Continous observation was employed in the intensive observation for 18 days during June and December 2006. The sample session was scheduled from 0700 h to 1630 h, 8 hours per day excluding an hour and 30 minutes break. The locomotion and positional behavior were managed to be described, captured with digital camera and transformed into hand sketching.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Rose (1974) concluded that all types of primates spend more time in postural than in locomotor activities. From the field observation, both locomotion and positional behaviors are depend on the particular activity involved. Locomotion has frequently observed during the foraging or feeding period while postural is shown during the rest time.

Langurs exhibited locomotor modes, such as moving or running quadrupedally, moving bipedally, and leaping (jumping that included horizontal and frequently vertical components). Langurs have displayed various types of postures over the whole observation. Those postures contain inactive postures (sitting and lying down), feeding and vertical clinging posture.

Locomotion

LeapingGenerally, arboreal primates practice leaping when they are coming to cross an adjoining or adjacent trees or areas by utilizing the canopy or arboreal substrates (Fuentes 1996). Macaques have extended their spine and limbs forcefully in order to propel their body to cross a gap (Chatani 2003). The subjects of the study were predominantly applied leaping in movement between adjoining and moving upside or downside (Figure 1). Dropping was not performed during the observation.

Bonobos monkeys have used more branchiation than chimpanzees due to their respective habitats. Tree crowns seldom interdigitated consistently to offer long-distance travel route in chimpanzees’ habitat while locomotion of bonobos could be relatively expensive to travel on ground due to their higher foraging canopy (Hunt 1991). In this case, leaping as langur’s commonest traveling locomotor mode could be explained by the similar cost of branchiation as both are arboreal travel locomotor mode. Apparently, Penang Botanical Garden offers an exclusive interdigitated tree crowns within and surround the garden. In addition, langur utilized the electricity cable at the

Locomotion and Positional Behaviour Of Dusky Leaf Monkeys (Trachypithecus obscurus) At Penang Botanical Garden

41

surrounding area as part of their arboreal route. Therefore, langurs performed more leaping in arboreal traveling positional mode as their food sources are clumped at the upper strata of the canopy.

Tree hopping is a serial of continuous leaping from one point to another point while leaping just included one time hopping. Tree hopping was performed when langurs intend to move or change from feeding area to sleeping area and was used intensively when playing. Play behavior involved many robust and vigorous locomotor movements, especially tree hopping in order to exhibit a rapid escape over branches (Symons 1978). Female langur was observed to avoid far distance leaping by choosing the nearest leaping point due to take care of the infant clinging with her. Japanese Macaque females also avoid the risky gaps while leaping (Chatani 2003).

Quadrupedal Movement Moving quadrupedally was the predominant locomotion mode on branches or boughs that exhibited during the observation. It is same situation with the Japanese Macaques, which used quadrupedal walking most frequently on the ground and in trees, for traveling and feeding (Chatani 2003). Langurs practiced this locomotion during foraging or moving from one destination to another destination due to its economical value.

Leaf monkey locomotion is primarily arboreal and depends upon the arboreally utilized habitat substrates. The most common form of locomotion of P. potenziani is quadrupedal running on the top of large branches and climbing up and down the boles of the trees and climbers. The locomotion modes of dusky leaf monkey are more or less similar to this sister taxa due to their similar exclusive use of the upper strata (Figure 2) (Fuentes 1996; Quiatt & Reynolds 1993). The most interesting part of the exhibited quadrupedal pattern was when the subjects moved suspensory across the cable (electricity or telephone cable at surroundings) (Photo 1). They moved quadrupedally and suspensory by grasping the cable with both hands while hanging their body downward to the ground. This was the favorite quadrupedally movement when crossing the cable compared to moving quadrupedally with facing downward to the ground. This suspensory-like and habituated locomotor mode is suggested to facilitate and hasten their movement on the cable due to the time they accomplished their movement. This locomotion pattern was not performed while moving on the boughs or branches. This could be explained that branches or boles are supportive to their weight to allow them move quadrupedally with facing downward to the ground. In addition, another interesting locomotion was that showed by one subject to arm over another individual’s body when it intended to cross the narrow cable route, where its member has sat and blocked its way (Photo 2).

Bipedal MovementPositional behavior exhibited is associated to a particular activity (Chatani 2003). P. potenziani was moved bipedally on large branches while feeding on climber leaves overhead (Fuentes 1996). Japanese Macaques also exhibited quadrupedal standing, sitting and bipedal standing during feeding on the trees (Chatani 2003). Moving bipedally was exhibited by langurs during feeding by leaning or crouching the food source at the terminal. This locomotion pattern was always observed for a brief and instant move.

Overall, dusky leaf monkeys did not fully practiced bipedalism by walking or running bipedally. Only apes with a shorter back, rib-cage broader and the pelvis bones could support a vertical posture. Yet, further dexterity of the hands is needed to support the ape in moving bipedally like


human (Macdonald 1984). Therefore, it is considered as an odd locomotion mode when langurs found to walk bipedally for a short period following by quadrupedal movements (Figure 3). Nevertheless, they moved bipedally and quadrupedally when they were observed moving on the ground. They seemed to modify their locomotor mode on the ground due to the different supports. Terrestrial supports are the general horizontal ground, cliffs, streams, rivers, and beach while arboreal supports comprises of trees and vines (Chatani 2003).

Grand (1972) found that Macaca sinica sit and feed itself within a hemisphere of the branch. Same feeding habit has exhibited by langurs that they will choose a terminal and sit still to feed itself until they have consumed all the ‘edible’ part of the hemisphere. However, they were observed to stand up bipedally, then leaned to pluck the leaves overhead or crouched their body to pluck the leaves on the terminal of branch. The subjects have utilized their intelligence to consume the leaves on twig by jerking the twig toward them to pluck the leaves or pluck the twig straightforward.

Posture

Generally, dusky leaf monkeys and Japanese Macaques exhibit sitting and lying postures during resting (Chatani 2003). Old World monkeys always display sitting posture due to the presence of the ischial callosity on their hindquaters. Photo 3 displays the arboreal sit-in posture which the weight is supported by the ischial and the feet with the hip and knee tightly flexed could bear an amount of the weight. However, langurs in Photo 4 have exhibited a terrestrial sit-in posture regarding to the standardized descriptions of primate (Hunt et al. 1996). They utilized their grasping hand with opposable digits while sitting to maximize the balance (McKenna 1982).

Langur in Photo 5 displayed a sit-out posture with extended-hindlimb place on the separated bough. Their hindlimbs may play a balancer role but somehow bear a little portion of body weight. Normally, langurs will lie down on the branch as horizontal supporting stratum during the siesta time (Photo 6). It could be explained as a more comfortable and relaxing posture for them to sleep or rest. In addition, both hindlimbs and forelimbs are dangle down while resting on belly on the branch (Hunt et al. 1996). Chatani (2003) found that males adopted lying posture more than females did.

Japanese Macaques allocated more time in standing quadrupedally when feeding while langurs spent more time in sitting (Photo 7). Dusky leaf monkeys seldomly carry food while moving but if happen for only short distances (McKenna 1982). Normally, langurs lean their body to reach the terminal of branch and then stay back in sitting posture while eating. It is an example of sit-out posture (Hunt et al. 1996). Some of them were found to manipulate branches by pulling towards them in order to reach leaves at the terminal of branch. They are capable in estimating the supportiveness of the branch. The tail is lifting up as a balancer during feeding in Photo 7 (Rodman 1991).

Langurs were found to cling on a vertical substrate with a smooth surface (Photo 8 and Photo 9). Clinging is a posture that flexed limb posture exhibits on vertical-subvertical supports. Vertical clinging is a bimanual cling pattern where both hands grasp a support with the elbows flexed and the forelimbs are adducted while the torso is orthograde or suborthograde. Hindlimbs are flexed at hip and knee. Apparently, langurs utilized their hindlimbs to grip the lamp pole to bear their weight. It was contrasted with the description of Hunt et al. (1996) which noted that forelimbs is used to support the body and not the hindlimbs.


43

CONCLUSION

Dusky leaf monkeys as an arboreal langur, exhibited three types of locomotion modes that consist of leaping, moving quadrupedally, and moving bipedally. In addition, three predominant postures contain of inactive, feeding, and vertical clinging were discerned and traced. Results of this study is hoped to enhance our understanding on locomotion and positional diversity of T. obscurus.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We appreciate Department of Wildlife and National Parks Malaysia and Penang Botanical Garden management for the permission and assistence provided. This research was made possible under grant IRPA 0802020019 EA301 from the Ministry of Science Technology and Innovation, Malaysia.

REFERENCES

Altmann, J. (1974). Observational study of behavior: Sampling methods. Behavior 49: 227-267.Brandon-Jones, D., Eudey, A.A., Geissmann, T., Groves, C.P., Melnick, D.J., Morales, J . C . ,

Shekelle, M. & Stewart, C.B. (2004). Asian primate classification. I n t e r n a t i o n a l Journal of primatology 25(1): 97-164.

Chatani, K. (2003). Positional behavior of free-ranging Japanese Macaques (Macaca fuscata). Primates 44(1): 13-23.

Chivers, D.J. (1980). Introduction. In Chivers, D.J. (ed.). Malayan Forest Primates: Ten years’ study in Tropical Rain Forest, pp. 1-28. New York: Plenum Press.

Curtin, S.H. (1980). Dusky and banded leaf monkeys. In Chivers, D.J. (ed.). Malayan Forest Primates: Ten years’ study in Tropical Rain Forest, pp. 107-146. New York: Plenum Press.

Fuentes, A. (1996). Feeding and ranging in the Mentawai Island Langur (Presbytis potenziani). International Journal of primatology 17(4): 525-548.

Grand, T.I. (1972). A mechanical interpretation of terminal branch feeding. Journal of mammalogy 53(1): 198-201.

Hunt, K.D. (1991). Positional behavior in the Hominoidea. International Journal of Primatology 12(2): 95-118.

Hunt, K.D., Cant, J.G.H., Gebo, D.L., Rose, M.D., Walker, S.E.W. & Youlatos, D. (1996). Standarized descriptions of primate locomotor and postural modes. Primates 37(4): 363-387.

Macdonald, D. (1984). All the world’s animals: Primates. Belgium: Torstar Books Inc.Martin, P. & Bateson, P. (1993). Measuring behaviour: An introductory guide. 2nd ed. Great Britain:

Cambridge University Press.McKenna, J.J. (1982). Primate field studies: the evolution of behavior and its socioecology. In

Fobes, J.L. & King, J.E. (ed.). Primate Behavior, pp. 1-52. New York: Academic Press.Quiatt, D. & Reynolds, V. (1993). Primate behaviour: information, social knowledge, and the

evolution of culture. New York: Cambridge University Press.Rodman, P.S. (1991). Structural differentiation of microhabitats of sympatric Macaca

fascicularis and M. nemestrina in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. International Journal of Primatology 12: 357-375.

Rose, M.D. (1974). Postural adaptations in New and Old World monkeys. In Jenkins, F.A.J. (ed.). Primate locomotion, pp. 201-222. New York: Academic Press.

Symons, D. (1978). The question of function: dominance and play. In Smith, E. (ed.). Social play in primates, pp. 193-230. New York: Academic Press.


Figure 1: Locomotion mode: leaping

Figure 2: Locomotion mode: movingquadrupedally on bough

Figure 3: Locomotion mode: moving bipedally


45

Photo 1 : Moving quadrupedally onelectricity cable.

Photo 2 : Moving quadrupedally,hence leaped over its member.

Photo 3 : Inactive sit-in posture:sitting on ischial callosity on

tree bough.

Photo 4 : Inactive sit-in posture:sitting on cable with one hand

holding the support.

Photo 5: Inactive sit out posture: both hindlimbsare stretching out to hold on the support

while sitting on ischial callosity.

Photo 6 : Inactive sprawl posture:lying on the tree bough, uplifted its

tail when it saw the observer.


Photo 7 : Feeding posture: bothhindlimbsgrasping tree branch and lifting upprehensile tail to balance its body.

Photo 8 : Vertical clinging posture: bothhindlimbs grasping the electricity postwhile the forelimb holding the pole.

Photo 9 : Side-view of vertical clinging posture.


AVIAN TEMPORAL DIVERSITY ASSESSMENT IN PANGSUN, SELANGOR

Farah Shafawati, Mohd-Taib and Shukor, Md-Nor

School of Environmental Science and Natural ResourcesFaculty Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, 43600, Selangor.

ABSTRACT

Due to the rising need of effective conservation strategies around the world, biodiversity monitoring or assessment has been one of the main concerns. Biodiversity residing in specific habitat is the best indicator of the habitat condition regardless of species diversity changes or their health condition. This information, combining with ecological condition of the habitat will provide sound knowledge for future conservation and research activities. Therefore, we came out with a small scale temporal biodiversity assessment at Pangsun, Hulu Langat forest reserve for a start, but concentrating on avian diversity only. Data were compiled from thesis, reports, proceedings, and published papers from various institutions. We were able to gather data from 1993 to 2011. From this compilation there were 66 bird species from 8 orders, and 23 families recorded from all years. This numbers comprised of only 26% of species recorded by Siti Hawa in her preliminary survey in Hulu Langat Forest Reserve in 1983. The most dominant families were Timaliidae (babblers) with 12 species, followed by Turdidae (Thushers, Robin, Forktail, Shama) with 8 species. Species richness was found to increase temporally which shows good habitat condition of the study area. There were several species recorded in all years which were the Ceyx erithacus (Oriental Dwarf kingfisher), Arachnothera longirostra (Little spiderhunter) and Stachyris nigriceps (Grey-throated babbler). However, some of the forest birds that have been recorded previously were no longer present in the latest monitoring data suggesting that this forest is slowly loosing precious bird species some of which are listed as vulnerable (VU) and near-threatened (NT). Thus, these species can be an indicator of habitat changes. Nevertheless, Cacomantis sepulcralis (Rusty-breasted cuckoo), Ficedula suspecilliaris (Ultramarine flycatcher) and Arachnotheraaffinis (Streaky-breasted spiderhunter) were among the species that appear in the later year and never been recorded in the study area before. Keywords: biodiversity assessment, avian, temporal scale, Hulu Langat

INTRODUCTION

In conjunction to the global phenomena of biodiversity loss, conservation effort around the world has stressed the importance of biodiversity monitoring as a guideline for conservation strategies (Gerecke & Lehmann, 2005). Biodiversity monitoring or inventory is a form of long-term studies to determine the biological diversity in specific habitat. These data, combining with knowledge on ecological condition at various spatial scales and ecosystem (O›Connor, 1998; O›Connell, 2000; Polasky & Solow, 2001) is essential for environmental planning (Groomsbridge, 1992) by indicating the state of habitat in the area of concern. Species richness as a standard biological component provides information on biodiversity values of a site while fluctuating trends of species richness allow the study of dynamics, threats, spatial and temporal distribution of biodiversity (Mazaris, 2008). Apart from that, it also allows recognition of indicator species that directly designate habitat condition of specific habitat or ecosystem and thus provides a cost-effective conservation prioritization. Mazaris (2008) in his study recognize that richness of species of

48 FarahShafawati,Mohd-Taib&Shukor,Md-Nor

conservation interest could be reliably predicted from the richness of higher order taxa such as genus and family in amphibians, birds and mammals.

Tropical region is especially crucial in terms of biodiversity monitoring as it encompasses majority of species residing in the tropical forest (Hawkins, 2001). However, the lack of baseline data becomes a barrier to the efficacy of these measures (Collen et al., 2008). Malaysia as one of the tropical country has undergone constant biodiversity monitoring to determine biological diversity in various sites for biodiversity assessment, environmental impact assessment (EIA) etc. Scientist and researchers from various institutions have published these findings in journals and reports but up to date, there were very few efforts in compiling these data for a long-term study. We also lack of knowledge about the biodiversity patterns and changes through time, and therefore we are facing challenges to determine implication of habitat changes on biological diversity. Furthermore, realizing the pressure of development towards natural forest particularly biodiversity, more advance knowledge need to be explored to better understand the condition of these natural ecosystem. Direct measure thus will be based on secondary data which includes previous studies of biodiversity monitoring. Similar to other tropical countries in general, Malaysia faced significant obstacles including insufficient funding, lack of adequate infrastructure and expertise for data collection, inaccessibility to research sites due to political upheaval, and difficulties in getting data published or made public (Collen et al., 2008).

This study hence aimed to develop a database on birds diversity at temporal scale compiling data from survey and monitoring works that had been done previously beginning 1990s to present in Pangsun. We are aware of the gaps in quality of data during data compilation within this period of time. Therefore, we tried to gather as much data in form of reports, proceedings and database from different organizations and institutions that have carried out biodiversity monitoring in this area. From these data, we hope to be able to determine indicator species in this area which is important for future prioritization and planning strategies for efficient conservation effort in this area.

METHODOLOGIES

Study area

Pangsun is located within the Hulu Langat Forest Reserve in Selangor, which is an extension of Langat Basin (Figure 1.0 and 2.0). It comprise of 13,132 ha area at 3o13’N latitude and 101o52’E longitude. This site is an ecologically important forest habitat for water catchments that provide water for Selangor through existing Pangsun and Semenyih Dam. Pangsun was located just a few metres away at the foot of Gunung (Mount) Nuang which is the highest mountain in Selangor with 1493m height. It also play important role in ecotourism as it received high number of visitor along the year for recreation, mountain climbing and also hiking. Therefore, this area is exposed to anthropogenic pressure.

Avian Temporal Diversity Assessment In Pangsun, Selangor 49

Figure 1: Location of Hulu Langat Forest Reserve in Langat Basin


Gunung Nuang

Pangsun

Figure 2: Location of Pangsun and Gunung Nuang in Hulu Langat Forest Reserve

Data compilation

Compilation of avian diversity data was based upon reports, thesis and database which contained information on biodiversity monitoring in Pangsun and Gunung Nuang areas from year 1995, 1998, 2007, 2008, 2010 and 2011. Compilation of birds in 1995 was obtained from PERHILITAN’s database. However, this data was very scarce, but we still record it in the checklist. The 1998 data was obtained from (Shukor et al., 2008), whereby 2007 and 2008 were obtained from (Armira, 2008; Farhana, 2008; Lee, 2009). Data for 2010 however was obtained from a brief study of undergraduate’s student from Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia and 2011 data was obtained from a doctorate field sampling (unpublished data). These studies used direct observation and mist-netting. Data from this compilation enable us to determine generalist species, and indicator species in Pangsun area.

Next, we classified the birds according to their habitat, ranging from garden and parks, open country, and forest fringe by referring to Jeyarajasingam (2002). Apart from that, we also classified them according to the IUCN Red List (2009) ranging from least concern (LC), vulnerable (VU) and near-threatened (NT).



Data compilation in 16 years has recorded 66 bird species from 8 orders, and 23 families as listed in Table 1.0. Year 2011 recorded the highest species richness with 35 species (53% from total species recorded in all years), followed by 2007 and 1998 with 26 (39%) and 24 (36%) species respectively. Year 1995 however recorded the least number of species due to the scarce monitoring data conducted by PERHILITAN. Year 2010 recorded the lowest species richness with only 9 species (14%). This was expected due to the short sampling period with only 2 days.

There were stable pattern of occurrence across temporal scale on 8 species namely; Oriental dwarf kingfisher, Green-winged pigeon, White-rumped shama, Little spiderhunter, Rufous piculet, Hairy-backed bulbul, Grey-throated babbler, and Short-tailed babbler. These species can be considered as resistant towards habitat change and generally fed on various types of food resources such as insects, mollusc, fruits and seed. Therefore, they were able to get adapted to the habitat change due to abundance of food resources (Robinson & Holmes, 1982). These species can also be used as indicator towards habitat change by monitoring their abundance. Apart from that, there were several other species which is increasing temporally such as Chestnut-naped forktail, Grey-breasted spiderhunter, Long-billed spiderhunter and Grey-headed Babbler. These species are resident bird and categorized as totally protected (TP) and some of them listed as near-threatened species (NT) by Red Data Book and IUCN Redlist such as Chestnut-naped Forktail. Generally, this group of species comprised of insectivore, insectivore-frugivore and nectarivores type of feeding guild. According Wong (1986), abundance of insectivores and frugivores are characteristic of a good quality forest. Thus the positive species trend across temporal scale shows that Pangsun area still retained healthy habitat and provide abundant food resources for the birds.

However, there were contrastingly declining species trend for Siberian blue-robin, Purple-naped sunbird, Grey-cheeked bulbul, Yellow-bellied bulbul, Spotted fantail, Banded Kingfisher, Black-naped Monarch, Chestnut-rumped Babbler and Scaly-crowned Babbler. Straw-headed bulbul was never to be found since 1995 survey. These species were also resident bird species, most of them are totally protected but some of them are vulnerable (VU) such as the banded kingfisher and near-threatened (NT) such as the Chestnut-rumped babbler and Scarlet-rumped trogon. The disappearance of these species might indicate temporal disturbance at Pangsun area. On the flip side, there were several species present in the later years. The Rusty-breasted cuckoo, Ultramarine flycatcher and Streaky-breasted spiderhunter were recorded in 2010. There were other species that only recorded in one year and most of these species are resident bird except Crow-billed drongo, Tiger shrike and Mugimaki flycatcher which happened to be migrant species. They probably present here in 2008 during their passage migratory. Their absent in other years however could be due to insufficient sampling effort and not because they were absent here.

Habitat categorization on these birds show subtle increase of birds of garden and parks (GP) and open country (OC). This is somewhat a serious matter that need to be focused, as spreading of non-native species to the forest indicate that this forest is undergoing temporal disturbance. Moreover, the non-native or generalist species are generally known to be aggressive and thus could result in elimination of the native forest species. Figure 3.0 summarize the results. Analysis on the IUCN red list status on the other hand shows increasing trend of species categorized as near-threatened (NT). These indicate that this forest is increasingly harvesting more highly concerned species and thus it is essential to protect these species from further depauperate through time.


Garden and Parks Open country Mangroves

1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

5

4

3

2

1

0

Figure 3: Habitat categorization across temporal scale

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

1998 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

LC VU NTFigure 4: IUCN red list across temporal scale

CONCLUSION

Pangsun resemble a good quality forest with the presence of a large number of native forest species. However, due to anthropogenic activities, this forest is slowly losing its value with the lost of several vulnerable and near-threatened species through time. Therefore, it is essential to preserve this forest from further disturbance. Anthropogenic activities should be limited to a specific area only, in this case Gunung Nuang only.


