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JAPAN Geography Chain of mountainous islands Fertile volcanic soils Geographic isolation led to development of unique culture, belief that destiny separate from other Asians
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JAPAN Geography Chain of mountainous islands Fertile volcanic soils Geographic isolation led to development of unique culture, belief that destiny separate.

Jan 03, 2016

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Page 1: JAPAN Geography Chain of mountainous islands Fertile volcanic soils Geographic isolation led to development of unique culture, belief that destiny separate.

JAPAN

GeographyChain of mountainous

islandsFertile volcanic soilsGeographic isolation

led to development of unique culture, belief that destiny separate from other Asians

Page 2: JAPAN Geography Chain of mountainous islands Fertile volcanic soils Geographic isolation led to development of unique culture, belief that destiny separate.

RISE OF THE JAPANESE STATE

• Early A.D.’s society developed Yamato Plain

• Small aristocratic clans• Large population of farmers• Ruler of Yamato clan unified

clans to resist Chinese• Sent representatives to China to

learn about government• Centralized government limited

power of aristocratic clans• 622 Yamato rule replaced by

Fujiwara family• Power became decentralized

Page 3: JAPAN Geography Chain of mountainous islands Fertile volcanic soils Geographic isolation led to development of unique culture, belief that destiny separate.

HEIAN PERIOD

• Fujiwara clan ruled Japan• Local aristocrats had local

power• Used military force to

control areas, protect interests

• Military class called samurai

• Samurai lived by warrior code (bushido= way of the warrior)

Page 4: JAPAN Geography Chain of mountainous islands Fertile volcanic soils Geographic isolation led to development of unique culture, belief that destiny separate.

KAMAKURA SHOGUNATE

• 12th century constant civil war between aristocratic families• Minamoto Yoritomo developed military state ruled

by shogun (general) allowed Japanese to defeat Mongol invasion• 1333 Shogunate overthrown by group of powerful

families

Page 5: JAPAN Geography Chain of mountainous islands Fertile volcanic soils Geographic isolation led to development of unique culture, belief that destiny separate.

KAMAKURA SHOGUNATE AND THE COLLAPSE OF CENTRAL RULE

• 12th century constant civil war between aristocratic families

• Minamoto Yoritomo developed military state ruled by shogun (general) allowed Japanese to defeat Mongol invasion

• 1333 Shogunate overthrown by group of powerful families

• Noble families (daimyo) controlled land, collected taxes, tribute from farmers

• Relied on samurai for protection• 1500 Japan was ruled by aristocratic

families in constant state of civil war

Page 6: JAPAN Geography Chain of mountainous islands Fertile volcanic soils Geographic isolation led to development of unique culture, belief that destiny separate.

JAPAN RETURNS TO ISOLATION

• By 1467 the country was separated into hundreds of separate domains

• 1467-1568 known as period of “warring states”

• Samurai took control of feudal states and offered peasants protection for their loyalty

• Warrior chieftains known as daimyo and used samurai as warriors

• Emperor in Kyoto was just a figurehead with no power

• Daimyo lived in fortresses and fought each other for control of land

Page 7: JAPAN Geography Chain of mountainous islands Fertile volcanic soils Geographic isolation led to development of unique culture, belief that destiny separate.

JAPAN RETURNS TO ISOLATION

• Many daimyo tried to seize and control power• Oda Nobunga –was the first to use soldiers

with muskets to defeat rival samurai (1575)• Toyotomi Hideyoshi- took control and tried

to conquer Korea, when he died the troops returned to Japan (1590)

• 1600 Tonkugawa Ieyasu takes control of country by defeating his rivals and earning the loyalty of other daimyo

• He moved the capital to Edo (Tokyo)• Kept daimyo tamed and helped centralize

power in Japan• To keep daimyo in check he made them live in

the capital every other year and when they were gone they had to leave their families behind as hostages, had them help build his castle in Edo

• Founded Tokugawa Shogunate that held power until 1867

Page 8: JAPAN Geography Chain of mountainous islands Fertile volcanic soils Geographic isolation led to development of unique culture, belief that destiny separate.

JAPAN RETURNS TO ISOLATION

• Japan enjoyed over 250 years of stability under Tokugawa shoguns

• Farmers produced more food and population rose, even though they lived lives of misery

Society was very structureda. Ruler was shogun and supreme military commanderb. Below him was the landholding daimyo who controlled

samurai warriorsc. Artisans and peasants were next with merchants at the

bottom• 80% of society were peasants• Merchants became more important as the economy expanded• Confucian ideas ruled society and the ideal citizen depended

on agriculture not commerce• However the farmers paid the most in taxes, many abandoned

land and moved to cities for economic opportunity• Mid 1700’s Japan shifted from a rural to an urban society • Edo was the largest city in the world

Page 9: JAPAN Geography Chain of mountainous islands Fertile volcanic soils Geographic isolation led to development of unique culture, belief that destiny separate.

JAPAN RETURNS TO ISOLATION

• Contact Between Europe and Japan• Europeans began to arrive in the 1500’s• 1543 first Europeans were shipwrecked

Portuguese sailors and merchants soon followed with clocks, tobacco, firearms

• Japanese welcomed traders and missionaries1. Europeans introduced new technologies and

ideas2. Japanese merchants eager to expand their

markets welcomed Europeans3. Daimyo welcomed traders for their guns to gain

an advantage over their rivals• Guns changed the tradition of the Japanese

warrior whose principal weapon was the sword• Cannons changed the way castles were built• Fortified castles attracted merchants and

artisans and caused the growth of towns across Japan

Page 10: JAPAN Geography Chain of mountainous islands Fertile volcanic soils Geographic isolation led to development of unique culture, belief that destiny separate.

JAPAN RETURNS TO ISOLATION

• 1549 first missionaries came to Japan• Catholic Jesuits, Franciscans and Dominican

missionaries came to convert the Japanese• By 1600 they had converted over 300,000 Japanese• Missionaries teachings went against traditional

Japanese beliefs and by 1612 Christianity was banned and Tokugawa Shoguns focused on ridding the country of them

• 1637 situation came to a head after rebellion led by Christians

• All Christian missionaries were kicked out of China and all Japanese had to demonstrate faithfulness to some branch of Buddhism

Page 11: JAPAN Geography Chain of mountainous islands Fertile volcanic soils Geographic isolation led to development of unique culture, belief that destiny separate.

JAPAN RETURNS TO ISOLATION

• Persecution just one part of attempt to control foreign ideas• Shoguns did not like the introduction of European ways, but

they wanted European trade• 1639 Japan sealed the borders of the country except one port,

Nagasaki (a man made island in the harbor)• Only Dutch and Chinese were allowed to trade there• Tokugawa shogunate had a monopoly on all trade for over 200

years• During this time Japan remain basically closed to outsiders and

Japanese were forbidden to leave• During this time Japan developed a self-sufficient country free

from European intervention

Page 13: JAPAN Geography Chain of mountainous islands Fertile volcanic soils Geographic isolation led to development of unique culture, belief that destiny separate.

JAPANESE CULTURE AND SOCIETY

• Most people were farmers• Manufacturing, trade with China and Korea began

11th centuryRole of Women Some equality with menWomen were writers, poets (prose seen as

“vulgar gossip” by men)

Page 14: JAPAN Geography Chain of mountainous islands Fertile volcanic soils Geographic isolation led to development of unique culture, belief that destiny separate.

JAPANESE CULTURE AND SOCIETY

• Most people were farmers• Manufacturing, trade with China and Korea

began 11th centuryRole of Women Some equality with menWomen were writers, poets (prose seen as

“vulgar gossip” by men)

ReligionEarly Japanese worshiped kami (spirits)

lived in trees, mountains, streamsAncestors were important Divinity of emperorSacredness of Japanese nation Beliefs evolved into state religion Shinto

(sacred way)

Page 15: JAPAN Geography Chain of mountainous islands Fertile volcanic soils Geographic isolation led to development of unique culture, belief that destiny separate.

JAPANESE CULTURE AND SOCIETY

• Buddhism came from China 6th century

• Zen Buddhism became most popular sect

• Became part of Samurai code

Zen• Achieve enlightenment

through direct experience, mindfulness of daily activity

• Meditation (zazen)• Study of riddles to answer

life questions (koans)

Page 16: JAPAN Geography Chain of mountainous islands Fertile volcanic soils Geographic isolation led to development of unique culture, belief that destiny separate.

JAPANESE CULTURE AND SOCIETY

• Art and Architecture reflects harmony with nature and natural surroundings• Landscape

important means of expression