Table 1: Species list recorded according to temporal scale from 1998 to 2010

Family Species Nama Inggeris Habitat IUCN Status 1993 1998 2007 2008 2010 2011

Alcedinidae Lacedo pulchella

Banded Kingfisher

LF LC 0 1 0 0 0 0

Halcyon chloris Collared Kingfisher

LF LC 1 0 0 0 0 0

Ceyx erithacus Oriental Dwarf Kingfisher

MG LC 0 2 1 2 1 0

Halcyon coromanda

Ruddy Kingfisher

MG LC 0 1 0 0 0 0

Actenoides concretus

Rufous collared kingfisher

LF/LMF

NT 0 0 3 0 0 2

Columbidae Chalcophaps indica

Green-winged Pigeon

LF/LMF

LC 0 3 1 2 0 3

Cuculidae Cacomantis sepulcralis

Rusty-breasted Cuckoo

OC/LF LC 0 0 0 0 1 0

Dicaeidae Dicaeum everetti

Brown-backed flowerpacker

LF NT 0 0 0 0 0 1

Dicaeum trigonostigma

Orange-bellied Flowerpecker

LF/LMF

LC 0 0 1 0 0 1

Prionochilus maculatus

Yellow-breasted Flowerpecker

LF/LMF

LC 0 1 1 0 0 1

Dicruridae Dicrurus aeneus Bronzed Drongo

LF/LMF

LC 0 1 0 0 0 0

Eurylaimidae Colyptomena viridis

Green Broadbill

LF/LMF

NT 0 0 1 0 0 1

Falconidae Falco peregrinus

Peregrine Falcon

OC/LF/LMF

LC 0 1 0 0 0 0

Indicatoridae Indicator archipelagicus

Malaysian honeyguide

LF NT 0 0 0 0 0 1

Irenidae Irena puella Asian Fairy-Bluebird

LF/LMF

LC 0 0 2 0 0 0

Laniidae Lanius tigrinus Tiger Strike LF/LMF

LC 0 0 0 8 0 0

Monarchidae Philentoma pyrhopterum

Rufous-winged Philentoma

LF LC 0 1 3 0 0 0

Tersiphone paradisi

Asian paradise flycatcher

MG/LF/LMF

LC 0 0 0 0 0 2

Hypothymis azurea

Black-naped Monarch

LF LC 0 1 0 0 0 0


Muscicapidae Muscicapa williamsoni

Brown-streaked Flycatcher

LF LC 0 0 0 1 0 2

Enicurus ruficapillus

Chestnut-naped Forktail

LF/LMF

NT 0 0 1 0 1 4

Cyornis banyumas

Hill Blue flycatcher

LF/LMF

LC 0 0 0 0 0 1

Ficedula mugimaki

Mugimaki Flycatcher

LF/LMF

LC 0 0 0 1 0 1

Luscinia cyane Siberian Blue Robin

LF/LMF

LC 0 3 0 2 0 0

Cyornis tickelliae

Tickell›s blue flycatcher

LF/LMF

LC 0 0 0 0 0 1

Ficedula suspecilliaris

Ultramarine Flycatcher

LC 0 0 0 0 1 0

Copsychus malabaricus

White-rumped Shama

LF LC 0 3 7 3 0 4

Cyornis concretus

White-tailed flycatcher

LF/LMF

LC 0 0 0 0 0 1

Myiomela leucura

White-tailed Robin

LC 0 0 1 0 0 0

Nectariniidae Arachnothera modesta

Grey-breasted Spiderhunter

LF/LMF

LC 0 0 1 1 0 11

Arachnothera longirostra

Little Spiderhunter

GP/ LF/LMF

LC 0 7 18 53 12 35

Arachnothera robusta

Long-billed spidehunter

LF/LMF

LC 0 0 0 3 0 6

Nectarinia jugularis

Olive-backed sunbird

GP/OC/MG

LC 0 0 0 0 0 1

Hypogramma hypogrammicum

Purple-naped Sunbird

LF/LMF

LC 0 5 3 1 0 1

Arachnothera affinis

Streaky-breasted Spiderhunter

LMF/UMF

LC 0 0 0 0 1 0

Picidae Blythipicus rubiginosus

Maroon Woodpecker

LF/LMF

LC 0 0 2 1 0 1

Sasia abnormis Rufous Piculet LF/LMF

LC 0 0 1 1 0 1


Pycnonotidae Hemixosflavala Ashy bulbul LF/LMF

LC 0 0 0 0 0 1

Pycnonotus atriceps

Black-headed bulbul

LF/LMF

LC 0 0 0 0 0 1

Criniger bres Grey-cheeked Bulbul

LF LC 0 6 1 0 0 2

Hypsipetes criniger

Hairy-backed Bulbul

LF LC 0 0 3 1 0 3

Pycnonotus brunneus

Red-eyed Bulbul

LF LC 0 0 0 3 0 0

Pycnonotus erythropthalmos

Spectacled bulbul

LF LC 0 0 0 0 0 1

Pycnonotus zeylanicus

Straw-headed Bulbul

LF VU 2 0 0 0 0 0

Alophoixus phaeocephalus

Yellow-bellied Bulbul

LF 0 5 0 0 0 0

Rallidae Amaurornis phoenicurus

White-breasted Waterhen

IS 1 0 0 0 0 0

Rhipiduridae Rhipidura perlata

Spotted fantail LF LC 0 2 0 0 0 0

Strigidae Otus bakkamonea

Collared Scops-Owl

GP/OC/LF

LC 0 0 0 1 1 0

Sturnidae Gracula religiosa

Hill Myna MG/LF 2 0 0 0 0 0

Sylvidae Orthotomus sericeus

Rufous-tailed Tailorbird

MG/LF LC 0 0 2 2 0 0

Ficedula dumetoria

Rufous-chested flycatcher

LF NT 0 0 0 0 0 1

Malacocincla abbotti

Abbott›s Babbler

LC 0 0 1 0 0 0


Timaliidae Pellorneum capistratum

Black-capped Babbler

LMF LC 0 0 1 0 0 1

Stachyris maculata

Chestnut-rumped Babbler

LF NT 0 1 0 0 0 0

Macronous ptilosus

Fluffy-backed Tit Babbler

LF NT 0 0 1 0 0 0

Malacopteron albogulare

Grey-breasted Babbler

LF NT 0 0 0 1 0 0

Stachyris poliocephala

Grey-headed Babbler

LF LC 0 6 0 2 3 11

Stachyris nigriceps

Grey-throated Babbler

LF/LMF

LC 0 1 1 4 1 2

Malacopteron magnirostre

Moustached Babbler

LF LC 0 1 2 0 0 0

Malacopteron cinereum

Scaly-crowned babbler

LF LC 0 1 0 0 0 1

Trichastoma malaccensis

Short-tailed Babbler

LF NT 0 1 1 1 0 2

Macronous gularis

Striped Tit Babbler

LF/LMF

LC 0 0 1 0 0 0

Yuhinazantholeuca

White-bellied Yuhina

LF/LMF

LC 0 0 0 1 0 2

Trogonidae Harpactes duvaucelii

Scarlet-rumped Trogon

LF NT 0 1 0 0 0 0

Tytonidae Phodilus badius Bay Owl LF LC 0 1 0 0 0 0Number of species 5 24 26 22 9 35


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Armira, I. (2008) Kepelbagaian dan taburan burung di Pusat Pendidikan Alam Tenaga Nasional Berhad, Pangsun, Hulu Selangor. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.

Collen, B., Ram, M., Zamin, T. & McRae, L. (2008) The tropical biodiversity data gap: addressing disparity in global monitoring. Tropical Conservation Science, 1, 75-88.

Farhana, R. (2008) Kepelbagaian dan taburan burung di Pusat Pendidikan Alam Tenaga Nasional Berhad. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.

Gerecke, R. & Lehmann, C.L. (2005) Towards a long-term monitoring of entral European water mite faunas (Acari: Hydrachnidia and Halacaridae) - considerations on the background of data from 1900 to 2000. Limnologica, 35, 45-51.

Groomsbridge, B. (1992) Global Biodiversity-Status of the Earth›s Living Resources. Chapman and Hall, London.

Hawkins, B.A. (2001) Ecology›s oldest pattern? TrendsinEcology&Evolution, 16, 470.Lee, W.S. (2009) Kepelbagaian spesis burung, kelawar dan mamalia kecil di Pusat Pendidikan

Alam, Tenaga Nasional Berhad. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.Mazaris, A.D., Kallimanis, A. S., Sgardelis, S. P. and Pantis, J. D. (2008) Does higher taxon

diversity reflect richness of conservation interest species? The case for birds, mammals, amphibians and reptiles in Greek Protected Areas. Ecological Indicators, 8, 664-671.

O›Connell, J.T., Jackson, E. L., Brooks, P. R. (2000) Bird guilds as indicators of ecological condition in the central Appalachians. Ecol. Appl., 10, 1706-1721.

O›Connor, J.R., Wills, E. T., Hughes, M. R. (1998) Using multiple taxonomic group to index the ecological condition of lakes. Environ. Monit. Assesm., 61, 207-228.

Polasky, S. & Solow, A.R. (2001) The value of information in reserve site selection. Biodiv. Conserv, 12, 1239-1252.

Robinson, S.K. & Holmes, R.T. (1982) Foraging behavior of forest birds the relationships among search tactics, diet and habitat structure. Ecology, 63, 1918-1931.

Shukor, M.N., Yusof, A. & Rashid, Y. (2008) Birds of TNB nature education area, Pangsun, Hulu Langat Biodiversity Inventory and Nature Education Training at Pangsun. TNB Nature Education (TNBNEA), Hulu Langat.

Wong, M. (1986) Trophic Organization of Understory Birds in a Malaysian Dipterocarp Forest. The Auk, 103, 100-116.


A STUDY ON ACTIVITY PATTERNS OF CLOUDED LEOPARD AND MARBLED CAT IN TEMENGOR FOREST RESERVE, HULU PERAK

Rufino, M.B.M, Abdul Kadir Abu Hashim, Dennis Ten Choon Yung, David Magintan,Cosmas Ngau, Abu Zahrim Ismail, Hamidi Jamaludin, Zainal A.M.,

Idlan Rasdi and Fauzul Azim Z.A.

Department of Wildlife and National Parks (DWNP)KM10 Jalan Cheras, 56100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

ABSTRACT

A camera trapping study was conducted in Temengor Forest Reserve, Hulu Perak from June 2007 till August 2008. This study is an attempt to document basic findings of mammal species in the study area. Forty-seven images of five feline species were recorded during the 2813 trapping nights. Photographed images of felids obtained were the Malayan Tiger (Panthera tigris), Clouded Leopard (Pardofelis nebulosa), Asiatic Golden Cat (Catopuma temmincki), Marbled Cat (Pardofelis marmorata) and the Leopard Cat (Prionailurus bengalensis). Activity patterns analysis of the most presented (n>10 photos) feline species which are the Clouded Leopard and the Marbled Cat were conducted. The study reveals that both Clouded Leopard and the Marbled Cat are partly nocturnal with 58% (n=11 photos) of nocturnal activities for the Clouded Leopard and 50% (n=5 photos) of nocturnal activities for the Marbled Cat.

Keywords: Camera trapping, felids, Clouded Leopard, Marbled Cat, activity pattern.

INTRODUCTION

Tropical rainforests of Peninsular Malaysia support seven species of wild cats (Lim, 1999). Four of them are categorized as small cats (Medway, 1983; Corbet & Hill, 1992), reclassified into three genera, namely Prionailurus, Pardofelis and Catopuma (Wilson & Reeder, 1993). The genus Pardofelis was assigned to the Clouded Leopard (P. nebulosa) and the Marbled Cat (P. marmorata) meanwhile the genus Prionailurus was designated to two smaller-size cats, the Leopard Cat (P. bengalensis) and the Flat-headed Cat (P. planiceps). The intermediate size cat, the Asiatic Golden Cat was assigned to the genus Catopuma (Catopuma temmincki).

Most of the studies on wild cats done in Peninsular Malaysia concentrated on the Malayan Tiger (Panthera tigris), thus the smaller cats which are less spectacular than the big cats receiving little or no attention at all (Lim, 1999). Information of these smaller cats was scattered, usually specimens being found on road kills, in captivity (Hemmer, 1968; Yamada & Durrant, 1989), sightings reports and camera trappings (Lim & Abdul Rahman Omar, 1961; Davies, 1990; Saharudin & Azmi, 1995; Kawanishi et al., 1999; Sirka & Annette, 2000; Laidlaw, 2000; Saharudin, 2001; Ghose, 2002; Kawanishi & Sunquist, 2004; Azlan & Lading, 2006; Kawanishi & Sunquist, 2008).

Camera trapping was introduced to aid in wildlife population census where data collected from indirect signs alone can be fraught as it depends on the knowledge of the tracker. It is the

60 Rufino,M.,AbdulKadirAbuHashim,DennisTenChoonYung,DavidMagintan,CosmasNgau,AbuZahrimIsmail,

HamidiJamaludin,ZainalA.M.,IdlanRasdi&FauzulAzimZ.A.

least intrusive method to obtain permanent records of the presence of multiple taxa, day and night for a long period of time (Kawanishi, 2001), individual identification, estimating wildlife population (Karanth, 1995), collecting species inventories (Maffei et al., 2002; Silveira et al., 2003; Trolle, 2003b; Srbek-Araujo & Garcia, 2005; Azlan & Lading, 2006), studying activity patterns (Kawanishi & Sunquist, 2004; Gomez et al., 2005; Azlan & Sharma, 2006; Azlan & Lading, 2006; Kawanishi & Sunquist, 2008) and estimating animal density (Mace et al., 1994; Karanth & Nichols, 1998; Sweitzer et al., 2000; Trolle & Kery, 2003; Silver et al., 2004; Rowcliffe et al., 2008).

This study was conducted to document the fundamental information on biology of small felids in Temengor Forest Reserve utilizing camera trapping method, that later will facilitate much more comprehensive studies for these least known carnivores in Peninsular Malaysia.

Study Site

The study was conducted within a 40 km2 area in Temengor Forest Reserve, Hulu Perak. Temengor Forest Reserve constitute a total area of 148,870 hectares has been recognized as an Important Bird Area (BirdLife International, 2008) where it hosts globally threatened Plain-pouched Hornbill (Acerossubruficollis), considered as the last refuge for at least 14 globally threatened mammals such as Sumatran Rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis), Malayan Tiger (Panthera tigris) and home to countless flora species including Rafflesia (the world’s largest flower). Temengor Forest Reserve is also known as an important water catchment area for major rivers in Perak.


Camera traps

A total of 11 custom-made Sony tracking cameras were utilized in this study. These camera traps are powered by 1.5 and 9 volt alkaline batteries, equipped with active infrared motion detector, master lock @ Python lock, Pelican waterproof casing and 1 gigabyte Memory Stick Pro. The delay between each consecutive photograph was set to 10 seconds. Camera traps were deployed along the animal’s main trails identified earlier from the rapid survey conducted and the distance between each camera trap approximately 1.5 to 2 kilometers. Camera traps were mounted on trees for at least 0.3 m above the ground and were deployed continuously for a minimum period of 1 month without breaks for monitoring or changing the batteries.

Photo Analysis

Identification of photographed animals was determined based on description and illustrations by Mohamad Momin Khan (1992). Exposures of felids were examined further to determine the species and their activity level. Photographs of other wildlife species were not included for the analysis.

Activity Patterns

The time and date imprinted on photographs of felids were used to calculate the activity levels of respective species (Wong et al., 2003). Photo records of small felids with less than 10 photographs which were categorized as underrepresented were not included in the analysis. The percentage of

A Study On Activity Patterns Of Clouded Leopard And Marbled Cat In Temengor Forest Reserve, Hulu Perak

61

activity levels was used to indicate whether the felids species are nocturnal or diurnal. Activities recorded between 1900 hr to 0700 hr were classified as nocturnal and those between 0700 hr to 1900 hr were classified as diurnal.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

A total of 631 photographic images of mammals were recorded for 2813 trapping nights. 47 exposures were images of five species of felids which are the Malayan Tiger (Panthera tigris), Clouded Leopard (Pardofelis nebulosa), Marbled Cat (Pardofelis marmorata), Asiatic Golden Cat (Catopuma temmincki) and Leopard Cat (Prionailurus bengalensis). The number of photographs obtained for each respective felid species is noted in Table 1.

Table 1: Total number of photographs for each respective felid species recorded in Temengor Forest Reserve from June 2007 till August 2008.

No. Common Name Scientific Name Photo records1. Tiger Panthera tigris 42. Clouded Leopard Pardofelis nebulosa 193. Marbled Cat Pardofelis marmorata 104. Golden Cat Catopuma temmincki 45. Leopard Cat Prionailurus bengalensis 7

Tiger was categorized as big cats, thus photographic images of this species were excluded from the activity pattern analysis as well as two underrepresented small felids (n<10 photos) which are the Golden Cat and the Leopard Cat. The activity patterns of the remaining two species of small felids (Clouded Leopard & Marbled Cat) are illustrated in Figure 1 and 2.

% OF ACTIVITY LEVEL18

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

00:0

001

:00

02:0

003

:00

04:0

005

:00

06:0

007

:00

08:0

009

:00

10:0

011

:00

12:0

013

:00

14:0

015

:00

16:0

017

:00

18:0

019

:00

20:0

021

:00

22:0

023

:00

HOUR

Figure 1: Percentage of activity levels for Clouded Leopard (Pardofelis nebulosa) inTemengor forest Reserve from June 2007 till August 2008 (n=19 photos).



Figure 2: Percentage of activity levels for Marbled Cat (Pardofelis marmorata) in Temengor forest Reserve from June 2007 till August 2008 (n=10 photos).

Clouded Leopard

The Clouded Leopard is listed as vulnerable by the IUCN and included in CITES Appendix I. The name “Clouded Leopard” refers to their distinctive cloud-like fur pattern (Nowell & Jackson, 1996). Some described the Clouded Leopard as strictly arboreal (Pocock, 1939; Wood, 1949) but the later findings noted that this species can be found regularly on the ground (Robinowitz et al., 1987). Their patchy distribution, low densities, partly nocturnal and far-ranging behavior (Davies & Payne, 1982; Santiapillai, 1986; Austin & Tewes, 1999; Grassman et al., 2005) making them extremely difficult to study and monitor.

This study is a fundamental attempt to record information on Clouded Leopard as no thorough study on this species has ever been done in Peninsular Malaysia. From the activity pattern analysis conducted for this study, it is noted that Clouded Leopard is partly nocturnal with 58% (n=11 photos) of nocturnal activities and 42% (n=8 photos) of diurnal activities. Clouded Leopard is most active between 1600 hr and 2200 hr with 11 bouts of activities.

Having this figure, we compared the activity pattern of the most presented (n>10 photos) and potential prey for the Clouded Leopard which is the Barking Deer, Muntiacus muntjak obtained during the study period to explain this behavior (Figure 3). Barking Deer tends to be crepuscular in the study area with 61% (n=35 photos) of diurnal activities with peak level noted between 1600 hr and 2100 hr compared to 39% (n=22 photos) of nocturnal activities. This strongly suggests that the activity level of the Clouded Leopard correlates with those of their most presented prey, such as the Barking Deer (Grassman et al., 2005) as noted in the study area.


63

Marbled Cat

The Marbled Cat remains perhaps the most enigmatic small felid of mainland South-East Asia (Grassman et al., 2005). It appears to be relatively rare, based on historical encounters and recent records (Nowell & Jackson, 1996; Kawanishi et al., 1999; Sunquist & Sunquist, 2002; Grassman et al., 2005; Azlan & Sharma 2006). The Marbled cat is categorized as vulnerable in the IUCN 2008 Red List and listed under CITES Appendix I. It has never been studied, although Grassman et al. (2005) made a preliminary home range estimate of 5.3 km² for an adult female which was radio-collared and tracked for one month in Thailand›s Phu Khieo National Park (Hearn et al., 2008).

Marbled Cat appears to be partly nocturnal with both 50% (n=5 photos) nocturnal and diurnal activities recorded during the study period. No occurrence was recorded between 0800 hr till 1500 hr and the peak activity level were observed during 1800 hr and 2000 hr. Individual identification of the Marbled Cat through its natural markings cannot be made since the camera traps were not set on both flanks. All photos of the Marbled Cat were recorded at high elevation (1000-1200 meters above sea level) in the study area.

Figure 3: Percentage of activity levels for Barking Deer (n=57 photos) and Clouded Leopard (n=19 photos) in Temengor forest Reserve from June 2007 till August 2008.

CONCLUSION

This fundamental study on small and medium-size felids hopefully will add in biological information for this group of species since there was no thorough study done for this species in Peninsular Malaysia. Much larger effort through surveys and camera trapping are critically needed for continuous observation and conservation of these feline species.



ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We thank the DWNP’s Director General, Deputy Director General I and II for the continuous support given throughout the study period. We are also deeply indebted to the DWNP’s State Director of Pahang, Perak, Kelantan, Selangor and Pulau Pinang for providing the field staffs required in this study. Not forgetting the DWNP’s Wildlife Rangers for their assistance and companionship, and individual involved directly or indirectly during the study conducted.

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Gomez, H., Wallace, R. B., Ayala, G. & Tejada, R. (2005). Dry season activity periods for some Amazonian mammals. Study on Neotropical Fauna Environment, 40:91-95.

Grassman, L. I. Jr., Tewes, M. E., Silvy, N. J. & Kreetiyutanont, K. (2005). Ecology of three sympatric felids in a mixed evergreen forest in North-Central Thailand. Journal of Mammalogy, 86(1):29-38.

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65

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Pocock, R. I. (1939). The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma, Volume 1 Mammalia. Taylor and Francis, London.

Rowcliffe, J. M., Field, J., Turvey, S. M. & Carbone, C. (2008). Estimating animal density using camera traps without the need for individual recognition. Journal of Applied Ecology, 45(4):1228-1236.

Robinowitz, A. R., Andau, P. & Chai, P. P. K. (1987). The Clouded Leopard in Malaysia Borneo Oryx, 21:107-111.

Saharudin Anan. (2001). A preliminary assessment of habitat for consideration as an extension of Krau Wildlife Reserve. Unpublished M. Sc. dissertation. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.

Saharudin Anan & Azmi Mohd. Rashdi. (1995). Biokepelbagaian mamalia kecil di Rezab Hidupan Liar Krau, Pahang. Report unpublished.

Sanderson, J., Khan, J., Grassman, L. & Mallon, D.P. (2008). Neofelis nebulosa. In: IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. www.iucnredlist.org. Downloaded on 22 February 2009.

Santiapillai, C. (1986). The status and conservation of the Clouded Leopard (Neofelis nebulosa diardi) in Sumatra. Bogor WWF/IUCN, 27:1-13.

Silver, S. C., Ostro, L. E. T., Marsh, L. K., Maffei, L., Kelly, A. M. J., Wallace, R. B., Gomez, H. & Ayala, G. (2004). The use of camera traps for estimating jaguar Panthera onca abundance and density using capture/recapture analysis. Oryx, 38:148-154.

Silveria, L., Jacomo, A. T. A. & Diniz, J. A. F. (2003). Camera trap, line transect census and track surveys; a comparative evaluation. Biological Conservation, 114:351-355.

Sirka L. L. Lundahi & Annette Olson. (2000). Small mammal community composition in lowland rainforest of Krau Wildlife Reserve, Peninsular Malaysia. Unpublished M.Sc. dissertation. Zoological Institute, University of Copenhagen.



Srbek-Araujo, A. C. & Garcia, A. C. (2005). Is camera-trapping an efficient method for surveying mammals in neo-tropical forests? A case study in South-Eastern Brazil. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 21:1-5.

Sweitzer, R. A., Van Vuren, D., Gardner, I. A., Boyce, W. M. & Waithman, J. D. (2000). Estimating sizes of wild pig populations in the north and central coast regions of California. Journal of Wildlife Management, 64:531-543.

Trolle, M. (2003). Mammal survey in the South-Eastern Pantanal, Brazil. Biodiversity Conservation, 12:823-836.

Trolle, M. & Kery, M. (2003). Estimation of ocelot density in Patanal using capture-recapture analysis of camera trapping data. Journal of Mammalogy, 84:607-614.

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Yamada, J. K. & Durrant, B. S. (1989). Reproductive parameters of Clouded Leopards (Neofelis nebulosa). ZooBiology, 8:223-231.


CANDIDIASIS IN A SELADANG (Bos gaurus hubbacki) CALF

Zainal–Zahari, Z1, Sheikh Omar2 and Abraham, M1

1 Department of Wildlife and National Parks (DWNP)2 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia

ABSTRACT

This paper presents a clinical case of a female Seladang calf that was separated from the mother at the age of 18 days and hand fed with UHT (ultra-heat treated) fresh milk. At the age of 29 days the calf was observed with diarrhoea, reduced appetite and reduced weight gained. Initial diagnostic result from faecal analysis made at 30 days of age indicated that the faeces with high coccidial oosists. The calf was treated with Sulfamethoxypyridazine (Septotrylâ Injectable, France) at 1ml per 15kg body weight. Unfortunately, the calf died at the next day (31 days) with clinical symptom of recumbent and laboured respiration. Pathologically, the esophagus was with extensive areas of white raised oval plaques throughout its length. Histologically, the esophagus, rumen and reticulum exhibited extensive necrosis of the squamous epithelium, hyperkeratosis and acanthosis (only in the esophagus), and a mat of yeast and pseudohyphae resembling that of Candida albicans. The inflammation was intense and consisted of neutrophils (predominate), lymphocytes and macrophages. The case was confirmed with isolation of Candida albicans (4+) from the esophagus, rumen, reticulum and abomasum.

INTRODUCTION

Of the more than 200 species of the genus Candida, Candida albicans is the species most commonly implicated with animal disease. It is found worldwide, on plant materials, and as commensals in the digestive and urogenital tracts of animals and humans (Quinn, et al. 2005). C. albicans are normal inhibitant of skin and upper gastrointestinal tract. They are opportunistic and become pathogenic when the indigenous flora is inhibited due to prolonged chemotherapy, systemic infection, severe neoplasia, immunosuppression, inadequate gastric motility and leukopenia. Infection occurs when the host resistance is compromised. Cases of candidiasis were reported in humans, monkeys, chimpanzees, calves, horses, goats, pigs, dogs, cats, cetaceans and birds (Quinn et al., 2005). However, candidiasis is rare in domestic animals with few reported cases in wildlife (Carlton, 1995). In Japan, systemic mycoses were found in 19 (4.7%) of 406 calves below the age of 6 months, autopsied over a 10 year period. Alimentary mycosis occurred in 12 (63.2%) of 19 cases. In alimentary mycosis, mucormycosis showed the highest rate of occurrence (91.7%, 11/12 calves) followed by aspergillosis 41.7% and candidiasis was 9.3% (Chihaya et al, 1991). There are no reported cases of C. albicans in Seladang.

68 ZainalZahari,Z,SheikhOmar&Abraham,M

CASE BACKGROUND

History

A female Seladang calf was separated from the mother at 18 days of age and transferred to the Wildlife Conservation Centre (Seladang), Department of Wildlife and National Parks, Pahang, situated 500km away for hand – rising. This program aims at producing tame Seladang and prepares them for the future application of biotechnology.

Growth and Feeding

The calf was fed on UHT (ultra heat treated) fresh milk (Dutch ladyâ, Friesland Coberco, Australia), at 10% body weight, four times daily. On arrival at the farm, the calf was bottled fed routinely and handled frequently. Feed intake was normal and increases steadily. Two keepers were assigned to feeding and caring for the calf. Body weights were recorded on a weekly basis using an electronic balance (Tru – test Limited â, New Zealand). The calf weighs 27.5 kg at 18 days of age, increasing steadily to 39.5 kg at 25 days of age. However at 32 days of age the animal only weighs 40.5 kg.

Enclosure

The calf was kept in a covered chain-link fence enclosure measuring 3 meters wide by 5 meters long and 3.5 meters high. The inner surface is covered by 2mm thick plywood of 2.5 meters high, acting as a visual barrier. It has an attached exercise yard measuring 4 X 5 X 2 meters. The floor of the enclosure is covered with a 7mm thick rubber mat.

Clinical observations

On its eleventh day at the farm, (Day 29), the calf developed diarrhoea, and had reduced appetite. The weekly weight gain was markedly reduced from 12kg to one kilogram on the week of its death. Faeces were sent to the veterinary laboratory and results (Day 30) showed a very high count of coccidial oosists. Trimethoprime and Sulfamethoxypyridazine (Septotrylâ Injectable, France) was administered at 1ml per 15kg body weight. On day 31, animal was recumbent and had laboured respiration. The fences and breadth were extremely foul smelling. She died the same day and autopsy was carried out immediately.

RESULTS

Gross pathology

The esophagus showed extensive areas of white raised oval plaques throughout its length. Some of the plaques had coalesced and formed pseudomenbrane over the raw red areas of ulceration.

The forestomach contained copious amount of greenish fluid with flakes of milk curds. The rumen and reticulum showed similar lesions as in the esophagus. There were also accumulations of caseous gray necrotic crumbly materials covering large patches. The abomasums and the small intestine had extensive areas of ulceration and haemorrhages. The lungs were moderately congested.

Candidiasis In A Seladang (Bos gaurus hubbacki) Calf 69

Histopathology

The esophagus, rumen and reticulum exhibited extensive necrosis of the squamous epithelium, hyperkeratosis and acanthosis (only in the esophagus), and a mat of yeast and pseudohyphae resembling that of Candida albicans. The inflammation was intense and consisted of neutrophils (predominate), lymphocytes and macrophages.

The abomasum exhibited extensive necrosis and sloughing of the surface epithelium and marked congestion of the lamina propria. A few round bodies resembling yeast were present in the crypts.

Bacteriology

Candida albicans were isolated (4+) from the esophagus, rumen, reticulum and abomasum.

DISCUSSIONS

In 2004 – 2006, a total of four Seladang calves were hand raised. The common clinical problems include diarrhoea, reduced appetite and lethargy, all associated with poor hygiene. These problems were more prominent during the ages of 1 – 6 weeks.

In addition to systemic mycosis and alimentary mycosis, C. albicans are also associated with iatrogenic granulomatous mastitis, otitis media, bovine abortion, corneal ulcerations and mycotic cystitis (Radostits et al, 2007; Quinn et al., 2005; Carlton, 1995; Chihaya et al, 1991; Wada et al, 1994).

The factor that increases the prevalence of candidiasis in the female calf includes the stress of separation from its dam, coccidiosis and the administration of Trimethoprime and Sulfamethoxypyridazine (Septotrylâ Injectable, France). In addition, coccidia are prevalent in the other calves kept intensively at the centre. Systemic or alimentary candidiasis is commonly associated with prolonged chemotherapy, systemic infection and immunosuppression (Quinn et al., 2005; Carlton, 1995; Chihaya et al, 1991; Wada et al, 1994). Most cases in ruminants involved calves, particularly under prolong treatment for diarrhoea. A 6 – week old Angus calf undergoing antimicrobial therapy for diarrhoea and pneumonia was diagnosed with candidiasis. The calf also had immunodeficiency and Esherichia coli infection (Bartram et al, 1989). Similarly, a female Japanese black calf suffering from diarrhoea was treated with six different antibiotics for 9 days. The intensive antibiotic treatment was considered to have been a predisposing or exacerbating factor (Wada et al, 1994). It was suggested that candidiasis in calves results from decrease in the number of competing bacteria flora due to prolonged antibiotic therapy (Carlton, 1995). However, in alimentary mycosis, the incidence of candidiasis was lowest (9.3%) followed by aspergillosis (41.7%) and mucormycosis (91.7%).

Similar gross lesions were reported in a case of mycotic esophagitis in calves due to C. albicans. The organism generally overgrows in other parts of the gastro intestinal tract, especially with stratified squamous epithelium (Carlton, 1995). Lesions in pigs are edema, haemorrhage and ulcerations of the gastric, intestinal and sometimes the esophagial mucosa (Radostits et al., 2007). In C. glabrata infection of a female Japanese black calf, the mucosal surface of the forestomachs showed diffuse haemorrhagic necrosis and formation of pseudomembrane (Wada et al, 1994).

70 ZainalZahari,Z,SheikhOmar&Abraham,M

Diagnosis of C. albicans was made through histopathology and the isolation of the yeasts. In the Seladang calf, necrosis, hyperkeratosis, acanthosis and presence of pseudohyphae in addition to the intense inflammatory response, predominantly consisting of neutrophils were diagnostic. The bedding within pens acts as fungal habitat and these saprophytes thrives well in organic matter, commonly mouldy hay or straw or moist feeds (Radostits et al, 2007). In calves, candidiasis was characterized by hyperkeratosis with pseudohyphae and microconidia in the mucosa (Chihaya et al, 1991). Inflammatory response beneath the mat is slight and consists of neutrophils, lymphocytes and histiocytes (Carlton, 1995). In Japan, in addition to the above diagnostic methodology, immunohistochemical techniques were also utilized (Wada et al, 1994).

The possibility of a mycotic involvement in neonatal calf diarrhoea (NCD) cannot be ruled out. Routine laboratory examination of faecal samples should be carried out regularly. In previous studies, the most prevalent fungal species isolated from the routine sampling of calves with NCD was C. glabrata. The study also indicated a strong correlation between neonatal calf diarrhoea and C. glabrata shedding (Elad et al, 1998).

Therefore, the determination of mycotic involvement in NCD by routine mycological examination of intestinal contents and fecal samples of diarrheic calves and bedding materials may be useful to avoid unnecessary and potentially harmful antibacterial therapy. Systemic mycoses can be treated very effectively using the newer azole compounds (enilconazole, fluconazole, itraconazole, ketokonazole), given orally (Radostits et al, 2007). However, control of systemic fungal infections is limited by the lack of a reliable typing system for the causative agent.

REFERENCES

Bartram, P. A., Smith, B. P., Holmberg. C, and Mandell, C. P. (1989). Combined immunodeficiency in a calf. J Am Vet Med Assoc.; 195(3):347-50.

Blood, D.C., Henderson, J.A and Radostits, O.M. (1979). Veterinary Medicine. Seventh Edition. Cassel Ltd. London. pp: 721.

Carlton, W.W and McGavin, M.D. (1995). Thomson’s Special Veterinary Pathology. Second Edition.. Mosby-Year Book Inc. USA pp:21

Chihaya Y, Furusawa Y, Okada H, Matsukawa K, Matsui Y. (1991). Pathological studies on systemic mycoses in calves. J Vet Med Sci. 53(6):1051-8.

Cross, R. F., Moorhead, P.D and Jones, J. E. (1970). Candida albicans infection of the forestomachs of a calf. J Am Vet Med Assoc.; 157(10):1325-30.

Elad, D., Brenner, J., Markovics, A., Yakobson, B., Shlomovitz, S and Basan, J. (1998). Yeasts in the gastrointestinal tract of preweaned calves and possible involvement of Candida glabrata in neonatal calf diarrhea. Mycopathologia.; 141(1):7-14.

Pachauri, S.P., Sharma, V.D and Saxena, O.P. (1979). Visceral candidiasis in a calf-case report. Indian Vet J. ; 56(10):895-7.

Quinn, P.J., Markey, B.K., Carter, M.E., Donnelly, W.J and Leonard, F.C. (2005). Veterinary Microbiology and Microbial Disease. Blackwell Science. UK. pp: 233 – 235. Roth, M and Weber, A. (1990).Disseminated candidiasis in a calf. Case report. Tierarztl Prax.18(4):339-41.

Radostits, O.M., Gay, C.C., Hinchcliff, K.W and Constable, P.D. (2007). Veterinary Medicine. A textbook of the diseases of cattle, horses, sheep, pigs and goats. 10th edition. Saunders. Elsevier Limited. pp: 1471 – 1473.

Wada Y, Nakaoka Y, Matsui T, Ikeda T. 1(994). Candidiasis caused by Candida glabrata in the forestomachs of a calf.. J Comp Pathol. 111(3):315-9


A CHECKLIST OF BIRDS AT THREE FOREST RESERVES OF PANGKOR ISLAND, PERAK

Rahmah Ilias & Hamdon Tak

DepartmentofWildlife&NationalParks,(DWNP)KM10 Jalan Cheras, 56100 Kuala Lumpur

ABSTRACT

A bird survey was carried out during the biodiversity scientific expedition in Pangkor Island, Perak from 5th to 7th May 2009. Data was derived from direct and indirect observations along five trails in Pangkor Utara Forest Reserve, Sungai Pinang Forest Reserve and Pangkor Selatan Forest Reserve. The study area consists of lowland dipterocarp forest and hill dipterocarp forest. A total of 34 species from 21 families were recorded during the survey. From this, a total of 15 species (13 families) were recorded in Pangkor Utara Forest Reserve, 26 species (18 families) in Sungai Pinang Forest Reserve and 13 species (10 families) in Pangkor Selatan Forest Reserve. Pycnonotidae was the highest composition family with five species, followed by Accipitridae with three species. Sungai Pinang Forest Reserve recorded the highest composition with 26 species (18 families) compared to the other two forest reserves. A total of 25 species are listed under the Wildlife Conservation Act 2010 [Act 716] of which three species are listed under IUCN Red Data List. Great Argus, which is listed as Near Threatened under IUCN Red data List was recorded in the three reserves.

INTRODUCTION

Currently, a total of 742 species of birds from 83 families were recorded in Malaysia of which 445 are resident, 232 are migratory and vagrant while 43 are both resident and migratory (MNS, 2005).

This study is the first bird survey carried out in Pangkor Utara Forest Reserve, Sungai Pinang Forest Reserve and Pangkor Selatan Forest Reserve by DWNP. The objective of this study is to generate species list of birds, mammals and herpetofauna for the three forest reserves.

Pangkor Island is situated in the Straits of Malacca, about 3.8 nautical miles from Lumut in Manjung District, Perak. Pangkor Island with an area of 2,274.78 hectares comes under Manjung district. It is the biggest among the eight islands in its clusters, namely the Mentangor Island, Pangkor Laut Island, Giam Island, Tukun Terindak Island, Pelandok Island, Simpan Island and Dua Island. A total of 40 % of the island is covered by forest. More than 50% of the population on the island are fisherman while the rest are retailer, construction worker, transport operator, government servant and farmer.

The survey area consists of lowland dipterocarp forest (0-300 m a.s.l) and hill dipterocarp forest (300–750 m a.s.l), with Bukit Pangkor as the highest peak at 371 m a.s.l. The island consists of three permanent forest reserve, namely Pangkor Utara Forest reserve (171.92 ha), Sungai Pinang Forest Reserve (651.49 ha) and Pangkor Selatan Forest Reserve (131.71 ha).

72 RahmahIlias&HamdonTak

Five routes were chosen randomly for the survey (Table 1, Figure 1). These routes are existing trails managed by the Forestry Department of Peninsular Malaysia.

Direct and indirect observations were carried out by two observers from 0700 hrs to 1800 hrs daily throughout the survey period (5th - 7th May 2009). For direct observation, Leica binoculars (10x42 BA) were used to identify the birds while for indirect observation, birds were identified through their calls. Data on bird were recorded in a standard survey form used by DWNP.

Bird species were identified based on MNS (2005), Robson (2000), Jeyarajasingam (1999), King (1998) and Abdul Rahman (1981) with the help of field assistant, Hamdon Tak who has vast experience in bird identification.

A total of 34 species of birds from 21 families were recorded during the survey in the three forest reserves of Pangkor Island from 5th to 7th May 2009. In decreasing order of the species composition, the 21 families were Pycnonotidae (5 sp.), Accipitridae and Sturnidae (each 3 sp.), Bucerotidae, Campephagidae, Turdidae, Nectariniidae and Dicaeidae (each 2 sp.), Phasianidae, Rallidae, Columbidae, Alcedinidae, Meropidae, Picidae, Oriolidae, Corvidae, Timaliidae, Sylviidae, Monarchidae, Passeridae and Estrildidae (each 1 sp.). The list of bird species recorded in the area is shown in Appendix 1.

A total of 15 species from 13 families were recorded from Pangkor Utara Forest Reserve while Sungai Pinang Forest Reserve recorded a total of 26 species from 18 families. Pangkor Selatan Forest Reserve recorded a total of 13 species from 10 families. The diversity of bird in Sungai Pinang Forest Reserve was the highest while the diversity for Pangkor Utara Forest Reserve and Pangkor Selatan Forest Reserve were about the same. Sungai Pinang Forest Reserve, the biggest forest reserve on the island, is expected to accommodate more species compared to the other two due to the availability of large habitat. Nevertheless, repeated survey will provide better indication of the biodiversity of avifauna on the island.

Six species from five families were only recorded in Sungai Pinang Forest Reserve. Meanwhile, six species from six families were recorded in all three reserves. Among the species of interest was the Great Argus. This species is identified through its call, in all reserves.

Shorebird was not recorded during this study. Further study can be done during migratory season which is from August to April to record migratory shorebird species on the island.

A total of 25 species are listed under Wildlife Conservation Act 2010 [Act 716]. From this, 22 species are Totally Protected while the rest are Protected.

In addition, a total of three species are listed as Near Threatened, under the IUCN Red Data List, namely Great Argus, Great Hornbill and Buff-vented Bulbul.

A Checklist of Birds At Three Forest ReservesOf Pangkor Island, Perak

73

CONCLUSIONS

In this study, a total of 34 species from 21 families were recorded in Pangkor Island from 5th to 7th May 2009. The results are listed as follows:

i. Pycnonotidae is the most common family throughout the island.ii. Sungai Pinang Forest Reserve recorded the highest spesies composition with 26

species (18 families) compared to the other two forest reserves.iii. Great Argus, listed as Near Threatened under IUCN Red data List was recorded

in the three reserves.iv. A total of three species were listed under IUCN Red Data List and 25 species

were listed under Wildlife Conservation Act 1972 [Act 716].

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors would like to thank Hj. Nawayai Yasak (Director of Biodiversity Conservation Division, DWNP), Mrs. Shabrina Mohd. Shariff (Director of Perak DWNP) and the Forestry Department of Peninsular Malaysia, for supporting this study. The authors would also like to thank Mr. Khairul Nizam Kamaruddin, Mr. Fauzul Azim Zainal Abidin, Mr. Hamidi Jamaluddin, Mr. Mohd. Safarul Shahidan for their cooperation and the organizing committee for their support and assistance during the expedition.

REFERENCES

Abdul Rahman Ismail, (1981). Senarai nama-nama burung Semenanjung Malaysia dan Asia Tenggara. Kuala Lumpur: Jabatan PERHILITAN.

Jeyarajasingam, A. & Pearson, A. (1999). AfieldguidetothebirdsofwestMalaysiaandSingapore. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

King et al. (1998). Birds of South-east Asia. Hong Kong: Periplus Edition Ltd.MNS-Birds Conservation Council. (2005). A checklist of the birds of Malaysia-Conservation

Publication No.2. Kuala Lumpur: Malaysian Nature Society.Robson, C. (2000). AfieldguidetothebirdsofSouth-eastAsia.London: New Holland Publishers

(UK) Ltd.

Table 1: Survey routes

Route Area Route Length (m)Denai 1 Pangkor Utara Forest Reserve 1,949Denai 2 Sungai Pinang Forest Reserve 764Denai 3 Sungai Pinang Forest Reserve 663Denai 5 Sungai Pinang Forest Reserve 548Denai 8 Pangkor Selatan Forest Reserve 2,415


Denai = Survey Routes

Figure 1: Location of survey routes in Pangkor Utara Forest Reserve, Sungai Pinang Forest Reserve and Pangkor Selatan Forest Reserve


75

Appendix 1: Bird species recorded in Pangkor Island according to family, protection status and conservation status

Bil. Famili/SpesiesPangkor

Utara FR

Sg. Pinang

FR

Pangkor Selatan

FR

Act 716 IUCN

Accipitridae 1 Haliastur indus Lang Merah Brahminy

Kite- + - TP -

2 Haliaeetus leucogaster

Lang Siput White-bellied Sea-eagle

+ + + TP -

3 Spilornis cheela Lang Berjambul

Crested Serpent-eagle

+ - + TP -

Phasianidae 4 Argusianus argus Kuang Raya Great Argus + + + TP NT Rallidae 5 Amaurornis

phoenicurusRuak-ruak White-

breasted Waterhen

- + - P -

Columbidae 6 Streptopelia

chinensisMerbok Balam

Spotted Dove + + - NP -

Alcedinidae 7 Halcyon

smyrnensisPekaka Belukar

White-throated Kingfisher

- + - TP -

Meropidae 8 Merops viridis Berek-berek

Tadah Hujan

Blue-throated Bee-eater

- + + TP -

Bucerotidae 9 Anthracoceros

albirostrisEnggang Belulang

Indian/Oriental Pied Hornbill

- + + TP -

10 Buceros bicornis Enggang Papan

Great Hornbill + + + TP NT

Picidae 11 Dryocopus

javensisBelatok Gajah

White-bellied Woodpecker

- + - TP -

Campephagidae 12 Lalage nigra Sualo Api Pied Triller - + - TP -13 Hirundo tahitica Sualo Batu Pacific

Swallow- + - TP -


Pycnonotidae 14 Pycnonotus

goiavierMerbah Kapur

Yellow-vented Bulbul

- + - NP -

15 Pycnonotus simplex

Merbah Mata Putih

Cream-vented Bulbul

- + - TP -

16 Pycnonotus brunneus

Merbah Mata Merah

Red-eyed Bulbul

+ - - TP -

17 Pycnonotus erythropthalmos

Merbah Kecil

Spectacled Bulbul

- + - TP -

18 Iole olivacea Merbah Riang

Buff-vented Bulbul

- + - NP NT

Oriolidae19 Oriolus chinensis Dendang

SelayangBlack-naped Oriole

- + + TP -

Corvidae 20 Corvus

macrorhynchosGagak Paruh Besar

Large-billed Crow

+ - + NP -

Timaliidae 21 Malacopteron

magnirostreRimba Bermisai

Moustached Babbler

- + + TP -

Turdidae 22 Copsychus

malabaricusMurai Rimba/ Batu

White-rumped Shama

+ + + P -

23 Copsychus saularis

Murai Kampung

Magpie Robin + + - - -

Sylviidae 24 Abroscopus

superciliarisCekup Paruh Kuning

Yellow-bellied Warbler

+ - - TP -

Monarchidae25 Terpsiphone

paradisiSambar Ekor Panjang

Asian Paradise Flycatcher

+ + - TP -

Sturnidae26 Aplonis

panayensisPerling Mata Merah

Philippine/Asian Glossy Starling

- - - NP -

27 Acridotheres tristis

Tiong Gembala Kerbau

Common Myna

- - + NP -

28 Gracula religiosa Tiong Mas Hill Myna + + + P - Nectariniidae


77

29 Anthreptes malacensis

Kelicap Mayang Kelapa

Brown-throated Sunbird

+ + + TP -

30 Nectarinia jugularis

Kelicap Bukit

Olive-backed Sunbird

- + - TP -

Dicaeidae 31 Prionochilus

maculatusSepah Puteri Raja

Yellow-breasted Flowerpecker

+ - - TP -

32 Dicaeum cruentatum

Sepah Puteri Merah

Scarlet-backed Flowerpecker

- + - TP -

Passeridae33 Passer montanus Ciak Urasia Eurasian Tree-

sparrow+ - - NP -

Estrildidae34 Lonchura

punctulataPipit Pinang Scaly-breasted

Munia- + - NP -

Legend:+ = PresentTP = Totally ProtectedP = ProtectedNP = Not ProtectedAct 716 = Wildlife Conservation Act 2010IUCN = IUCN Red Data ListNT = Neat Threaten


A CHECKLIST OF MAMMALS IN TASEK BERA RAMSAR SITE, PAHANG

Tan Poai Ean

Department of Wildlife and National Parks (DWNP),KM10, Jalan Cheras, 56100 Kuala Lumpur

This paper presents a checklist of mammals recorded between May-June 2009 in Tasek Bera RAMSAR Site (TBRS), Pahang. Distributional survey (Rodgers, 1991) using rapid assessment was conducted to census the mammals. Besides that, cage trapping method also was applied to trap the terrestrial small mammals while Harp-trapping and mist nest were used to trap volant mammals. Identification of species was based on Khan (1992), Francis (2001), Francis (2008) and Strien (1983). The sites surveyed were: (a) secondary lowland Dipterocarp forests and Rasau peat swamp forest behind the Management Office of TBRS; (b) secondary lowland Dipterocarp forest at the southern part of TBRS; (c) secondary lowland Dipterocarp forests along Sungai Air Kuning, TBRS; (d) northern part of TBRS: from Bera 2 to Bera 5, Tembangau and Lubuk Tiang; (e) secondary lowland forest at core zone of TBRS near Kampung Jelawat. Elevations of surveyed sites are generally lower than 100m ASL.

Thirty seven species of mammals including four species of Carnivora, three species of Artiodactyla, five species of Primates, one species of Proboscidea, one species of Perissodactyla, 10 species of Chiroptera, 12 species of Rodentia and one species of Scandentia were recorded in this study (Table 1). This study was used as management tool to identify the habitat status and distribution of mammals in TBRS for conservation inputs. For sustainable conservation management, more detailed study in specific high density mammal areas should be carried out to enhance the conservation effects in future.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This biodiversity survey was supported by 35 DWNP staffs and five researchers for UNIMAS. We wish to thank all participants on their kind cooperation and also the assistence given by of TBRS staffs.

REFERENCES

Francis, C.M., 2001. A Photografic Guide to Mammals of South-East Asia. New Holland. 128pp.Francis, C.M., 2008. A Field Guide to the Mammals of South-East Asia. New Holland. 392pp.Khan, M.M., 1992. Mamalia Semenanjung Malaysia. PERHILITAN. 182pp. Rodgers, W.A., 1991. Techique For Wildlife Census in India- A Field Manual. Wildlife Institute

of India. 82pp.Strien, N.J.V., 1983. A Guide to the Tracks of The Mammals of Western Indonesia. Bogor,

Indonesia. 44pp.

80 Tan Poai Ean

Table 1: Checklist of Mammals in Tasek Bera Ramsar Site No. Taxon Common Name Local Name Family ARTIODACTYLA1 Muntiacus muntjak Barking Deer Kijang Cervidae2 Sus scrofa Wild Boar Babi Hutan Suidae3 Tragulus kanchil Lesser Mouse Deer Pelanduk Tragulidae CARNIVORA4 Paradoxurus hermaphroditus Common Palm Civet Musang Pulut Viverridae5 Helarctos malayanus Sun Bear Beruang Matahari Ursidae6 Panthera tigris Malayan Tiger Harimau Belang Felidae7 Prionilurus planiceps Flat-headed Cat Kucing Hutan Felidae CHIROPTERA8 Hipposideros ridleyi Ridley›s Roundleaf

BatKelawar Ladam Singapura

Rhinolophidae

9 Rhinolophus affinis Intermediate Horseshoe Bat

Kelawar Ladam Hutan

Rhinolophidae

10 Rhinolophus trifoliatus Trefoil Horseshoe Bat Kelawar Ladam Muka Kuning

Rhinolophidae

11 Glischropus tylopus Thick-thumbed Pipistrelle

Kelawar Tapak Tangan Puteh

Vespertililionidae

12 Kerivoula intermedia Small Woolly Bat Kelawar Kecil Berbulu

Vespertililionidae

13 Kerivoula papillosa Papillose Woolly Bat Kelawar Hutan Besar

Vespertililionidae

14 Kerivoula pellucida Clear-winged Woolly Bat

Kelawar Kepak Jernih

Vespertililionidae

15 Murina suilla Lesser Tube-nosed Bat

Kelawar Hidung Laras Kecil

Vespertililionidae

16 Tyloneycteris pachypus Lesser Bamboo Bat Kelawar Buluh Kecil

Vespertililionidae

17 Tyloneycteris robustula Greater Bamboo Bat Kelawar Buluh Besar

Vespertililionidae

PRIMATES18 Macaca fascicularis Long-tailed Macaque Kera Cercopithecidae19 Macaca nemestrina Southern Pig-tailed

MacaqueBeruk Cercopithecidae

20 Trachypithecus obscurus Dusky Langur Lotong Cenekah Hylobatidae21 Hylobates lar White-handed

GibbonUngka Tangan Putih

Hylobatidae

22 Nycticebus coucang Sunda Slow Loris Kongkang Lorisidae PERISSODACTYLA23 Tapirus indicus Asian Tapir Badak Cipan Tapiridae PROBOSCIDEA24 Elephas maximus Asian Elephant Gajah Asia Elephantidae

A Checklist of Mammals In Tasek Bera Ramsar Site, Pahang 81

RODENTIA25 Hystric brachyura Malayan Porcupine Landak Raya Hystricidae26 Leopaldamys sabanus Long-tailed Giant rat Tikus Mondok Ekor

PanjangMuridae

27 Maxomys rajah Rajah Maxomys Tikus Ekor Panjang Muridae28 Maxomys surifer Red Spiny Rat Tikus Duri Merah Muridae29 Maxomys whiteheadi Whitehead›s

MaxomysTikus Ekor Pendek Muridae

30 Niviventer bukit White Bellied Rat Tikus Dada Putih Muridae31 Rattus tiomanicus Malaysian Wood Rat Tikus Belukar Muridae32 Callosciurus notatus Plantain Squirrel Tupai Pinang Sciuridae33 Callosciurus prevostii Prevost›s Squirrel Tupai Gading Sciuridae34 Lariscus insignis Three-striped

Gorund SquirrelTupai Belang Tiga Sciuridae

35 Ratufa bicolor Black Giant Squirrel Tupai Kerawak Hitam

Sciuridae

36 Tamiops macclellandii Himalayan Striped Squirrel

Tupai Bunga Sciuridae

SCANDENTIA37 Tupaia glis Common Treeshew Tupai Muncung

BesarTupaiidae


CHARACTERIZING SILVERED LEAF MONKEY-VISITOR INTERACTIONS AT BUKIT MELAWATI, KUALA SELANGOR, MALAYSIA

Badrul Munir Md-Zain, Norlinda Mohd-Daut and Shukor Md-Nor

School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science andTechnology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.

ABSTRACT

Bukit Melawati is a small hill park located in Kuala Selangor, Malaysia. People are attracted for its historical site, beautiful offshore scenery and the presence of free ranging habituated silver leaf monkeys. Social interactions between visitors and habituated silvered leaf monkeys (Trachypithecus cristatus) at Bukit Melawati were investigated using direct field observation of the behavior of silvered leaf monkeys and visitors. Focal sampling was employed as the method of observation. One hundred park visitors were interviewed about their perception towards silvered leaf monkeys. Results indicated that of visitors’ interaction with leaf monkeys, feeding langurs (51.19%) was the highest activity followed by approaching (35.90%), observing from a distance (6.02%), playing (3.95%), threatening (2.12%), keeping a distance (0.66%) and hitting (0.16%). For silvered leaf monkey behavior observation, results showed that approaching visitors was the highest behavioral interaction (37.41%), followed by begging for food (33.91%), staring (18.61%), touching (9.5%), stealing food (0.5%) and refusing food (0.07%). No aggressive contact was initiated by silvered leaf monkeys. The interviews conducted imply that visitors generally have positive perceptions towards silvered leaf monkeys.

Keywords: Trachypithecus cristatus; Silvered Leaf Monkey; Langur; Primate ecotourism; human–monkey interactions

INTRODUCTION

Silvered leaf monkeys (Trachypithecus cristatus) are an important attraction at Bukit Melawati, Kuala Selangor, Malaysia. Bukit Melawati offers visitors an ideal glimpse of the behavior of free ranging habituated leaf monkeys from only a meter away, as does many other primate tourism sites worldwide (Berman et al., 2007; Fuentes et al., 2007; Hsu et al., 2009). One unique attribute of silvered leaf monkeys at Bukit Melawati, Kuala Selangor, is that among the world’s langur populations, they have experienced continuous habituation process and have been the subject of many findings from previous research (Bernstein, 1968; Wolf & Fleagle, 1977; Lee, 2010).

Primate research in Malaysia has focused mostly on molecular aspects of both human primate (Lim et al., 2010) and nonhuman primates (Md-Zain et al., 2008a; Md-Zain et al., 2010a; Md-Zain et al., 2010b; Ampeng & Md-Zain, 2007). Research has also been conducted on primate ecology and behaviour in the field (Ampeng & Md-Zain, 2007; Md-Zain et al., 2010c) and in captivity (Md-Zain et al., 2008b). However, none research have been conducted on social interaction between primate and human beings in Malaysia. There have been many studies on primate social interaction and its relationships with human beings worldwide. Several surveys have focused on

84 BadrulMunirMd.Zain,NorlindaMohd.Daut&ShukorMd.Nor

human-primate conflict interaction (Md-Zain et al., 2011). Macaca fascicularis dominates most of the conflict research in human settlement areas (Sha et al., 2009b) Other surveys include that of Long Tailed Macaque interaction with visitors in different tourism sites such as Bali, Indonesia (Wheatley & Harya Putra, 1994; Fuentes & Gamerl, 2005). In addition, studies have highlighted humans, primates, ecotourism, association of ecotourism with primate’s activity budget, home range and disease transmission (Berman et al., 2007; Carder & Semple, 2008; Hsu et al., 2009; Muehlenbein & Ancrenaz, 2009).

There is very few, but growing literature about silvered leaf monkeys (Lee, 2010). In addition to ecological aspect (Furuya, 1961; Wolf & Fleagle, 1977), research have also been conducted to differentiate this species with its sister taxa (Rosenblum et al., 1997; Md-Zain et al., 2008a; Roos et al., 2008). Many species of the genus Trachypithecus have also been studied from the perspective of ecology, behavior, phylogenetic and evolution (Chaveerach et al., 2007; Osterholz, 2008; Karanth et al., 2008; Md-Zain & Ch’ng, 2011). This research will contribute to better comprehend the interaction between silvered leaf monkeys with humans. The main objectives this study were (1) to study social behaviour among group members of silvered leaf monkey (2) to describe the actual interactions between visitors and silvered leaf monkey by directly observation and (3) to assess visitor perception towards silvered leaf monkey by interviews. This is the first study at Bukit Melawati that involves human-primate interaction; it will facilitate better understanding of primate ecotourism, behavioral ecology and conservation.


Study area

Bukit Melawati is located in the district of Kuala Selangor, N 03 20’ 31.0”, E 101 14’ 46.7”, Selangor state, Malaysia. It is a small hill park and it is part of the unique structures of historical buildings in Selangor state. There are various historical sites including the Melawati fort, the royal mausoleum, the virgin graveyard, the one hundred stairs, the poisonous well, the seven wells, the bed rock, cannons and many others. At the pinnacle of this hill is the lighthouse called Altingsburgh Lighthouse which was built in 1794 during the period of Dutch colonization and has now become an important landmark of Bukit Melawati. The high and strategic location of this hill near the estuary of the Selangor River made it an important fort in defending against enemies during the historical days. Recently, this area has developed into an ecotourism site and some of the new buildings include the living quarters for government civil servants, the place to sight the moon, the Telecommunication tower, a radio broadcast station, a handicraft centre and a museum. Besides this important historical site, Bukit Melawati has attracted many tourists to wide ranging groups of habituated silvered leaf monkeys.

Behavioural observations

Behavioral observations were conducted at Bukit Melawati of the duration between August 2004 and January 2005. Groups and individual identification was based on Martin & Bateson (1993). Group A at the area of light house was selected as the study group (Table 1). This group is one of six groups found in Bukit Melawati as compared to only 5 groups observed by Wolf & Fleagle (1977). Behavioral observations involved social relations among group members of langurs in the group A and behavioral interaction between visitors and langurs. Observation was made using focal sampling based on the frequency of social behavior at each intervals of 15 minutes (Altmann,

Characterizing Silvered Leaf Monkey-Visitor Interactions AtBukit Melawati, Kuala Selangor, Malaysia

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1974; Md-Zain et al., 2008b). Observation was conducted for nine hours a day between at 1000 to 1900. The behavioral categories were based on preliminary observation. The data is measured by the percentage of the total behavioral frequencies. Data were analyzed statistically using X2 test.

Interviews

The questionnaire was conducted with 100 respondents of the visitors to evaluate their perceptions on the silvered leaf monkeys. The questionnaires were conducted mostly in the late evening where most of visitors came to interact with the leaf monkeys. We have distributed our questionnaires based on age, sex and home locality of visitors. Questions to be interviewed are presented based on visitor’s perception towards the existence and behaviour of leaf monkeys at Bukit Melawati.

RESULTS

Group profile on social behavior

In this study, activity budgets of silvered leaf monkey social behaviours among members in the group A were observed. Results proven that the highest frequency of social behaviour was to rest (55.03%) followed by playing (12.49%), vocal interaction 12.18%, moving (7.38%), grooming (4.46%), feeding (3.09%) hugging (3.03%), allomothering (1.67%) (110), sexual interaction (0.37%) and aggresive and submissive behaviour (0.28%)(Table 2). X2 value indicated that there was statistical differences occurred on the social behaviours among members in the group A (p<0.05, df =10, χ²10,0.05=18.31).

Behavioural profile of langurs toward visitors

In this study, the langur’s interactions with the visitors were observed. The highest high frequency was when they approach visitors (37.41%), followed by requesting for food (33.91%), staring at visitors (18.61%), touching (9.5%) and stealing food (0.5%). This gave the total for frequency of social behavior of leaf monkeys in group A towards human as 14.934% (Table 3). Statistical analysis using Chi-square test indicated significant differences (p <0.05) in these langur’s behaviour. In the late morning and afternoon, langurs normally rest on trees while staring at the visitors. Most of the langur-to-visitor interactions were observed in the evening with the higher presence of visitors (Figure 1).

Behavioural profile of visitors toward langurs

Mostly high-frequency visitors’ behavior toward langurs were feeding (51.19%), approaching (35.9%), looking from a distance (6.02%), playing around (3.95%) and intimidating 2.12%, avoiding (0.66 %) and hitting (0.16%) (Table 4). Interactions between visitors with langurs were observed in the total frequency of 14.89% on their social behavior. Data analysis using X2 indicated that there is a significant difference between the categories of human social behaviour towards langurs (X2

6,0.05= 12.59, p<0.05).


DISCUSSION

Activity budgets have been studied in many primate species. Factors such as energy consume, body size and resource abundance are among the important factors that can influence the primate daily behavior activities (Kurup & Kumar, 1993; Watanuki & Nakayama, 1993; Defler, 1995; Menon & Poirer, 1996). In this study, it was observed that resting was the preferred activity by langur members as previously recorded in other colobines. Li and Rogers (2003) had reviewed the activity budget of T. leucocephalus in Fusui, China. They had recorded an average time of resting (50%) as the highest as opposed to other daily activities. Resting was also reported as the main activity in other colobines such as P. rubicunda (Supriatna et al., 1986; Lakim, 2008) and P. francoisi (Burton et al., 1995). In silvered leaf monkeys, while resting was frequent, other social behaviours were noticeable to be scarce such as vocal interaction, moving, grooming, feeding, hugging, allomothering, sexual interaction and aggresive behaviour. This finding has supported Lakim’s claim (2008) at stating condition where resting is high, in the other social behaviors are noted as low. Silvered leaf monkeys have been engaged more in playing compared to feeding as it had been recorded in P. chrysomelas (Ampeng, 2006). Vocal interaction produced by primates normally used for the purpose of consolidation among the group members. In this study, adult male in the group usually produced the sound ‹kwah› during the group movement and ‹ghu-ghu› and ‹ghu-ah› during aggressive behaviour. Number of rates of aggressive interactions among primates is different according to species (Cords, 2000). Aggressive behavior in colobines is considered as rare (Sussman & Tattersall, 1981; Lakim, 2008) and has been observed in our study.

Our results showed that leaf monkeys usually approached the visitors with the aim of requesting and taking food. The same situation was also observed in the interaction of long-tailed Macaques to human which were related to locating and obtaining food in many tourism sites (Pirta et al., 1997; Fuentes & Gamerl, 2005; Fuentes et al., 2005; Sha et al., 2009b). Approaching visitors to take the food was mostly often seen in the presence of more visitors during the late evening. At this time, leaf monkeys are seen to compete more in the event of grabbing food. This situation was also observed in long-tailed Macaques in Singapore where the interaction with the human-beings involved the act of taking or grabbing food or other items (Sha et al., 2009b). Grabbing, begging and taking food indirectly permit visitors to touch the langurs. Silvered leaf monkeys have been observed to be touching, holding visitors’ hand regularly, and also climbing up on visitor’s shoulders. Some of langurs sitting next to the visitors with one hand on the lap of the visitors.

Food confiscated often occurred when the visitors are noted to be afraid to give food or when visitors were in complacent. Food sharing was not observed among the group members. In fact, individual who managed to obtain the food normally ran far away. Langurs tend to be very selective on types of food when they were full. This is in contradicting with Macaca as not all of the food given by people were eaten by langurs. In this study, taking food and refused of any food by langurs were lower as compared to the report in M. fascicularis (Sha et al., 2009a) . In addition, taking food items or belonging from people and receiving aggression by long-tailed Macaques were also the most common types of human–Macaque interactions in many ecotourism sites (Wheatley & Harya Putra, 1994; Fuentes & Wolfe, 2002; Fuentes & Gamerl, 2005; Fuentes, 2006a; Fuentes, 2006b) Food provision by tourists can influence behaviour of nonhuman primates (Zhao & Deng, 1992). Food provision can trigger the primate aggressive behaviour. Only one frequency of biting was


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recorded in this research. It had happened probably because the visitor had given the food to the same individual and did not provide food to the hungry langurs waiting at the side. Aswaniza (2002) previously found out of none attacking cases or biting human cases. The case was regarded to be a rare behaviour, occurred only in specific situations. However, this condition is different and happened in long-tailed Macaques in several previous studies. Fuentes et al. (2008) observed of no such record of interactions of approaching towards threaten human-being in Singapore, related to the presence of food. Meanwhile, Bali is where the interactions between Macaques and humans frequently reported as involving physical contact and human directed aggression by the Macaques, also related to the presence of the food (Fuentes, 2006b). Fuentes and Gamerl (2005) had reported of 48 bites by the Macaques to the human-being in the temple monkey of forest of Padangtegal, Bali.

It was found that more visitors came to Bukit Melawati in the afternoon until late evening with the aim of giving food and playing with langurs (Figure 2). Visitors usually reach langurs to feed, stand closely with the purpose of taking pictures. Playing, touching, holding langurs were the main visitor activites while interacting with them. All these activities are the common human behaviour at multiple primate ecotourism locations (Engel et al., 2002). Some of the visitors are afraid of interacting and watched langurs from a distance. Visitors might be afraid to be in the physical contact possible because of the increased risk of pathogen transmission (Jones-Engel et al., 2005; Sia, 2004).

Aggressions apparently occurred during human–primate interactions in many tourist sites (Wheatley & Harya Putra, 1994; Fuentes & Wolfe, 2002; Fuentes, 2006a; Fuentes, 2006b). In Bukit Melawati, there were some incidents of visitors hitting langurs. These incidents have been observed performed by the children and youths using hand or sticks to scare away the langurs. This situation indicated that visitors at Bukit Melawati were not afraid of silver leaf monkeys. On the other side, Sia (2004) had reported of long-tailed Macaques in staff housing area at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia that were often chased and threatening the children. The children usually threw stones in order to defend themselves.

Questionnaire Based on questionnaires distributed to100 visitors, our surveys indicate that most of Bukit Melawati visitors were the local people and originally from Selangor. Our visitors’ demography consists of 52% male and 48% female with 27% of local people, 47% from other part of Selangor state and 26% were outsiders. Most of the visitors were adults (40% is 21-30 year old; 28% is above 40 year old), and the rest were teenagers and children. Many of the visitors came to visit for the first time (38%) but some visitors came for more than twice (29%) and even more than 10 times (33%). Their main purpose for visiting Bukit Melawati is for ecotourism and leisure. Most of the respondents (72%) had recognized the presence of langurs in this area (Table 5). Despite the presence of langurs attracting visitors, however, this was not the main reason for tourists to come and visit. In details, the purpose of the visit was due to the place which widely known as historical site (41%), for leisure (34%), watching langurs (16%) and others (9%).

However, in other study, Aswaniza (2002) previously recorded that 78% of visitors who visited Bukit Melawati was because of langurs. Habitat alteration can influence animal social activities (Menon & Poirer, 1996; Johns, 1996). Habitat fragmentation in the mangrove forest of Kuala Selangor had in to some extent affect the langur’s food recourses. Silvered leaf monkeys were


expected to find other alternatives to meet the food quality requirements. Habitats with the least and minimal quality of natural resources can alter natural primate behavior and ecology (Li & Rogers, 2003). Thus, silvered leaf monkeys had extended their range area from mangrove forest up to the hill of the area of Bukit Melawati for better and more food opportunity. Frequent feeding habit by human supports a strong bond relationship on the human-langur interaction. This is true as our survey indicated that 64% of frequent feeding habits and watching langur of the respondents were the visitors whom attracted with Bukit Melawati. The bond between visitors and langurs permits the continuous habituation of several groups from time to time (Bernstein, 1968; Aswaniza, 2002). Our surveys also indicated that most visitors were not afraid of these langurs (74%) and viewed langurs as tame animals (83%), did not interfere and did not steal their goods. They suggested Bukit Melawati as an ecotourism place to be visited (94%), and hoped to let the area continually filled with langurs (85%). All of these results vividly shown as the pleasant visitors’ perception of the langurs’ presence at Bukit Melawati.

Many visitors suggested that the local residents should not be feeding langurs but this role should be taken by the visitors (73%). This result is differed from the survey of Wheatley and Harya-Putra (1994) on M. fascicularis in Ubud and Sangeh, Bali, Indonesia, in which monkeys in these sites are felt to be provided food by local residents and not visitors. Primate ecotourism at Bukit Melawati is directed in viewing, interacting and feeding silvered leaf monkeys. Results shown that social characteristics that allow the continous habituation process is the visitors attitude of deriving pleasure from interacting with or feeding langurs. The special bond between visitors and langurs for the past ten years might be the factors that support the habituation process. Langurs at Bukit Melawati have undergone continuous habituation. Surely a factor such as natural selection and evolution takes place especially on the aspects of diet, space and behavior. To the researchers’ knowledge, very little is known about the impact of ecotourism on primate species as a response to the increased number of visitors (Kinnaird & O’Brien, 1996; O’Leary, 1996). Thus, it is the purpose of this research to study the effect of the number of visitors to the silvered leaf monkeys to be carried out. It is also interesting to know how primate ecotourism focuses on silvered leaf monkeys can generate economic benefits to the local people. The effort of this survey will be useful input in terms of conservation, education and management.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We thank to Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Department of Wildlife and National Parks, The Kuala Selangor Nature Park, Malaysian Nature Society and the Selangor State Government. We wish to thank Farhana Shukor, Sri Harminda Hartantyo, Ikki Matsuda and anonymous reviewers for their comments on the manuscript. This research was made possible under grants UKM-KRIB-16/2008, UKM-OUP-FST-2011 and KOMUNITI-2011-023.

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Table 1. Group composition of T. cristatus at Bukit Melawati, Kuala Selangor.

Group list Studied group (Group A)Group Individual count Category Individual countA 19 Adult Male 1B 33 Adult Female 12C 27 Sub Adult 1D >50 Juvenile Male 2E 44 Juvenile Female 1F 11 Infant 2Group Total N=6 Individual Total

N= >184Category Total N=6

Individual Total N= 19

Table 2. Frequency, percentage and X2 value on social behavior among langurmembers of Group A.

Social Behaviour Frequency (O-E)2

EPercentage (%)

Aggressive 19 579.72 0.28Grooming 294 155.72 4.46

Resting 3629 15307.43 55.03Playing 824 84.03 12.49Feeding 204 260.96 3.09Vocal 803 69.04 12.18Sexual 25 550.59 0.37

Hugging 200 266.27 3.03Moving 487 21.13 7.38

Allomothering 110 399.73 1.67Total 6595 X2 = 18,276.31

Table 3. Frequency and percentage on social interactions of langurs toward visitors

Behaviour Frequency Percentage (%)

Staring 2780 18.61Approach visitor 5589 37.41Touching visitor 1419 9.5

Begging food 5066 33.91Taking food 74 0.5Refuse food 10 0.07

Aggressive contact 0 0Total 14,937 100


93

Table 4. Frequency and percentage on social interaction of visitors toward langurs

Behaviour Frequency Percentage (%)

Looking from far 659 6.02Approach 3933 35.90

Keep a distance 72 0.66Playing with monkey 433 3.95

Hit monkey 18 0.16Threatening 232 2.12Feed food 5607 51.19

Total 10954 100

Table 5. Responds of questionnaire received from visitors at Bukit Melawati.

Questions (N=100 respondents) % Yes % No

Knowing the existence of leaf monkeys at Bukit Melawati 72 28Feeding leaf monkeys 64 36Afraid of leaf monkeys 26 74The presence of leaf monkeys is annoying 5 95Did they take anything? 16 84Did they bite you? 1 99Does visitors being harsh with langurs? 6 94Should visitors feed leaf monkeys? 73 27Should local people feed leaf monkeys? 41 59Does langurs in this area need special health care and food supply from any organization?

82 18

Are the langurs here tame? 83 17Does langur here bring any harm to human being? 16 84Is the existence of langurs spoiled the view at Bukit Melawati? 10 90Should these langurs be here at this tourism area? 63 37Is this area suitable for langurs to come in the future? 85 15Would you recommend a visit? 94 6


Figure 1. Patterns of langur behavior towards visitors

Figure 2. Pattern of visitor behavior towards leaf monkeys


GUNUNG TAHAN TRAIL: SOME HISTORY AND BACKGROUND

Sam Shor Nahar Yaakob and Saidon Amri

Faculty of Forestry,Universiti Putra Malaysia

43400 UPM Serdang,Selangor, Malaysia

INTRODUCTION

There is a need for past historical events on trail and mountainous zone of Mount Tahan to be made known to public especially the new modern generation. From the aspect of park and recreation management, such information will assist resource and recreation administrators to efficiently manage the trail, strengthen and enrich the attractions of Gunung Tahan, thus, making it as the most renown adventure tourist destination in Malaysia. Presently, the history of Gunung Tahan and its trail is sparse. Most of the information are buried with the demise of community elders who serve as the repositories of such information. Until recently, there is no serious effort to gather the oral history of Gunung Tahan. This paper is an attempt to gather the history of GTT through a review on records and reports in published journals. From the reviews, oral reports by the locals and information on GTT was made available through exploration’s reports recorded by foreign explorers.

OVERVIEW OF GUNUNG TAHAN TRAIL

Gunung Tahan Trail (GTT) located in Taman Negara National Park, Peninsular Malaysia (see Figure 1). Formally, GTT is made up of two main trails; Kuala Tahan Trail (known as old or traditional trail) and Merapoh Trail, also known as alternative trail. Both are popular routes among Gunung Tahan climbers. As reflected by its name, Tahan (which means ‘endurance’ in English), the old trail is rather challenging and difficult as it promises “wet and wild” trekking experiences. This is because mountain trekkers have to endure the 7 times crossing of Tahan River, climbing 21 hills, conquering 7 mountain tops and plateau ridges before reaching the summit. Among the highest points that denote the trail are Gunung Rajah, Gunung Pankin, Gunung Reskit, Gunung Tangga 15, Gunung Gedung and Bukit Malang (hill complex with 13 hill tops). For normal climber, it takes about seven days to climb up and down from the mountain. The climbing can also be terminated at the Park Ranger’s Office of Sungai Relau, Merapoh Pahang (to the west of the TNNP). By the end of 1995, the trail’s popularity began to decline when a new trail (Merapoh Trail) at the west of Gunung Tahan and Taman Negara National Park was opened. Besides the two trails, there is another trail to the summit of Mount Tahan, known as Kuala Koh Trail. It is in the State of Kelantan and located to the north of TNNP. It is less popular and rarely used by climbers because of its remote location that promises a long, exhausting and gruelling journey to reach the summit. The whole GTT is located to the north-west of national park administration office, crossing the Tahan Range and ended at Kuala Juram (trail head for Merapoh Trail) at the west of TNNP. Since most of the trail is located within the Taman Negara National Parks, Malaysia, its administration is entirely under the jurisdiction of Department of Wildlife and National Park of Peninsular Malaysia (PERHILITAN). Geographically, 30 percent of GTT is located at the border of Kelantan and Pahang and used as a boundary mark for both states. The history of the trails beginnings and its establishment started 100 years ago, as explained in the next section.

96 SamShorNaharYaakob&SaidonAmri

Figure 1. Location of Gunung Tahan Trail, Taman Negara National Park

Based on library research carried out by the authors over two years (2006-2008), not even a single source of reference or literature or document can be found containing complete information on the history of the Gunung Tahan Trail. However, information from old journals dated during the British-Malaya administration, (i.e. Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Journal of the Federated Malay States Museum) contains certain facts regarding the Gunung Tahan Trails. Resources and old artefacts are neatly arranged in the Malaysia National Museum, Kuala Lumpur. Based on the facts stated in the journals, details of Gunung Tahan Trail and relevant historical information was extracted and explained. Although the writers put greater emphasis on historical events of the early explorations around 1800, several other important events were also reported. Among others are the origin of Gunung Tahan name, folklore belief of the mountain, and the proposal made by the British to set up a highland vacation area during the British-Malaya era.

Origin of Mount Tahan’s name

In the past, Gunung Tahan or Mount Tahan had different names according to each local version. In English, Gunung Tahan is known as Mount Tahan. The first European to hear of Gunung Tahan was the Russian explorer, Baron Mikluho Maclay who in 1875 “noticed at some distance a remarkable mountain which was pointed out to me as Gunung Tahan” (Skinner, 1878). Before

Gunung Tahan Trail: Some History and Background 97

conquering the peak of Tahan in 1905, the British explorers preferred calling the mountain by Great Barrier Mountain (Skeat, 1908). In the southern area of Pahang, the peak was known as Gunung Tahan (Waterstrad, 1902). The name of this peak is known differently by the locals on the western side of the mountain, where they refer to it as Gunung Rotan or Gunung Ulu Tanum (Scrivenor, 1912). In the northern side of national park, this mountain known as Gunung Siam, a nickname given by resident of the State of Kelantan (Skeat, 1908).

In the past, Mount Tahan was known as a forbidden area

In the past, local communities and natives did not dare to climb the peak of Tahan. According to local folklore, it was believed that the peak of the mountain was controlled by cannibal apes the size of a rhinoceros (Robinson, 1908b). It was believed that these giant apes guarded two wells that contained magic stones known as mother veins of all the gold and silver in the country (in Malay it is called “ibu emas” and “ibu perak”), where anyone that owned these stones are able to change things into gold and silver when touching an object (Robinson, 1908b). The old community also believed that the zone around Tahan peak was home for gigantic creatures such as mosquitoes as big as fowls, gigantic serpents and a place for spirits. This strong belief permanently existed in the local community where they believed that the mountain spirits often prevented and made the climber heading towards Mount Tahan lose his way. This was confirmed in an account of 1906 expedition when Penghulu Kakap Husin, a local leader, who was unsatisfied with J.B Scrivenor, a British geologist, because he did not equip himself with firearms as a safety precaution from attacks of the mountain creatures.

Proposal for the development of a grand hill station and health centre

To fulfil the increasing demands amongst the Europeans who wanted to create a home country environment (i.e. England), many Malaya highlands and mountain peaks were developed as hill stations and retreat centres (Aiken, 1987). Hill stations served as health and retreat centres for civil servants, planters, civils, miners and European expatriates. Mount Tahan is not excluded from being chosen as one of those locations. In 1912, Sir Edward Brockman, Chief Secretary of the Federated Malay States, and Sir Arthur Young, the High Commissioner of Malaya, led the Mount Tahan Expedition with the purpose of conducting a survey and feasibilities study regarding the construction of the hill station (Butcher, 1979). One of the expedition members who arrived at the peak of Mount Tahan expressed his amazement. The view of Mount Tahan reminded one member of the expedition party, “….of the highland scenery in Inverness-shire on the higher rocky grounds where ptarmigans are found…”

The peak of Mount Tahan was first suggested as a health resort by the British in 1906 by a surveyor, J.B. Scrivenor (Scrivenor, 1912). At the moment, hill stations such as Maxwell Hill and Mount Kledang in Perak, Bukit Kutu in Selangor also Mount Angsi in Negeri Sembilan often experience massive crowds and are not able to hold the growing needs of the European community in Malaya. Most of these areas had limited space and extension for future plans such as accommodation and agriculture activities. Besides the hill station in Cameron Highland, the British are constantly searching for new areas with the purpose of agricultural settlement, mainly vegetables and tea plantations.

The peak of Mount Tahan was seen as potentially suitable as a grand hill station because of the plateau area that is level and wide (stretching about 2 square miles) and the abundance of water


sources (Scrivenor, 1912). Today, that area is known as Camp Padang and situated at E 102 15› 20”, N 04 35› 51”. One construction suggested around Mount Tahan was the construction of a funicular railway up to the summit, beginning at the base and between Bukit Cherual Limestone and the Tahan Range. If it happens, the conditions and facilities would be similar to the facilities in Cairngorm National Park, Aviemore, Scotland. However, the proposal was abandoned due to enormous costs in laying the railway tracks. Furthermore the northern parts of the mountain range lie in the State of Kelantan, which was not part of the Federated Malay States at the time (Butcher, 1979). In the middle of 2001, Mount Tahan once again received the attention of the Malaysian government cabinet. During that time, the Department of Wildlife and National Park, Peninsular Malaysia (DWNP) was asked to identify areas suitable to convert as a highland resort and health centre. Luckily the proposal went silent after considering the implication of infrastructure developments in the environment paper that was presented by the DWNP.

The history of mountain explorations at Gunung Tahan Trail

Even though the purpose of the study focuses more on the physical impact indicator at GTT, things and incidents of the past history of Mount Tahan and GTT will also be investigated more extensively. As a result of study and with reference to selected old articles over 100 years old, the author discovered that the history of mountaineering around Mount Tahan is simply amazing and filled with diverse incidents. Most of this priceless information (published in 1880-1910) was retrieved from documents published by old journals such as the Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society and Journal of the Federated Malay States Museum. The author also obtained information on GTT history through written texts from old books regarding British Malaya. Among historical phrases that encouraged the author to unravel more of the early history of Mount Tahan, is this outburst from one of the expedition leaders facing hardship on finding the peak of Mount Tahan 100 years ago.

………. we decide a dried-up water course; and finding a little water in ahollow, we decided to camp there. There were no large palm leaves to be found thereabout, and so darkness and rain came upon us before we finished ourshelter, and we passed a miserable night, wet and shivering with cold, as the rainhadputourfiresout……

(Wasterstrad, 1902: p12)

In the early 1900s, many expeditions were undertaken to Mount Tahan, mainly organized by British and European explorers. The chronology of expeditions is shown in Table 1. Almost all the climbing expeditions that took place before 1905 had the same purpose which was to find a practical route leading to the peak of Mount Tahan. Most of the expeditions begin from the south of the national park which is through the Kuala Tahan Trail. There were many difficulties encountered. Difficulties such as shortage of rations, delivery of rations, thick forest, lost navigation, the weakness of expedition management and continuous monsoon weather were the main factors that lead to failure of most expeditions.

Most purposes of Tahan expeditions in the late 1800›s were mainly to identify and find areas of valuable natural resources: for example gold, diamond, silver, copper and valuable plants (i.e. gaharu) and the centre areas for game hunting. At that time, almost every expedition to Mount Tahan was financed by the British Museum in England, even though the success of some of


the expeditions were mainly dependent on the participation of the local communities, especially guides, coolies and local headman. These local community support groups are the backbone for every expedition program and are responsible for ensuring the expeditions logistic runs smoothly. Table 2 and Table 3 are individuals and locals with close connection to the Gunung Tahan exploration history from 1800-1940.

The Tahan Range is considered a sacred area for the local community, but this does not mean that they are prevented from exploring the area completely. There is a high possibility that the area around the peak of Mount Tahan had been visited by a local community. Shamefully, until this very day, proof of local communities conquering the Tahan Summit has not been documented in any Malaysian history. Knowledge of trails to the peak of Mount Tahan could have been long known by the locals especially villagers around Ulu Tembeling areas and a few local explorers that resided in nearby villages, especially in the district of Mount Tahan. The question is; did the locals or villagers nearby ever make it through to the peak of Mount Tahan before the 1905 Robinson expedition? or did they only step foot on the peak of Tahan during their involvement in a few expeditions sponsored by the British government? A few incidents and scenarios that occurred in the early 1900s can be considered in questioning the ability and local communities’ victory in climbing the peak of Mount Tahan. Among them are:

i. The Sultan of Pahang had previously sent an expedition to search for the peak of Mount Tahan. Yet, both of the groups failed to complete their climb and were stranded at Teku Goege due to factors such as bad weather (monsoon season) and high water levels. It is believed that the purpose of the expedition was to find treasures such as gold to help develop the State of Pahang after facing a civil war that lasted for 6 years (1857-1863). This war is also known locally as the “War of the Kemaman Men” (Linehan, 1973). There is a possibility that during the time, the guides› knowledge leading towards the Tahan summit was limited to merely Teku Basin (this location is situated on the southwest of Mount Tahan).

ii. To the rattan collectors, fruit gatherers and local hunters, Tahan Range (this area is located between Teku Basin and Tahan Basin) is a “hidden treasure” and filled with “natural stock”. Logically, natural forest zone are rich with various natural resources and are oftenly visited by locals for their food supplies. Usually, entrance and path used are kept secret by these local to avoid rivals for the valuable forest product (i.e. valuable minerals, fruits, latex, rattan and wood) from other groups, especially the foreigners. From information collected through oral history of the locals around TNNP, Tahan Range was known to be the “harvesting areas” since the era of their ancestors. Understandably, even though there is very little written documentation on local people endeavour on Mount Tahan, it is most likely that they have a wide knowledge about mountain trails, and it is almost impossible that they have never been to any peaks in the Tahan Range. In 1912, Scrivenor, a British Geologist produced a profile drawing of the Tahan range during his time at the peak of Cherual Limestone hill, to the west of Mount Tahan. During the time, the process of identifying some peaks was given major assistance by a guide named Yusuf Sulaiman. From the gathered information, another name for Mount Tahan is Mount Rotan, which meant a mountainous area filled with rattan and was often visited by rattan collectors from the western part. In that era, rattan was considered as a valuable and luxurious resource.


iii. During the 1905 Robinson expedition, a few Malays from Pahang were seen going back and forth from Tahan peak and Kuala Teku (base camp) with great ease to hand in the climbers’ progress report to the head of the expedition, H.C Robinson. Among the things reported were the guides latest location and guarantee of them finding the Tahan peak in the near future. They could also recognize the summit closest to Tahan peak, which is Mount Gedong (6,776 feet). It was presumed that during the Robinson expedition, a local group of guides had discovered the real trail leading to the peak of Mount Tahan. There is also a possibility that some of them had been guides during the W.W. Skeat expedition six years ago.

iv. The willingness of the local guides to show the directions to the Tahan peak in the 1905 Robinson expedition might have been influenced by motivational factors such as luxurious reward/pay (sometimes twice a day) given by the British expedition leader if the guides continued searching for trails and maintained a good relationship with the European explorers and other expedition members. The culture of promising good incentives has been practiced by a few previous expedition leaders such as by W.W. Skeat and H.N. Ridley when the coolies and guides did not want to continue their climb and wanted to go home. From the author›s reading, it is clear that guides and coolies often caused problems during the expedition, complaining of tiredness, being disturbed by forest spirits, not wanting to continue their climb and constantly expressing their dissatisfaction with the unreasonable payment (despite in the beginning they agreed with the rate promised). Are these behaviours on purpose or do they have their own agenda? Efforts to stall the expedition is usually recognized by the expedition leaders and dealt by increasing their daily wages. However not all the expedition leaders had the same approach. A different approach cames from J.B Scrivenor, in his 1906 expedition. Besides verifying that there were four Pahang Malay guides who were the first people to arrive at the Tahan peak in the 1905 Robinson expedition (the clause stated in his writing and published in 1912), he also emphasised that ease arrival at the peak of Tahan was enhanced by to co-operation and building a close relationship between expedition members and local people (guides, coolies and local leaders). Among his statements;

….in 1906, thanks to the timing of the attempt, the lightness of the baggage, the willingness of the Malayans with me……., the ascent of Gunong Tahan was madewithoutseriousdifficultybeingencounteredoranyhitchoccurringwiththe men. The ascent was in a fact, a picnic...

(Scrivenor, 1912; p9)

CONCLUSION

Historical information, myth and local belief presented in this paper is invaluable and can be transformed to recreation and tourism product at Taman Negara National Park Pahang. Interpretation technique implemented through story telling, attractive interpretive panel and wayside may serve as the best options to portray the historical value of GTT. Further studies on the histories of the GTT have to be more aggressive especially if the procedures involve data collection employing oral history method.


Table 1: Chronology of mountain exploration at Gunung Tahan (1875 – 1920)

1875 • The first European to hear of Gunung Tahan was the Russian explorer, Baron Mikluho Maclay (one of the earliest Pahang explorers), who `noticed at some distance from Kg Penghulu Gendong, Ulu Kelantan, a remarkable mountain which was pointed out to me as Gunung Tahan› (Skinner, 1878)

1880 • The first two expeditions were sent by Sultan Ahmad of Pahang to search for magic stones at the summit. They chose the trail through Tebu Valley and tried to climb the gorge surface, vertically at a height of 1000m. The efforts of these two groups were a failure by towering precipices separating the banks.

1884 • Sir F.A. Swettenham, on a visit to Kuala Kangsar in Perak was able to see a new mountain that was situated deep in the north side of Pahang. He reported : “within averyfewminutesofthefirstsightingofthemountainitwasnolongervisible,andeventhecloudseemedtohavemergedinthehazeofthehorizon,makingitdifficultto believe that we had really seen there a far more imposing height than any I have yet beheld in Peninsular”

1891 • This is a first attempt to climb Gunung Tahan. The expedition was led by the H. N. Ridley with Mr W. Davison, Curator of Raffles Museum and Lt. Kelsall (Australian Army). This botanist expedition never reaches the base of the mountains because of ignorance, poor leadership, short of supplies, inexperienced crews with local condition and bad timing (unfavourable weather and during war in States of Pahang,)

1893 • H. M. Becher lost his life on the expedition to the mountain. While escaping from the campsite in the middle of Tahan River, he was stubborn and stood up while steering his boat even though pleaded by the Malays to sit and allow them to handle the rapids. He fell into the rapids when his boat capsized and his body was never found. His colleague (Mr Quin), another European, was able to be saved by the other boat.

1899 • W. W. Skeat was the first to get farther than the lowlands in the history of the Mount Tahan exploration and the achievement of his team has become a guide or the opening pathway to following expeditions. This is a part of Cambridge University Expedition to explore the north of Malaya. During the expedition, his porter group buried some durians and rambutan seeds somewhere along the Tahan River (today known as Kuala Tenor) and they also ran into rhinoceroses. In dismay, they went off course to the west of Mount Tahan and got stuck/trapped in between Sg Teku Valley at Teko George. This situation was similar to the expedition sent by Sultan Ahmad, 19 years before. Realizing his mistake, Skeat decided not to return home but made a bold decision to continue the journey and climb the vertical rockface of Teku Goerge and succeeded to arrive at one peak, which was known as Gunung Pankin (1463), which he marked with a flag (“kain batik”). Then they retired back to Sg. Teku and headed out of Kuala Tahan.


1901 Mr. John Waterstrad, was a strong individual and did not easily give up to reach the peak of Mount Tahan and tried to achieve it by going through different routes. First attempts were from south of Sg. Tahan, second expeditions through Ulu Galas, Kelantan and third expeditions from the west of Pahang which was Kg. Pulai. He spent over seven month at the Tahan Range and failed to give a description or proof that he had reached the peak of Mount Tahan. There is a possibility that his climb was merely until the base of Tahan which was between the Tanum river stretch in Pahang and Sg. Relai-Aring in Kelantan. In the first expedition, he constantly got stranded near a waterfall (most probability at Four Steps Waterfall, going far off course to the east of the Tahan peak, or Teku Waterfall at the West of Tahan peak?) and was only able to see two other tall mountain peaks in the north. His climb stopped there because prevented by a deep gully and a rockface mountain plateau that is vertical and wide. The many arguments occurred between him and his coolies and guides were among factors of his expedition failure. Still credit should be given to him for being the first European to try climbing Mount Tahan from the west. Today that trail is known as the Merapoh Trail.

1905 Herbert C. Robinson, Che Nik, Mu’min, Mat Aris and Bulang were the first to reach the summit of Mount Tahan, at 10:15 a.m on July 16, 1905, nearly two months after leaving Kuala Tahan (Robinson, 1908b; Scrivenor, 1912). They ascended by boat along the Tahan River via Berkoh Rapid until Kuala Teku (5th camp). A friend of Robinson, Messrs Wray did not make it to the peak of Tahan because was infected with diarrhoea and had to rest at the 6th camp (now known as Wray’s Camp) and sent out through Kuala Lipis. Total members in the expedition are 65 people. There were 56 Pahang Malays, three Malay servants, four Dayak and two European. With a large number of expedition members and enough food supply, Robinson’s guide team succeeded on finding the trail to the peak of Mount Tahan following the signs or flag tied by W. W. Skeat in Mount Pankin 6 years previously (in 1899).

Elevations above sea level were established by means of an aneroid barometer. Although Mr. Robinson had determined the summit elevation to be approximately 7,200 ft, the official figure in 1906 was 7,050 ft. In the following year, Bulang (guide leader in the Robinson expedition) was taken again as a guide in Scrivenor 1906 expedition (Briggs, 1988).

1912 Mount Tahan was rightfully granted its stature at 7,186 ft (Scrivenor, 1912). The figure stands at 7,184 ft today. Survey beacon erected on summit of Mount Tahan.

British High Commissioner, Sir Edward Brockman with Sir Arthur Young climbed Mount Tahan to investigate its potential as a grand hill station and health resort.


Table 2. European explorer and their connection with early history of Mount Tahan exploration.

Baron von Mikluho-Maclay(1846-1888)

••

Russian explorer, naturalist and ethnologistActive exploring all over Peninsular Malaya. He was the first European to hear and see the Mount of Tahan through binoculars from a far, in the State of Kelantan (northern side).

Frank Anthelstane Swettenham(1850 – 1946)

••

Resident General of the Federated Malay States (1896 – 1901)Among the earliest European to spot Mount Tahan. He was lucky because was able to see Mount Tahan from ‘The Hermitage’, (bungalow in the hill area of Kuala Kangsar in the State of Perak) by using a powerful telescope.

William Cameron •

•

Could see the peak of Mount Tahan from the Main Range, Peninsular Malaysia and estimated height of the “unknown” mountain to be over 8,000 feet.William Cameron (British Surveyor) and his guide, Kulop Riau discover flat land in the middle of the Main Range in Peninsular Malaysia in 1885, today known as Cameron Highland.

Ridley, Henry Nicholas(1855 – 1956)

•

•

Was the leader for the first British expedition to the peak of Mount Tahan but met failure.Botanist and Director of the Botanic Gardens Singapore. He made a collection from a few species of plants growing along the Mount Tahan Trail.

H. M. Becher(1854 - 1893)

•

•

European explorer that died on September 1893 in Sg. Tahan during the Mount Tahan expedition (trying to follow Ridleys path).Mining engineer and members of the British Geological Society


Skeat, Walter William(1866 – 1953)

•

•

The first British explorer to explore far and nearly to the middle of the peak of Mount Tahan. Yet still going off course to Teku Valley and had to climb up a vertical gorge surface only up to Mount Pankin. One of the names of mountain peak nearby was known as Gunung Reskit, as a sign to remember him. Statement that stated he was missing in 1899 (today the area is known as Mount Reskit) is not true regarding the information found by the author, Skeat died in England 1953.His expedition started in the north of Mount Tahan, in the south of Kelantan, moving towards the east of Taman Negara National Park, along to Tembeling River before entering Tahan River and up to Kuala Teku and the climb ended at Mount Pankin. Before the expedition, W. W. Skeat had to return back and forth from Pahang to Kelantan to identify trails and searching for skilled guides and porter. His expedition was exploration of the Malaya forest and mainly sponsored by the University of Cambridge.

• He is an ethnographer and his flag marking (by using a ‘kain batik’) at the final location of the expedition at the Tahan Range helped to achieve victory in the Robinson expedition six years later

Waterstradt, Johannes (John) (1869 – 1944)

•

•

Exploring from the north, east and south of Taman Negara National Park in search of a trail to the peak of Mount Tahan. Claimed to arrived at the peak of Mount Tahan but doubted by H. C. Robinson because some vague information recorded by him at the time. His exploration mostly followed Skeat and referred to wildlife trails (elephant tracks and wild beasts)A Danish naturalist. Among the toughest and determined climbers searching for trails to the Mount Tahan peak

Robinson, Herbert Christopher (1874 – 1929)

•

•

•

British zoologist, a curator of Selangor State Museum and Director of Federated Malaya State Museum. He was a leader to the first group of expedition to reach Mount Tahan in 1905.Most of the names of waterfalls in Malaysia is as an honour to him.

Wray (Jr), Leonard (1852 – 1942)

••

Curator of Perak State Museum. A colleague of Robinson during the 1905 Tahan Expedition. He had a case of food poisoning and got stuck at Wray Camp (this campsite was named after him) and had to be brought out immediately to Kuala Lipis (capital city of Pahang during Hugh Clifford administration)


Scrivenor, John Brokeborn in 1876 and died?

•

•

British Surveyor and geologist. Climbed Mount Tahan, making measurement and determined Mount Tahan height. The information can still be used until today. In dismay, a historical iron eagle (beirut) peak of Mount Tahan built by him in 1912 and be replaced by the national park management with new construction.Exploring many mountain peaks in Peninsular Malaysia to measure the heights and conducting geological research. Until today, still no peaks have been named after him. He was also active in planning and construction of a few hill stations in Malaya.

Table 3. Local people who have relation to the early exploration of Mount Tahan

Sultan Ahmad (assumed the title in 1881), also known as Bendahara Wan Ahmad in 1863

• Sultan of Pahang who was crowned in 1881, ordered an expedition to the Mount Tahan to find gold and other valuable minerals

PanglimaGarangYusuf • Penghulu of Kuala Tembeling helped to secure guides, porters and preparation of logistic facility coordinator, for a few British expedition to Mount Tahan especially during the H. N. Ridley expedition in 1891

Penghulu Bakar • Penghulu Kg. Pagi in 1899, that help provide logistic facilities and porter during W. W. Skeat journey to Mount Tahan, through the Kelantan – Ulu Tembeling – Kuala Tahan – Kuala Teku route

Penghulu Kakap Husin •

•

The famous head villager of Kuala Tembeling – Ulu Tembeling Village in 1905Assisted the Robinson expedition from aspects of providing skilled guide, porter and base camp preparation in Kuala Teku for conquering the peak of Mount Tahan.

Dato’ To Muntri Idin •

•

He was in-charge with 10 Malays, preparing the base camp at Kuala Teku and two transit camp on the nearby hills before H. C. Robinson started the Mount Tahan conquering expedition.Possibly the most reliable/trustworthy person by Penghulu Kuala Tembeling, Penghulu or Panglima Kakap Husin


Dolah and Mat Akib • Two Malay men from State of Selangor and became an assistant for W. W. Skeat, starting from to the end of the Mount Tahan exploration expedition in 1899

Bulang, Mat Aris, Che Nik and Mu’min

• Guide from a nearby village and the first person to arrive at the peak of Mount Tahan during the 1905 H.C. Robinson expedition. They were the ones who first discovered the connecting pass between Teku Gorge and Upper Tahan towards Mount Gedong- Padang Plateau and next, to the peak of Mount Tahan.During the Robinson expedition 1905, many guides and porters gave up the climb and turn back to Kuala Tahan, yet they were still loyal and keep their pace to the Tahan Peak.

MatJeherandMatRifin • Two guides followed Bulang (head guide) in leading the way for the Scrivenor expedition while doing height surveying works and installing iron triangle at the peak of Mount Tahan in 1906.

YusufbinSulaiman • Guide that brought Scrivenor to Ulu Sg. Tanum and climbed to the peak of Cherual Limestone Hill to see the profile of Tahan Range from the west.

Dayak People or Borneo Men •

•

•

Remembered to this day for their expertise on tropical rain forest navigation and also popular with nick-named “iban trekkers”. Their services and expertise constantly used in many expeditions in Malayan deep forest by the British government.Assisted on transporting construction material for proposed lodging facilities at Camp Padang, near the peak of Tahan in 1936.Functioned as a guide in the Waterstradt expedition.As plant collectors during the Robinson expedition and worked for the Royal Botanical Garden of Singapore.

Sakai • Natives people and also known as “orang asli” (local name) that live around the national park and played a huge role in assisting the success of a few British expeditions. Consist of Negritos and Batek tribes and familiar with deep forests. Often used as guides or porters.

Coolies • Porters used to lift/carry items and foods during the expedition at the Gunung Tahan Trail in the past. Usually consisted of Malays.


REFERENCES

Aiken, R. (1987) Early Penang hill station. Geographical Review 77(4), 421-439.Briggs, J. (1988) Mountains of Malaysia: a Practical Guide and Manual. Longman: Kuala

LumpurButcher, J.G. (1979) The British in Malaya 1880-1941; The social history of a European community

in colonial South East Asia. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.Linehan, W. (1973) A History of Pahang. The Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society,

Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Vol XIV, Part 2. Robinson, H.C. (1908b) Report on the Gunong Tahan expedition, May-September, 1905. Journal

of the Federated Malay States Museums 3, 9-25.Scrivenor, J.B. (1912) Gunong Tahan and Gunong Riam. Journal of the Straits Branch of the

Royal Asiatic Society 62, 8-21.Skeat, W.W. (1908) A personal reconnaissance of Gunung Tahan. Journal of the Federated Malay

States Museums 3, 77-90.Skinner (1878) An extract from the note book of Baron Mikluho-Maclay, 1875. Journal of the

Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 1, 61-62.Waterstradt, J. (1902) Kelantan and my trip to Gunong Tahan. Journal of the Straits Branch of

the Royal Asiatic Society 37, 1-27.


MOTH (LEPIDOPTERA: HETEROCERA) OF SUNGAI SEDIM FOREST RESERVE, KEDAH, MALAYSIA

Norela Sulaiman, Zarul Idham bin Kazal Maidin, Maimon Abdullah and Saidah Md Said

School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology,Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor Malaysia

ABSTRACT

Sampling of moth in Sungai Sedim Forest Reserve in Kedah Malaysia were conducted from August 17th until 19th and December 7th until 9th 2007. The objective of the study was to determine the diversity of moth species (Lepidoptera : Heterocera). A total of 196 individual representing 116 species in 12 families were collected during six days of sampling. Noctuidae is the most dominant family with 41 species, followed by Geometridae (36 species), Lymantridae (11 species), Sphingidae (10 species), Notodontidae (5 species), Arctiidae (3 species), Uranidae (3 species), Drepanidae (2 species), Saturnidae and Nolidae (each with two species); and Lasiocampidae and Limacodidae (each with one species). In general, the most abundant species is Gangaridea vardena Swinhoe (Notodontidae), while the common species is Hypochrosis binexata Walker (Geometridae). A total of 81 species (69.83%) are known as rare species. The Shannon Weiner index value was highest (H’=3.37) recorded for sampling during 18/08/07, followed by sampling at H’= 3.37 (19/08/07), H’=3.30 (17/08/07), H’=2.84 (07/12/07) and H’=2.78 (08/12/07), respectively. The overall H’ value for 5 days sampling is 4.46 while the Evennes index (E’) is 0.94. The highest values of H’ and E’ indices show that Sungai Sedim Forest Reserve, Kedah has a very high diversity of moth species and is evenly distributed.

INTRODUCTION

Moths are a group of specialized, night-flying Lepidoptera. Generally they can be recognized by their dull colours, and feathery antennae, but also by the way they rest, with the wings stretch and expanded. The base of the hindwing is expanded and strengthened, supporting and coupling with the forewing when flight. Moths have a wide variety of wing shape. This study was conducted in the Sungai Sedim Forest Reserve, district of Kulim Kedah. This forest is classified as a dipterocarp forest. The area covers almost 100 km2 with coordinate 100◦47’10.7” E and 05◦24’50.3” N. Sungai Sedim Forest Reserve is situated 33 km from Kulim and 130 km from Alor Setar. It located within the Gunung Inas Forest Reserve is one of the best places to go for white water rafting. The 15km long river has fast flowing waters and rapids excellent for white water sports activities. The river is also one of the best heart-stopping water rapids in the world. Sungai Sedim is a very nice place to go to enjoy the nature because of the diversity of flora and fauna. Sungai Sedim famous as conservation forest, catchment’s water area, virgin forest, wildlife conservation forest, research forest and recreation forest. This study documented the diversity of moth fauna of Sungai Sedim Forest Reserve.

MATERIALS AND METHOD

A study of moths fauna was conducted at Sungai Sedim Forest Reserve, Kedah was carried out from from August 17th until 19th and December 7th until 9th 2007. Sampling of moths was using 160 watt mercury vapour bulb light traps powered by a portable generator, hang in front of a white

110 NorelaSulaiman,ZarulIdhambinKazalMaidin,MaimonAbdullah&SaidahMdSaid

cloth screen that are directed towards the surrounding of the forest from 1900 to 2200 hours. Moths that came and trapped at the screen were collected manually. The specimens were killed in the killing jars containing cotton wools soaked with ethyl acetate. Later, the specimens were pinned, oven-dried, identified, labeled and classified in the laboratory at the Centre for Insect Systematic, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (CIS-UKM). Species identification is done with the aid of standard references such as Borror & Delong (1971), Barlow (1982), Carter (1992) and Holloway (1987). Spesies identified than reposited in CIS-UKM depository.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Moth Fauna

A total of 196 individual representing 116 species in 12 families were collected during six days of sampling. Noctuidae is the most dominant family with 41 species, followed by Geometridae (36 species), Lymantridae (11 species), Sphingidae (10 species), Notodontidae (5 species), Arciidae (3 species), Uranidae (3 species), Drepanidae (2 species), Saturnidae and Nolidae (each with two species); and Lasiocompidae and Limacodidae (each with one species) (Appendix 1). This comprises approximately 9.59% of the total known species in the Borneo (Table 1) and constituted the new record for this forest reserve, since there is no previously published report of fauna moth in this area.

In general, the highly abundant species is Gangaaridea vardena Swinhoe (Notodontidae), while the common species is Hypochrosis binexata Walker (Geometridae). A total of 81 species (69.83%) are known as rare species. The most dominant family found is Noctuidae with 41 species or 3 5.34% of the total moths collected. This is because Noctuidae family around the world is exceeding 25,000 species whilst the number of Geometridae family is 15,000 species (Carter 1992). They vary in size from ten millimeters in wingspan to 20 centimeters or more, although with only a few exceptions they are dull moths with grey, brown or black wings and few obvious markings. Two marks on the forewing - one circular and one kidney-shaped are often diagnostic.

Moth (Lepidoptera:Heterocera) Of Sungai Sedim Forest Reserve, Kedah, Malaysia

111

Table 1 : Comparative number and percentage of moth species found at the Sungai Sedin Forest Reserve, Kedah and those of the Borneo.

FamilyNo. of species in each family in Sedim Forest Reserve (Present Study)

No of species in each family in Borneo

(Halloway)

Percentage of species compared to those of

the BorneoNoctuidae 41 480 8.54%Geometridae 36 385 9.53%Lymantridae 11 76 14.47%Uranidae 3 11 27.27%Nolidae 1 0 0Sphingidae 10 42 23.81%Arctiidae 3 70 4.29%Notodontidae 5 35 14.29%Drepanidae 2 26 7.69%Lasiocampidae 1 16 6.25%Limacodidae 1 12 8.33%Saturnidae 2 5 40%Total 116 1210 9.59%

Comparison With Moth Species in Other Areas of Malaysia

In comparison, the total number of moths species recorded in this study (116 species) is lower compared to those of Kinabalu Park (706 species) (Jainah 1984), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Reserve Forest (766 species) (Norela 1993) and Sayap Forest in Sabah (722 species) (Chong 1993), respectively (Table 2). The most probably reason is the limited duration of sampling period compared to those locations that cover much more time of sampling in order to have a good picture of the moths fauna diversity. On the other word, Sungai Sedim Forest Reserve Hutan has been converted into recreational areas and developed with basic infrastructures for visitors, and this could be the underlying factor for the decrease in species richness observed. Thus this result might be one of the factor that cause the lower number of species obtained in this study. In conclusion, the diversity of moths fauna in this study was considered moderate, taking into account the limited sampling period and area covered as compared to similar efforts from other part of Malaysia.


Table 2 : comparative number and percentage of species recorded at Sungai Sedim Forest Reserve (SDFR), Kinabalu Park (KP), Hutan Simpan Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi (UKM), and Sayap Sabah (SS).

No FamilyNumber of species in each family

SDFR* KP UKM SS1 Noctuidae 41 269 178 2802 Geometridae 36 240 143 1813 Lyamantridae 11 47 39 334 Uranidae 3 4 2 45 Nolidae 1 0 2 06 Sphigidae 10 11 0 467 Arctiidae 3 52 83 798 Notodontidae 5 26 14 339 Drepanidae 2 14 20 1310 Lasiocampidae 1 11 3 1111 Limacodidae 1 1 18 812 Saturnidae 2 5 0 713 Cossidae 0 2 2 914 Bombycidae 0 8 1 815 Zygaenieda 0 0 4 116 Epiplemidae 0 6 4 117 Eupterotidae 0 5 0 418 Callidulidae 0 1 0 119 Hepialidae 0 0 0 020 Metarbelidae 0 1 0 121 Brahmaeidae 0 0 0 222 Cycliydidae 0 0 0 023 Thyatiridae 0 3 0 024 Pyralidae 0 0 207 025 Thytiridae 0 3 14 026 Tortricidae 0 0 10 027 Lecithoceridae 0 0 6 028 Tineidae 0 0 5 029 Gelechiidae 0 0 3 030 Oecophoridae 0 0 2 131 Pyraustidae 0 0 2 032 Psyschidae 0 0 1 033 Xylorytiidae 0 0 1 034 Eriocottidae 0 0 1 035 Choreutidae 0 0 1 0

Total% of Borneo

1169.59%

70658.35%

76663 .31%

72259.67%

Sources : Jainah, 1984 (KP) ; Norela, 1993 (UKM); Chong 1993 (SS); present study (SDFR)*


113

Cumulative Species Diversity

Table 3 shows the values of Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H’), Shannon-Wiener Evenness index (E’) and total cumulative species (S’) for five sampling occasions.

Table 3: values of Shannon-Wiener diversity Index (H+), Shannon-Wiener Evenness (E+)and Total cumulative species (S+).

Index 1 2 3 4 5 Total

(17/08/07) (18/08/07) (19/08/07) (07/12/07) (08/12/07) 1+2+3+4+5E’ 0.96 0.98 0.97 0.95 0.91 0.94H’ 3.30 3.37 3.47 2.48 2.78 4.46

Notes : H’ values with the same alphabets are not significantly different (p>0.05).

Cumulative analysis is used to determine the adequate of sampling efforts; whether more samplings are otherwise needed to point out the true species diversity and richness of the study area. The cumulative Shannon-Weiner diversity Index (H’) for day one is 3.30 (Table 3). The index for second day sampling was slightly increased to 3.37 and getting increase again for the third day sampling occasion. However, the differences were statistically not significant (p>0.05) between day one with day two sampling; and day two with day three. The H’ decreases to 2.48 for the fourth day and the difference is statistically significant (p<0.05) compared to other days. The fifth sampling effort was not significantly difference (p>0.05) compared to fourth day and this could be due to recaptured the same species in the subsequent sampling. Thus, it can be generally concluded that the minimum sampling efforts required providing a representative description of moth species diversity at Sungai Sedim Forest Reserve for fifth day sampling occasion. The Evenness value (E’) was almost constant from the first to fifth sampling occasion with range from 0.91 to 0.98 (Table 3), which seem to indicate the lack of diversity in food plants and climate factor.

It can be deduced that more regular surveys, more longer duration of sampling and more wider areas would provide a better representative picture of the moths fauna for the area. Thus, this would include not only in terms of species diversity, eveness and richness composition but also the status of the biological diversity that occur in the area, that has an interaction with the moth fauna.

CONCLUSION

A total of 196 individual representing 116 species in 12 families were collected during six days of sampling. Noctuidae is the most dominant family with 41 species, followed by Geometridae (36 species), Lymantridae (11 species), Sphingidae (10 species), Notodontidae (5 species), Arctiidae (3 species), Uranidae (3 species), Drepanidae (2 species), Saturnidae and Nolidae (each with two species); and Lasiocampidae and

Limacodidae (each with one species). In general, the most abundant species is Gangaridea vardena Swinhoe (Notodontidae), while the common species is Hypochrosis binexata Walker (Geometridae). The overall H’ value for 5 days sampling is 4.46 while the Evennes index (E’) is 0.94. The highest values of H’ and E’ indices show that Sungai Sedim Forest Reserve, Kedah has a very high diversity of moth species and is evenly distributed.


ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The authors would like to thank Mr. Mohd Zabidi Yaakob and Ahmad Adnan Mohamed from Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia for his assistance in field sampling, the Director of Jabatan Perhutanan Negeri Kedah for their permission to use the facilities and kind assistance of the staff. This research was funded by the student grant 2007, provided by Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.

REFERENCES

Barlow, H.S. (1982), An Introduction to the Moths of Southeast Asia. Malayan Nature Society, Kuala Lumpur.

Borror, D. J. & Delong, D. M. (1971). An Introduction to the Study of Insect. 3rd Ed. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc.

Carter, D.J. (1992). Eyewitness Handbooks : Butterflies and Moths. London : Dorling Kindersley Limited.

Chong, S.M. (1993). Tinjauan fauna rama-rama di dua habitat yang berbeza di Sayap, Kota Belud, Sabah. Tesis SmSn (Kep). Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kampus Sabah. Unpublished. (in Malays)

Holloway, J.D. (1976). Moths of Borneo with special reference to Mt. Kinabalu, Kuala Lumpur. Kuala Lumpur. Malaysia Nature Society.

Holloway, J. D., Bradley, J. D. & Carter, D. J. (1987). Lepidoptera. 1st Edition, edited byBetts, C. R. United Kingdom: C.A.B International.

Jainah, B. (1984). Tinjauan fauna rama-rama di sekitar kawasan bangunan Ibu Pejabat Taman Kinabalu Sabah. Tesis SmSn (Kep). Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kampus Sabah. Unpublished. (in Malays)

Norela Sulaiman. (1993). Pemonitoran Rama-rama di Universiti Kebangsan Malaysia Kampus Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan. Tesis S. Sn. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi. Unpublished. (in Malays)


115

Appendix 1 : Number of specimens of each moth species recorded for Sungai Sedim Forest Reserve, Kulim Kedah over the sampling occasion.

No. TaxaSampling ocassion

August 2007 December 2007

17 18 19 7 8NOCTUIDEA

Subfamili: Ophidernia1 Anisoneura aluco Fabricius 1 0 0 0 02 Anisoneura salebrosa Guenee 1 0 0 0 03 Bastilla arcuata Moore 1 0 0 0 04 Catocala mocula Hampson 0 1 0 0 05 Ischja inferna Swinhoe 1 0 0 0 06 Ischja hemiphaea Hampson 1 0 0 0 07 MarapanaflavicostaGuenee 1 0 0 0 08 Pangrapta chilana Swinhoe 1 0 0 0 09 Tochera olivacea Swinhoe 2 0 0 0 0

Subfamili : Acronictinae10 Aburina uniformis Swinhoe 0 1 0 0 011 Buzara saikehi Walker 0 1 0 0 012 Pangrapta poeto ides M.G. Allen 0 1 0 0 013 Platyja umminia Cramer 0 1 0 0 0

Subfamili: Stictopterinae14 Bamra albico Walker 0 0 1 0 015 Daddala quadrisingnata Walker 0 0 1 0 016 Erebus aphesperis aphesperis Hubner 0 0 1 0 017 Gardirtha inexacta Walker 0 1 0 0 018 Holodes caranea Cramer 0 0 1 0 019 Platja umbrina Doubleday 0 0 2 0 020 Simplica rufaoaccidentalis Holloway 0 2 0 0 021 Sperredonia alix Guenee 0 0 2 0 022 Tochara creberrima Walker 0 0 1 0 023 Vestura minereusalis Walker 0 1 0 0 0

Subfamili : Hypeninae24 Achaea serva Fabricius 0 0 0 0 125 Avatha tepescens Walker 0 0 1 0 026 Avitta guttulosa Swinhoe 0 0 1 0 027 Episparis costistriga Walker 2 0 0 0 028 Ophiusa trapezium Guenee 0 0 2 0 029 Sypna persubsignata Walker 0 0 1 0 030 Ugia serrilinea Hampson 0 0 1 0 0


Subfamili: Acontinae31 Heterospila fulgerea Guenee 4 0 1 2 032 Hypopyra assigero ides Sp.n 0 0 0 0 133 Hypospila bolinoides Guenee 4 2 0 0 034 Ischyja subreducta Sp.n 1 0 0 1 0

Subfamily : Catocalinae35 Hamodes lutea Walker 1 0 1 0 036 Ischyja paraplesius Rothschild 0 1 2 0 037 Ugia disjungens Walker 0 1 1 0 0

Subfamili: Sarrothripnae38 Asota preducta Buttler 0 0 1 0 139 Ercheia cyllaria Cramer 0 0 1 0 140 Hamodes prop itia Guerin-Meneville 0 0 0 2 141 Othresis fuionia Clerck 0 0 0 0 1

GEOMETRIDAESubfamili: Oenochrominae

42 Amblychia hymenaria Prout 1 0 0 0 043 Catoria tamsi Prout 1 0 0 0 044 Cleora pendleburyi Prout 0 1 0 0 045 Dysphania glaucescens Walker 1 0 0 0 046 Lapho bates mesotoechia Prout 1 0 0 0 047 Ormithospila avicularia Guenee 1 0 0 0 048 Sarcinodes malakarius Prout 0 1 0 0 049 Sundascellia epelys Prout 1 0 0 0 050 Teldenia unistrigata Walker 1 0 0 0 0

Subfamili: Geometrinae51 Cleoria atlenaria Walker 0 1 0 0 052 CyclophoraflavissimaProut 0 1 0 0 053 Ophthalmitis basiscripta Walker 0 0 1 0 054 Peratophyga xanthyala Hampson 0 1 0 0 055 Semiothisa avitusaria Walker 0 1 0 0 056 TanaorhinusrafflesiiMoore 0 1 0 0 057 Thalassodes depulsata Walker 0 2 0 0 058 Xerodes pilosa M.G. Allen 0 0 1 0 059 ZehebalucidataWalker 0 1 0 0 0

Subfamili : Ennominae60 Celerena signata Walker 0 0 0 0 161 Cleora batillata Fletcher 0 0 1 0 062 Cleora determinata Walker 0 0 0 1 0


117

63 Dindica polyphaenaria Guenee 0 0 1 0 064 Fascellina aurifera Warren 0 0 0 1 065 Hypocrosis binexata Walker 1 2 1 3 066 Hypocrosis pyrrhopheata Walker 0 3 0 0 867 Hypocrosis sternaria Guenee 0 0 1 0 068 Lassaba vinacea Prout 0 0 0 1 069 Luxiaria hyalodela Prout 0 0 0 1 070 Nadagara synocha Prout 0 0 0 1 071 OrathalassodesflaccosaProut 0 0 0 0 172 Pingasa rubimontana Hooloway & Sommerer 1 0 0 0 073 Xylinophylla hypocausta Warren 1 0 0 0 0

Subfamili : Sterrhinae75 Aparandria specularia Guenee 0 0 1 1 076 Omiza lycoraria Guenee 1 0 0 2 077 Tanaorhinus viridiluteataWalker 0 0 2 2 0

LYMANTRIDAE78 Arctornis magnaclava Collenette 3 0 0 0 279 Arctornis naptha Sp.n 0 0 0 0 180 Arctornis perfecta Walker 1 0 1 0 081 Hema petriinnae Bryk 0 0 2 0 082 Imaus manda Walker 0 0 1 0 083 Leu coma impressa Snellen 0 1 0 0 084 Lymantria minora Van Eecke 1 1 0 0 085 Micromorphe chalcostoma Collenette 0 1 0 0 086 Nygmia guttulata Snellen 0 0 0 0 187 Nygmia peperites Collenette 0 2 0 1 088 Situla denudate Walker 0 0 0 2 0

URANIDAE89 Barachydecetia rufescens Butler 1 0 0 0 090 Phazaca erosioides Walker 0 1 0 0 091 Uraptero ides astheniata Guene 0 0 0 3 0

NOLIDAE92 Blenina donnas Walker 1 0 0 0 0

SPHINGIDAESubfamily : Sphinginae

93 Callambulyx rubicosa Amanda Rothschild 0 0 1 0 094 Cechenena helops Walker 0 1 0 0 095 Oxyyambulyx pryeri Distant 1 0 0 0 096 Theretra nessus Drury 1 0 0 0 0


Subfamily : Macroglossinae97 Acosmeryx Socrates Boisduva 0 0 1 0 098 Enpinanga borneensis Butler 0 0 1 0 099 Enpinanga borneensis Butler 0 0 0 0 3

100 Megacorma oblique Walker 0 0 0 0 1101 Panacra dohertyi Rothschild 0 0 0 0 3102 Teheretra nessus Drury 0 0 0 0 1

ARCTIDAESubfamily : Lithosinae

103 Anagnra subfascia Walker 0 0 1 0 0104 Asota subsimiis Walker 0 0 0 0 1105 Barsine roseororatus Butler 0 1 0 0 0

NOTODONTIDAE106 Formogentonia orbifer hampson 0 1 0 0 0107 Gangarides rosea Walker 0 0 2 0 0108 Gangarides vardena Swinhoe 0 0 5 5 2109 Hyperaeschrella insulicola Kiriakoff 0 0 0 1 0110 Tarsolepis rufobronnea Rothschild 0 0 0 1 0

DREPANIDAE111 Albara reversaria reversaria Walker 0 1 0 0 0112 Camptopsestis malayana Yoshimato 0 0 0 1 0

LASIOCAMPIDEA113 Trabala indra Roepke 0 0 2 0 0

LIMACODIDAE114 Scopelodes athela Swinhoe 0 0 0 0 2

SATURNIDAE115 Attacus atlas Linnaeus 0 0 0 1 0116 Samia borneensis Drury 0 0 0 0 1

Cumulative no. of individuals 16 57 104 118 149Cumulative no. of species 10 27 38 44 51

Total no. of specimens 171Total no. of species 60


MOLECULAR SYSTEMATICS OF Nycticebus coucang AND ITS RELATIONSHIPS TO THE OTHER MALAYSIAN PRIMATES BASED ON CYT B GENE SEQUENCES.

Badrul Munir Md-Zain1, Norlindawati Abd. Pateh1, Ang Khai Chung1, Vun Vui Fui1, Zainal Zahari Zainuddin2, Maklarin Lakim3, Ahmad Ampeng1,4, Shukor M. Nor1 &

Mahani Mansor Clyde1

1School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences,Faculty of Science and Technology,

Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi,Selangor, Malaysia

2Jabatan PERHILITAN, Km 10 Jalan Cheras, 56100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia3 The Board of Trustees of Sabah Parks, Kinabalu Park, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia

4Sarawak Forestry Department, Kuching, Sarawak Malaysia

ABSTRACT

This research was conducted to portray the phylogenetic relationships of a genus of Malaysian primitive primate (Nycticebus) with several groups of Malaysian higher primates (Presbytis, Trachypithecus, Macaca, and Symphalangus). We sequenced 388 base pairs of the partial Cytochrome B mtDNA gene sequences. A single individual of Tarsius bancanus was selected as an outgroup to root the tree. Data analyses were done using character-based approach (Maximum Parsimony, MP) and distance-based approach (Neighbour-joining, NJ). MP and NJ analysis show two major monophyletic clades between Nyticebus coucang and other Malaysian primates. This study supports the separation between Prosimii and Anthropoidea primates.

Keywords: Nycticebus coucang, Molecular systematics, Malaysian primates, Cytochrome B, DNA sequences

INTRODUCTION

Although Malaysia is a relatively small country, it is listed as one of the twelve world’s mega diversity countries (Cox, 1997). The tropical rain forests of Malaysia provide natural habitats for a great variety of species including primates. Bennett (1991) has listed out the entire Anthropoidea primates found throughout the country. Malaysia contains one species of great ape (Pongo pygmaeus), four lesser apes (Hylobates lar, H. agilis, H. muelleri and S. syndactylus), three cercopithecines (Macaca fascicularis, M. nemestrina and M. arctoides) and several colobine monkeys (Nasalis larvatus, Presbytis spp and Trachypithecus spp). In addition, Malaysia also has two types of prosimians, Tarsius and Nycticebus (Brandon-Jones et al., 2004).

Cytochrome b mtDNA gene is well-known as a gene that evolves rapidly and can show variations within and between species (Irwin et al., 1991). Caine´ et al. (2006) emphasized that CytB gene is ideal for species identification because it shows limited variability within and much greater variation between species. This mitochondrial DNA gene is widely used to infer phylogenetic relationships for mammals (Irwin et al. 1991; Kocher et al., 1989; Pesole et al., 1999) as well as in primate studies (Li et al., 2001; Montagnon et al., 2001; Md-Zain et al., 2005a; Yoder et al., 1996; Zhang & Ryder 1998a,b). Most of the phylogenetic relationship studies on Malaysian primates

120 BadrulMunirMd-Zain,NorlindawatiAbd.Pateh,AngKhaiChun,VunVuiFui,ZainalZahariZainuddin,MaklarinLakim,

AhmadAmpeng,ShukorM.Nor&MahaniMansorClyde

that used molecular data focused on the genus level, for examples in the genus Presbytis (Md-Zain 2001), Trachypithecus and Nasalis (Md-Zain et al., 2005b). Nevertheless, the molecular phylogeny relationships among the entire species of primates in Malaysia has never been carried out before. In addition very limited inferences can be made on molecular systematics of Nycticebus as only a few sequences are available in Gene Bank. Thus, this study carries one objective, which is to determine phylogenetic relationships between primitive and higher primates in Malaysia.


Taxa sampled

All samples used in this research are listed in Table 1. Several institutions (PERHILITAN, Sabah Parks, and Sarawak Forestry Department) provided the necessary facilities and assistance for tissue sample collection.

DNA extraction, amplification and sequencing

The Cyt-b gene was choosen to reflect sequence variation in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Total DNA was extracted from tissue and blood using phenol chloroform extraction method (Hillis et al., 1996), FTA® Cards according to the Whatman® Protocol for PCR and Gene All Tissue SV (Plus!) Mini Extraction Kit (Gene All). L14724 and H15149 (Table 2) were used as primers to amplify the Cyt-b gene (Irwin et al. 1991; Kocher et al., 1989). The PCR components for the samples are shown in Table 3. Estimated fragment size of the CytB gene for all amplified samples, observed after electrophoresis on 1.5% agarose gel is approximately 500bp (Figure 1). The PCR products were purified using QIAquick gel purification kit protocol (QIAGEN) and sent to company (1st Base, Kuala Lumpur) for sequencing.

Sequence Alignment and Data Analyses

Sequences were aligned using the ClustalW program, with minor adjustments made manually. Data matrix was analyzed by excluding 31 characters and using Tarsius bancanus as an outgroup. Two primary methods were used to discern phylogenetic relationships: maximum parsimony (MP) and neighbor joining (NJ). These analyses were conducted using PAUP version 4.0. For unweighted MP, trees were obtained by heuristic searches treating all nucleotide substitutions as unordered. Data were also subjected to bootstrap analysis with 2000 replications. Tree was also constructed using the NJ method by employing the Kimura 2 parameters distance option of PAUP. Homoplasy was quantified using the consistency index (CI) and the homoplasy index (HI).


The 357 remaining characters were examined. Results showed that 23.53% were constant characters, 2.24% characters were parsimony uninformative and 74.23% were parsimony informative. Unweighted MP analysis produced a single bootstrap tree (length = 619, CI = 0.6559, HI = 0.3441). Nycticebus, Symphalangus and Cercopithecidae were sorted into their own distinct monophyletic clade with 100% bootstrap support (Figure 2). NJ analysis yielded a single tree for which topology was slightly different from the MP tree (Figure 3). In the NJ tree, Nycticebus, and Cercopithecidae were sorted into their own distinct monophyletic clade with 100% bootstrap support while 99% bootstrap supported the Symphalangus clade. According the Hillis and Bull (1993), 70% or more is the minimum threshold in order to estimate phylogenies accurately.

Molecular Systematics Of Nycticebus coucang and Its Relationships to the Other Malaysian Primates Based On Cyt B Gene Sequences

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Besides looking at tree topologies and bootstrap values, phylogenetic relationships between Nycticebus and other Malaysian primates can also be derived from Kimura 2 Parameters distance matrix. Table 4 summarized the average percentage distance among Malaysian primates The average intra-specific genetic distance was 6.013 in the Nycticebus. The average inter-generic genetic distance between primitive primate (Nycticebus) and higher primates (Symphalangus, Trachypithecus and Presbytis) was 97.101

The topology of the tree is generally in agreement with the widely accepted classification of primates (Delson, 1980) that was based on fossil records and other molecular analyses (Arnason et al., 2000; Brown et al., 1982; Ferris et al., 1981; Hayasaka et al., 1988) except the position of the Symphalangus. Basically genus Nycticebus is more closely related to family Cercopithecidae than to family Hylobatidae. However, CytB sequences shows that the Nycticebus is more closely related to genus Symphalangus than to Macaque and leaf monkey.

The N. pygmaeus appears to be distantly related to other two types of lorises and it is more closely related to N. c. menagensis. This result strongly supports the study of skull measurement by Groves (1998, 2001) that recognized N. pygmaeus as a separate species. N. c. menagensis is closest to N. pygmaeus compared to other N. coucang subspecies because of a ring-species effect. CytB gene sequences in this study showed interesting result between N. c. coucang samples from Peninsular Malaysia. Samples from Peninsular Malaysia together with N. bengalensis were from one clade, while the sample from Borneo together with N. coucang sample from Gene Bank and N. c. menagensis were from another distinct clade. This result showed that the sample from Borneo (NcSP32) may be belongs to subspecies menagensis that support Brandon-Jones et al. (2004) and Groves (2001). N. c. javanicus which is one of N. coucang subspecies formed a separate branch. This result may not support Brandon-Jones et al. (2004) that classified N. c. javanicus together with N. c. coucang, and N. c. menagensis. However, this result is only based on one sample of N. c. javanicus from Gene Bank.

CONCLUSION

This study has increased our understanding of phylogenetic relationships among Malaysian primates from the molecular perspectives of the CytB. Locus used in this study can be used to portray primate phylogenetic relationships as it was successfully used in other Asian colobines and cercopithecines. Even though this study showed each genus formed a distinct monophyletic clade, it also showed some conflicting result as the Nycticebus clade is closer to Symphalangus than family Cercopithecidae. The species relationships among Nycticebus species however cannot be resolved. Thus, more data on nucleotide sequences of both mitochondrial and nuclear genes is required as well as larger number of samples.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We are deeply indebted to several institutions who provided us with necessary facilities and assistance for tissue sample collection including UKM, PERHILITAN, Zoo Taiping, Zoo Melaka, Sarawak Forestry Department, and Sabah Park. This research was made possible under grants IRPA 0802020019 EA301 from the Ministry of Science Technology and Innovation, Malaysia.



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Bennett, E. L. (1991). Diurnal primates. In Kiew, R. (ed.). The State of Nature Conservation in Malaysia, pg. 150-172. Malayan Nature Society.

Brandon-Jones, D., Eudey, A. A., Geissmann, T., Groves, C. P., Melnick, D. J., Morales, J. C., Shekelle, M., & Stewart, C.-B. (2004). Asian primate classification. International Journal of Primatology 25 (1): 94-164.

Brown, W. M., Prager, E. M., Wang, A. & Wilson, A. C. (1982). Mitochondrial DNA sequences of primates: tempo and mode of evolution. Journal of Molecular Evolution 18: 225-239.

Caine , L., Lima, G., Pontes, L., Abrantes, D., Pereira, M. & Pinheiro, M. F. (2006). Species identification by cytochrome b gene: casework samples. International Congress Series 1288: 145-147.

Cox, G. W. (1997). Conservation biology: concepts and applications. 2nd edition. United State: Wm. C. Brown Publishers.

Delson, E. (1980). Fossil Macaque, phyletic relationships and a scenario of development. In: Lindburg, D. G. (editor). The Macaques: studies in ecology, behavior and evolution, pg. 10-30. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.

Ferris, S. D., Wilson, A. C. & Brown, W. M. (1981). Evolutionary tree for apes and humans based on cleavage maps of mitochondrial DNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78: 2432-2436.

Groves, C. (1998). Systematics of Tarsiers and Lorises. Primates 39 (1): 13-27.Groves, C. (2001). Primate taxonomy. Smithsonian Instituition Press, Washington.Hayasaka, K., Gojobori, T. & Hora, S. (1988). Molecular phylogeny and evolution of primate

mitochondrial DNA. Molecular Biological Evolution 5(6): 626-644.Hillis, D. M. & Bull. J. J (1993). An empirical test of bootstrapping as a method for assessing

confidence in phylogenetic analysis. Syst. Biol. 42: 182-192.Hillis, D. M., Moritz, C., & Mable, B. K. (1996). Molecular systematics, Sinauer, Massachusetts.Irwin, D. M., Kocher, T. D. & Wilson, A. C. (1991). Evolution of the Cytochrome B gene of

mammals. Journal Molecular Evolution 32:128-144.Kocher, T. D., Thomas, W. K., Meyer, A., Edwards, S. V., Paabo, S., Villablanca, F. X., & Wilson,

A. C. (1989). Dynamics of mitochondrial DNA evolution in animals: amplification and sequencing with conserved primers. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86: 6196-6200.

Li, M., Liang B. & Tamate, H. B. (2001). Molecular phylogenetic relationships among Sichuan Snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellanae) inferred from mitochondrial Cytochrome-b sequences. Primates 42(2): 153-160.

Md-Zain, B. M. (2001). Molecular systematics of the genus Presbytis. PhD thesis. New York: Columbia University.

Md-Zain, B. M., Vun, V. F., Zainal, Z. Z., Lakim, M., Ghumal, M. T. & Mahani, M. C. (2005a). Genetic distance of Malaysian primates based on mitochondrial DNA cytochrome-b sequences. In Abd. Rahim, S., Surif, S., Abdullah, M. P., Samsudin, A. R., Mohd. Rafek, A. G., Ratnam, W., Abd. Ghani, I., Md-Zain, B. M., Mohd, Said, M. N., Kee Alfian, A. A. & Ng, Y. F. (eds). Proceeding of Second Regional Symposium on Environment and Natural Resources, pg. 39-41. Bangi: Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.

Md-Zain, B. M., Morales, J. C., Hassan, M. N., Jasmi, A. & Melnick, D. J. (2005b). Phylogenetic position of the genus Trachypithecus as inferred from Y-chromosome and autosomal DNA sequences. Malaysian Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 12: 48-54.


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Montagnon, D., Ravaoarimanana, I. B. & Rumpler, Y. (2001). Taxonomic relationships and sampling effects among Lepilemuridae and Lemuridae using a partial cytochrome b gene. Life Sciences 324: 647-656.

Pesole, G., Gissi, C., De Chirico, A. & Saccone, C. (1999). Nucleotide substitution rate of mammalian mitochondrial genomes. Journal of Molecular Evolution 48: 427-434.

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Zhang, Y. -P. & Ryder, O. A. (1998a). Mitochondrial Cytochrome b gene sequences of Old World Monkeys: with special reference on evolution of Asian Colobines. Primates 39(1): 34-39.

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Table 1: Sampling details

No. Code/Accession Number

Species Locality

1 PmsBM23 P. m. siamensis Ulu Besut, Terengganu2 PmsBM24 P. m. siamensis Ulu besut, Terengganu3 PmrBM27 P. m. robinsoni Ulu Kenas, Perak4 PmrBM31 P. m. robinsoni Ulu Kenas, Perak5 PhBM67 P. hosei Tawau Hill Park, Sabah6 PhBM70 P. hosei Lembah Danum, Sabah7 PrBM102 P. rubicunda Tawau Hill Park, Sabah8 PrMK01 P. rubicunda Tawau Hill Park, Sabah9 TcBM01 T. cristatus Kota Kuala Muda, Kedah10 TcBM03 T. cristatus Kota Kuala Muda, Kedah11 TcAA01 T. cristatus Samunsam, Sarawak12 ToBM09 T. obscurus Changloon, Kedah13 ToBM10 T. obscurus Zoo Taiping, Perak 14 ToL01 T. obscurus Langkawi, Kedah15 MnBM102 Macaca nemestrina Zoo Melaka16 MnBM103 Macaca nemestrina Zoo Melaka17 MaBM104 Macaca arctoides Zoo Melaka18 MaZZ01 Macaca arctoides Unknown19 MfMF02 Macaca fascicularis Pulau Sapi, Sabah20 MfSP50L Macaca fascicularis Tawau Hill Park, Sabah22 HyZZ090 S. syndactylus Zoo Melaka23 HyZZ095 S. syndactylus Ipoh, Perak24 HyZZ096 S. syndactylus Pahang26 TbAB011077 Tarsius bancanus Gene Bank



27 NcZZ098 N. c. coucang Selangor28 NcZZ099 N. c. coucang Selangor29 NcSP32 N. coucang Ranau, Sabah30 NcAY687889 N. coucang Gene Bank31 NcmAY878361 N. c. menagensis Gene Bank32 NcjAY878365 N. c. javanicus Gene Bank33 NbAY441477 Nycticebus bengalensis Gene Bank34 NpAY6878892 Nycticebus pygmaeus Gene Bank

Table 2: Oligonucleotide primer pair and PCR conditions

Forward/Reverse Primer SequencesL14724: 5›-CGAAGCTTGATATGAAAAACCATCGTTG-3›

H15149:5›-AAACTGCAGCCCCTCCGAATGATATTTGTCCTCA-3‘Phase Temperature (°C) Duration Number of Cycles

Pre-denaturation 94 3 min

35Denaturation 94 1 min

Annealing 55 1 minElongation 72 1 min

Post-elongation 72 10 min

Table 3 : PCR reagent mixture for amplification of CytB gene.

Tissue sample FTA cardComponents Concentrations Volume

(μl)Concentrations Volume

(μl)DNA Template 3.0-5.0 0*Taq DNA Polymerase 5 U/μl 0.5 5 U/μl 0.5MgCl2 50 mM 3.0 50 mM 3.0dNTP 1 mM 1.0 1 mM 1.0PCR Buffer 5X 5.0 5X 5.0CytB L 20 pmol/μl 0.5 20 pmol/μl 0.5CytB H 20 pmol/μl 0.5 20 pmol/μl 0.5ddH2O - 34.5-36.5 - 39.5Total 50.0 50.0


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Table 4. Average percentage of genetic distance among and between Presbytis, Trachypithecus, Macaca, Symphalangus and Nycticebus using the Kimura 2 Parameters

Presbytis Trachypithecus Macaca Symphalangus NycticebusPresbytis 9.059 19.103* 25.623*Trachypithecus 21.046 3.801 21.192*Macaca 27.822 22.145 9.160Symphalangus 95.262 88.551 95.337 0.288Nycticebus 119.940 116.024 121.770 30.670 6.013

*Average percentage from Md-Zain et al. (2005a

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Figure 1. Amplification product of Cyt b gene from Symphalangus and N. coucang

Lane 1 Marker 100bp (Invitrogen) Lane 5 H. lar ( ZZ097)Lane 2 S. syndactylus (ZZ090) Lane 6 N. coucang (ZZ098)Lane 3 S. syndactylus (ZZ095) Lane 7 N. coucang (ZZ099)Lane 4 S. syndactylus (ZZ096) Lane 8 N. coucang (SP(P)328)

500 bp



(100)

(97)

(88)

(64)

(96)

(100)

(100)

Figure 2. Phylogenetic relationships of species studied based on maximum parsimony (bootstrap values shown in brackets).


127

(100)

(97)

(81)

(99)

(100)

Figure 3. Phylogenetic relationships of species studied based on neighbor joining (bootstrap values shown in brackets).

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SHORT NOTE ON BATS SURVEY AT AIR PANAS-GUA MUSANG, KELANTAN

Noor Haliza Hasan, Faisal Ali Anwarali Khan, Juliana Senawi, Besar Ketol, Isa Sait,M. T. Abdullah.

DepartmentofZoology,FacultyofResourceScienceandTechnology,UniversitiMalaysiaSarawak, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia (NHH, MTA, BK, IS, FAAK)

Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia (JS)

Department of Biological Sciences and the Museum, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA (JS, FAAK)

ABSTRACT

A short survey was conducted during Banjaran Titiwangsa (Titiwangsa Range) expedition organized by Department of Wildlife and National Parks to assess bat diversity. The assessment was conducted for seven trapping-nights from 29th May to 4th June 2007 at Air Panas, near Gua Musang division of Kelantan. A total of 112 individuals from 28 species of bats were captured using mist-nets and harp traps. Cynopterus brachyotis and Hipposideros bicolor were recorded as the most abundant species with 21.4 % of total captures for each. Lowest relative abundance was recorded by 12 species which were only represented by one individual of each species. An increasing trend of species cumulative curve suggesting additional trapping effort could result in more bats species record in this remote area. A long term 6study focused at various localities along Titiwangsa Range would greatly increase the discovery of more bats diversity.Keywords: Air Panas, Bats, Diversity, Titiwangsa Range,

INTRODUCTION

Banjaran Titiwangsa (Titiwangsa Range) forms the backbone of mountainous area located in the center of Peninsular Malaysia. The range starts in the north in southern Thailand, running approximately southeast and ends in the south near Jelebu, Negeri Sembilan. Stretching 500 km in length, the range is also the largest with eight continuous mountain ranges in Peninsular Malaysia (Soh et al., 2006). The highest elevation for this range is recorded at Gunung Korbu (2,183 m). With the estimated broadness of 12 000 km2, the mountainous geography of this area act as a natural divider, dividing Peninsular Malaysia into East and West Coast regions. Given the limited access to the inner forest of this mountain, it has been among the reasons on the limited research carried on the Titiwangsa Range.

Most of the studies in Peninsular Malaysia have focused on either established field research station: e.g. Krau Wildlife Reserve [Saharudin Anan et al. (2000); Kingston et al. 2006] or national parks and reserve: e.g. Eight different reserve and parks (Siti Hawa et al., 1986), Bukit Kutu Wildlife Reserve (Lim et al., 1999); Sungai Lalang and Bukit Kemandul Forest Reserve (Azmin and Lim, 1999). Such surveys and continuous inventories provide the basis for the recognition of unrecognized biodiversity in Malaysia (e.g. new species of bats: Rhinolophus convexus (Csorba et al., 1997), Rhinolophus chiewkweeae Yoshiyuki and Lim (2005), Kerivoula krauensis (Francis et al., 2007). Therefore there is an urgency to document and understand biodiversity through faunal surveys aimed at areas that less accessible with various techniques (Anwarali et al. 2008a). In view of this importance, we have conducted a faunal survey primarily to inventory bats species

Journal of Wildlife and Parks (2009-2010) 26 : 129 – 136

130 Noor Haliza Hasan, Faisal Ali Anwarali Khan, Juliana Senawi,Besar Ketol, Isa Sait, M. T. Abdullah

that occur at Air Panas, Gua Musang that lies in Titiwangsa Range. This study serves as the baseline inventory for future monitoring and long-term changes due to development around this area which is heavily undergoing lodging to be turn into agricultural field.

MATERIALS AND METHODSStudy Area

“Air Panas” or Hot Spring of Gua Musang (04°42.577’ N, 101°34.082’) is a local tourist attraction site located about 2 hours from from Gua Musang, Kelantan and one hour from Cameron Highlands (Figure 1). Air Panas is located on the northern part of the Titiwangsa Range, located beside a river called Sungai Ber. The surrounding forest is comprised of dipterocarp and hill forest which were believed to be a less disturbed habitat. However, nearby forest which are several minutes away from Air Panas has been turned in and agricultural land. This can be observed along the way from Air Panas to Cameron Highlands.

Field Methods

The survey was carried out using 10 standard mist-nets and three set of four-bank harp traps for seven trapping nights. Nets and traps were set across streams, hot spring, narrow pathways in the forest, trails, cleared area in the forest and at the forest edge. Most of the nets and traps were set to capture bats that occupy the understorey forest (up to four meters from the ground). Both nets and traps were checked frequently from 1900 hrs to 2200 hrs, and finally at 0600hrs in the morning.

Bats identification, sample processing and preservation

Bats were identified in the field following identification key by Payne et al. (1985). diaphyseal fusion on the third, fourth and fifth metacarpals. After assigning species identification, three individuals per species were taken as voucher specimens. An additional three specimens were collected for species that exhibited substantial morphological variation suggesting more than a single species existed within the sampled population. Additional bats were released after measurements and marked by ear notching technique.

Standard morphological measurements of each bats were taken using digital caliper (Mitutoyo) and weighted using Pesola spring balance for future morphometrics studies. Specimens were then prepared as a museum voucher specimen, either as a skin and skeleton or as a fluid preserved specimen. Liver and muscle tissues were minced and preserved into lysis buffer (Longmire et al. 1997). Additionally, muscle tissues were also preserved in the 95% alcohol. Blood samples were collected using Nobuto blood filter strips (Advantec Inc.). Ectoparasites found on the specimens were preserved in 70% ethanol. Skull and skeleton were soaked in 70% ethanol, subsequently basked until dry for further scull extraction process in the museum. Wet specimens were dissected exposing the stomach and intestine before preserved in the 95% alcohol as the voucher specimens. Voucher specimens and duplicates of tissues samples were deposited at the UNIMAS Zoological museum. Photographs of the selected bats were taken and kept for future references.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

One hundred and twelve individuals from 28 species representing five of the bats families: Pteropodidae, Nycteridae, Rhinolophidae, Hipposideridae and Vespertilionidae were recorded

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in this seven trapping nights (Table 1). The species cumulative curve for seven trapping nights showed an increasing pattern of species number accumulated throughout the trapping nights. This may indicate that there are still possibility that more species yet to be discovered in additional trapping nights (Figure 2).

Both Cynopterus brachyotis and Hipposideros bicolor recorded the highest relative abundance with 24 individuals each (21.4 %). This was followed by H. cervinus with 11 individuals (9.8 %) and C.horsfieldiwith nine individuals (8.0 %). The least captured species with one individual (0.9 %) were recorded for 12 species: Penthetor lucasi, Chironax melanocephalus, H. sabanus, H. galeritus, Myotis muricola, Glischropus tylopus, Tylonycteris pachypus, Murina suilla, Kerivoula hardwickii, K. pellucida, K. minuta and Phoniscus atrox (Table 1).

Table 1 shows the taxonomic list with mean measurements of some external morphological measurements of bats species captured. Forearm length is used as the main key for species identification with other additional measurements used to distinguish the closely related species. Also shown was the list for the percentage relative abundance of bats species recorded. Additional genetic work is still in progress for specimens that’s was collected from this study. Results from genetic analyses will allow for better species identification which may not be easily distinguished through morphological identification due to cryptic morphology (Anwarali et al., 2008a)

The study has successfully recorded 28 species of bats from five families at Air Panas, Gua Musang, Kelantan. Comprised of lowland dipterocarp forest and hill forest, it appears that the diversity of bats within the area was relatively high compared to similar study by Mohd-Azlan et al. (2000) on species diversity of the understorey bats at Air Hitam Forest Reserve, Selangor and the study by Shukor et al. (2001) on small mammals at Tasik Meranti, Taman Negeri Perlis. Each of this study recorded 15 species of nine bats genera and four species of chiroptera, respectively. However, Zubaid (1993) have captured 32 bats species at Krau Wildlife Reserve, Pahang, whereas Anwarali et al. (2008a) only recorded 18 bats species in the same reserve. Overall, the major differences observed in this studies were mainly influenced by the number of harp traps and mist nets used, study length, number of sites in a single locality, weather and finally forest type which mainly dictates the difference species spectrum captured in a particular locality. This is because different forest vegetation provide different habitat for bats that have different roosting ecology as well as their food sources (Mohd-Azlan et al., 2000).

There are seven species of bats recorded from the Pteropodidae family, with Cynopterus brachyotis giving the highest abundance of species caught. Most of this species were caught using mist-nets which were erected up three meters from ground at the forest edge. Out of 24 individuals of C. brachyotis caught, 10 are recorded to be the large sized (FA>60.0 mm) and another 14 are small sized (FA<60.0 mm) (Abdullah et al., 2001). According to Abdullah et al. (2001), the large sized C. brachyotis were known to inhabit the open area whereby it is adapted to powerful flight against the predator such as owl. As for the small sized C. brachyotis, the size was to adjust themselves for flight between the forested or dense habitat.

As for the insectivorous bats, 21 species were recorded. It is suggested that the forest do still have high species richness and food abundance in the forest (Mackinnon et al., 1996; Hazebroek and Abang Kashim, 2000) remain untouched by civilization. Murdoch et al. (1972) also stated that insect diversity was closely related to plant diversity. Hence a high species abundance of plant explains the high insect diversity related to the abundance of the insectivorous bats itself.


Hipposideros bicolor gave the highest relative abundance of the insect-eating bats. This could be due to the availability of suitable roosting sites as they were known to roost in crevices of large boulders of primary and hill forest (Kingston et al., 2006). This goes the same with the second highest abundant species, H. cervinus was recorded to feed in the forest understorey (Payne et al., 1985). Therefore the possibility of this species being caught by harp traps set in the understorey was high (Mohd-Azlan et al., 2000). The abundance of the microchiropterans could also be affected by the limited usage of harp traps throughout the study. Studies by Laval and Fitch (1977), Tidemann and Woodside (1978), Francis (1989), Mohd-Azlan et al. (2000, 2005) and Anwarali et al. (2007) stated that the usage of mist nets to capture insects bats were less effective when compared to harp traps.

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Our study provides the baseline bats species list for future monitoring within the Air Panas, Gua Musang, Kelantan. This study suggested that additional trapping effort would possibly lead to increase the number of species in this area as the species cumulative curve is still increasing. Sampling initiative on various localities along the Titiwangsa Main Range would definitely enhance our understanding on bats species diversity along Titiwangsa Range. This should include sampling at canopy and the sub-canopy levels to reduce biases. The sampling period should be lengthen with various sampling methods such as bats detector and line transect surveys (Anwarali et al., 2008b) may provide additional insights.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We would like to thank Department of Wildlife and National Parks, Kuala Lumpur for allowing us to take part and providing accommodation, in their annual field expedition. We also thank Universiti Malaysia Sarawak and Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia in particular Faculty of Resource Science and Technology and Institute for Environment and Development for permitting us to participate in this expedition.

REFERENCES

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Abdullah, M. T, Moritz, C., Grigg, G. C and Hall, L. S. (2001). Evidence of cryptic species within Cynopterus brachyotis by using mtDNA sequence. In Yaacob, Z., Moo-Tan, S. and Yorath, S. (eds.) Proceedings of the International Conference on In-situ and Ex-situ Biodiversity Conversation in the New Millenium.Yayasan Sabah, Sabah, Malaysia.

Abdullah, M. T. (2003). Biogeography and Variation of Cynopterus brachyotis in Southeast Asia. PhD thesis. The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia.

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Table 1: Taxonomic list of bats species, percentage relative abundance and mean measurements (maximum and minimum ranges) of selected chiropterans observed at Air Panas, Gua Musang.

Family N % total capture

Forearm (mm)

Tail length (mm)

Ear length (mm)

Weight (g)

SpeciesPteropodidae Cynopterus brachyotis 24 21.4 59.6

(53.6-64.4)8.7(7.0-11.7)

15.0(13.6-16.8)

30.9(20.0-57.0)

Cynopterus horsfieldii 9 8.0 70.3(36.5-76.6)

12.3(10.0-15.1)

19.0(17.2-20.4)

55.8(46.0-62.0)

Penthetor lucasi 1 0.9 62.0 10.0 15.0 29.0 Chironax melanocephalus 1 0.9 47.6 - 14.9 19.5 Eonycteris spelaea 2 1.8 58.5

(56.0-61.0)17.5(17.0-18.0)

13.5(12.0-15.0)

30.5(29.0-32.0)

Macroglossus minimus 2 1.8 na na na na Macroglossus sobrinus 5 4.5 44.7

(41.3-46.9)- 13.6

(12.3-14.9)19.2(14.0-22.0)

Nycteridae Nycteris tragata 3 2.7 50.1

(50.0-50.3)70.3(68.0-72.0)

29.0(26.0-30.8)

14.3(14-15)

Rhinolophidae Rhinolophus affinis 2 1.8 45.2

(38.4-52.1)na na 14.0

(13.0-15.0) Rhinolophus trifoliatus 3 2.7 49.8

(49.0-51.0)30.0 26.0 13.0

(11-15) Rhinolophus luctus 2 1.8 63.9

(62.9-65.0)48.0 33.0 29.0

(27.0-31.0) Rhinolophus stheno 4 3.6 46.2

(45.9-46.5)na na 11.5

(10.0-14.0) Rhinolophus lepidus 2 1.8 42.8

(41.5-44.1)na na 6.5

(6.0-7.0)Hipposideridae Hipposideros bicolor 24 21.4 46.1

(27.5-51.0)na na 10.1

(9.0-12.0) Hipposideros sabanus 1 0.9 36.9 na na 6.0 Hipposideros cervinus 11 9.8 46.2

(27.5-51.0)na na 10.1

(9.0-12.0) Hipposideros galeritus 1 0.9 46.6 na na 8.0 Hipposideros larvatus 2 1.8 57.0

(56.6-57.5)na na 18.0

(16.0-21.0) Hipposideros diadema 3 2.7 82.6

(77.7-88.5)38.1(27.9-49.7)

28.14(26.7-29.4)

45.8(32.0-51.5)

Vespertilionidae Myotis muricola 1 0.9 37.3 47.0 13.0 4.0 Glischropus tylopus 1 0.9 29.8 na na 6.0 Tylonycteris pachypus 1 0.9 26.0 30.0 9.0 4.5


Murina suilla 1 0.9 44.4 na na 3.0 Kerivoula hardwickii 1 0.9 35.1 na na 4.0 Kerivoula pellucida 1 0.9 30.9 na na 4.0 Kerivoula intermedia 2 1.8 38.4

(27.9-48.9)na na 2.0

Kerivoula minuta 1 0.9 28.6 35.8 8.8 3.0 Phoniscus atrox 1 0.9 34.2 na na 5.0

* na – data not availableFigure legends:

Figure 1: Study area Air Panas, in Gua Musang division of Kelantan, located on thenorthern part of the Titiwangsa Range (Produced using ArcGis 9.2).

Figure 2: Cumulative numbers of species against trapping-nights at Air Panas, Gua Musang.

Journal of Wildlife and ParksInstructions to Authors

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The Journal of Wildlife and Parks is a broad-based annually periodical devoted to publication of original research that contributes significantly to knowledge in wildlife sciences. The standardized format set below is an adaptation from some international journal.

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Articles/manuscripts should be submitted to the:

Editor-In-ChiefJournal of Wildlife and Parks Department of Wildlife and National Parks (DWNP) of Peninsular MalaysiaKM 10, Jalan Cheras56100 Kuala LumpurMALAYSIA

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The manuscripts should be submitted in two printed copies (hard copies) and a soft copy on CD using Microsoft Word, or simply by sending via email. Submission of a manuscript to this journal implies that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere.

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A full article should not exceed 10 printed pages including figures and tables. The paper should comprise of the following sections: Title page and Abstract, Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results and Discussion, Acknowledgements, References, Tables, Legends to Figures, Figures. The results and discussion section may be combined. A research note, not exceeding two printed pages, is intended for rapid publications. Manuscripts should be typewritten on A4 size paper, single-spaced, with 1” margins on all sides. Pages should be numbered consecutively.

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References In the text, references should be cited as: Lim (1995) or (Lim, 1995). Two authors as: Mohsin and Ambak (1983) or (Mohsin and Ambak, 1983). Three or more authors as: Lim et al. (1990) or (Lim et al., 1990). A series of references should appear in chronological order, e.g Ryan and Esa, 2004; Esa and Ryan, 2005. References to papers by the same authors in the same year are distinguished by letter a, b, etc. (e.g. 2005a, or 2004a,b). At the end of the papers references should be listed alphabetically. Some examples of reference styles follow:

a. From Journals: Amos, B. & Hoelzel, A.R. (1992). Application of molecular genetic techniques to the

conservation of small populations. Biological Conservation, 61: 133-144.

b. From Books: Kottelat, M., Whitten, A.J., Kartokasari, S.N. & Wirjoratmodjo, S. (1993). Freshwater

Fishes of Western Indonesia and Sulawesi. Singapore: Berkeley Book. Pte. Ltd.

c. From Edited Books: Stepien, C.A. & Kocher, T.D. (1997). Molecular and Morphology in Studies of Fish

Evolution. In Molecular Systematics of Fishes (Kocher, T.D. & Stepien, C.A., eds.), pp. 1-11. San Diego, California: Academic Press.

d. From Internet: Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (2004). FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication (Froese, R. & Pauly, D., eds.). Available from www.fishbase.org., version

(09/2004).

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Mukasurat Tajuk dan AbstrakMukasurat ini mengandungi tajuk artikel dengan nama penuh pengarang, diikuti dengan alamat. Cara merujuk artikel juga perlu disediakan. Tajuk pendek tidak melebihi 60 huruf perlu disediakan. Abstrak ditulis dibawah alamat pengarang dan ditulis dalam Bahasa Melayu dan English, tidak melebihi 200 patah perkataan.

Kata KunciMaksimum 6 kata kunci perlu disediakan dan ditulis sejurus selepas abstrak.

PengenalanBahagian ini harus menyatakan dengan terang tujuan dan objektif penyelidikan yang dijalankan. Rational penyelidikan juga harus diterangkan. Rujukan kepada kerja-kerja berkaitan harus ditunjukkan di bahagian ini.

Bahan dan KaedahBahagian ini perlu ditulis dengan teliti supaya eksperimen yang dijalankan boleh diulang semula.

Rujukan Pada teks, rujukan harus ditulis seperti berikut: Lim (1995) atau (Lim, 1995). Dua pangarang ditulis seperti berikut: Mohsin dan Ambak (1983) atau (Mohsin dan Ambak, 1983). Tiga atau lebih pangarang ditulis seperti berikut: Lim et al. (1990) atau (Lim et al., 1990). Rujukan pada teks perlu disenaraikan mengikut peningkatan tahun seperti berikut: Ryan dan Esa, 2004; Esa dan Ryan, 2005. Rujukan bagi artikel yang ditulis oleh pengarang yang sama dibezakan dengan huruf a, b, dsb dan ditulis seperti berikut: 2005a, atau 2004a,b). Penyusunan rujukan harus dilakukan mengikut urutan. Dibawah disenaraikan beberapa contoh penulisan rujukan:

a. Dari Jurnal: Amos, B. & Hoelzel, A.R. (1992). Application of molecular genetic techniques to the

conservation of small populations. Biological Conservation, 61: 133-144.

b. Dari Buku: Kottelat, M., Whitten, A.J., Kartokasari, S.N. & Wirjoratmodjo, S. (1993). Freshwater

Fishes of Western Indonesia and Sulawesi. Singapore: Berkeley Book. Pte. Ltd.

c. Dari Buku yang diedit: Stepien, C.A. & Kocher, T.D. (1997). Molecular and Morphology in Studies of Fish

Evolution. In Molecular Systematics of Fishes (Kocher, T.D. & Stepien, C.A., eds.), pp. 1-11. San Diego, California: Academic Press.

d. Dari Internet: Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (2004). FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication (Froese, R. & Pauly, D., eds.). Available from www.fishbase.org., version

(09/2004).

JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE AND PARKS...JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE AND PARKS Published by Department of Wildlife and National Parks (DWNP) Peninsular Malaysia Printed by Universal Iprint Sdn Bhd

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