ISS Expeditions 16 thru 20: Chemical Analysis Results for ... · ISS Expeditions 16 thru 20: Chemical Analysis Results for Potable Water. ... System Specification for ISS, ... (MORD)

ISS Expeditions 16 thru 20: Chemical Analysis Results for Potable Water

John E. Straub II, Debrah K. Plumlee, and John R. Schultz

Wyle Integrated Science & Engineering Group

40th International Conference on Environmental SystemsJuly 2010

Barcelona, Spain

https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20100030594 2018-07-27T21:19:25+00:00Z

Presentation

Background: ISS Potable Water Systems Water Quality Requirements

Expeditions 16 through 20: Returned Sample Summary Sample Handling & Analysis SRV-K Samples Analytical Results SVO-ZV Samples Analytical Results WPA and PWD Samples Analytical Results

Conclusion Recommendations

Russian Segment Potable Water Systems

Stored potable water system (SVO-ZV) provides crew access to following sources: Russian ground-supplied potable water

→ Launched on Progress in Rodnik tanks (210-liter)

Shuttle-transferred potable water→ Fuel cell water is first deiodinated

→ Mineralized with formate salts (Ca & Mg)

→ Transferred to ISS in contingency water containers (CWC's)

SVO-ZV Stored Potable Water System

Rodnik or CWC potable water is transferred to a 22-liter EDV tank

Hand pump provides pressure to EDV bladder Crews can access water at ambient temperature

from the SVO-ZV dispenser

Water Sampling from SVO-ZV

Russian Segment Potable Water Systems

Condensate H2O recovery system (SRV-K): Processes humidity condensate direct from

Russian Service Module air conditioning unit U.S. Lab condensate in CWC can be processed

using Condensate Feed Unit (CFU) Container of Rodnik or CWC potable water can

be hooked for use as makeup water to supplement product water

SRV-K Condensate H2O Recovery System

FILTERREACTOR

PHASESEPARATOR

AIR VENT

PUMP

QD SAMPLE PORT

MULTIFILTRATIONBEDS

CONDITIONINGBED

WATERSTORAGE

TANK

EXCHANGER

GALLEY WARM WATER PORT

GALLEY HOT WATER PORT

MECHANICALFILTER

MAKEUPWATER INPUT

PACKAGE

SERVICE MODULECONDENSATE

CONDENSATEFEED UNIT

US LAB CONDENSATE

IN CWC

FILTERREACTOR

PHASESEPARATOR

PUMPPUMPPACKAGE

BEDWATER

STORAGETANK REGENERATIVE

HEATEXCHANGER

HOT WATERRESERVOIR

PUMPPACKAGE

SERVICE MODULECONDENSATE

CONDENSATEFEED UNIT

CONDENSATEFEED UNIT

U.S. LAB CONDENSATE

IN CWC

POTABLE

SRV-K Process Description Receives humidity condensate direct from Service

Module cabin air heat exchanger Condensate Feed Unit (CFU) for processing US Lab

condensate from CWC Filter reactor:

Oxidizes alcohols, glycols, polar organics to organic acids and CO2 using 2-phase flow to supply oxygen

Gas/liquid separator Multifiltration treatment beds:

Ion exchange resins and activated carbon Conditioning bed:

Adds biocidal silver & minerals (Ca, Mg, & F) for taste 10-liter storage tank (KЛB) upstream of galley Galley:

Pasteurizing tank (525 mL) Hot and warm dispensing ports

SRV-K Condensate Feed & Makeup Water

Water Sampling from SRV-K Galley

US Segment Potable Water System Water Recovery System (WRS):

Urine Processor Assembly (UPA) processes pretreated urine by distillation and delivers distillate to a wastewater tank where it is combined with humidity condensate.

Water Processor Assembly (WPA) processes the combined wastewater to potable water using multifiltration and thermal catalytic oxidation, adds iodine biocide, and stores product water for delivery to the potable water bus.

The Potable Water Dispenser (PWD) receives WPA product water direct from the bus and dispenses either hot or ambient water after removing iodine at the point of use.

The UPA, WPA, PWD, and Total Organic Carbon Analyzer (TOCA) were delivered in November 2008 and a 90-day checkout of the integrated water system was completed before approval for consumption was given in May 2009.

US Segment Potable Water System

Potable Water Dispenser

PWD (I2 removal)

I2 CWC

PWR EMU

Payloads

REFH

Waste & Hygiene Compartment

WHC

Urine –

Plumbed to U

PA

Urine Processor Assembly

Water Delivery ORU

Urine processing

BrineTank

WPA Waste Water tank

Waste water processing

Water Processor Assembly

Waste Water Bus

Waste Water Bus

Condensate

OGS Oxygen

Generation System

OG

S Reject Water

(iodinated)

EMU Waste Water (iodinated)

Payload condensate

Crew &

hygiene condensate

Flush EDV

WPA Product Water tank

UPA Waste Water Tank

Potable Water Bus

Archival Sample

SM EDV-U

REFH

Crew Consumption

(post 90-day C/O & archival sample

analysis)

TOCA

Sampling at Potable Water Dispenser (PWD)

ISS Water Quality Requirements The ISS Program has established a water quality

and monitoring program for regenerated and stored potable water

System Specification for ISS, SSP 41000, specifies water quality requirements for US potable water

ISS Medical Operations Requirements Document (MORD) specifies: Water quality requirements for RS potable water sources

and Shuttle-transferred water

Archival water sampling schedules:→ Monthly from SRV-K port (alternating Hot & Warm)→ Monthly from SVO-ZV port→ Monthly from PWD ports (alternating Hot & Ambient)

Expeditions 16-20 Returned Samples

Expedition 16: 7 samples

SRV-K hot: 2/26/08 SRV-K warm: 11/30/07, 1/8/08, 2/4/08 SVO-ZV: 11/30/07, 1/8/08, 2/26/08

→5 returned on STS-122/1E; 2 on STS-123/1JA


SRV-K hot: 4/16/08, 5/30/08, 8/27/08 SRV-K warm: 4/13/08, 4/16/08, 8/27/08 SVO-ZV: 4/13/08, 4/16/08, 5/30/08, 10/21/08

→3 returned on Soyuz 15; 4 on STS-124/1J; 3 on Soyuz 16



SRV-K hot: 7/25/08, 10/8/08, 12/16/08, 2/19/09 SRV-K warm: 7/2/08, 9/1/08, 11/11/08, 1/12/09 SVO-ZV: 7/2/08, 7/25/08, 9/1/08, 10/8/08, 11/11/08, 12/16/08, 1/12/09,

2/19/09, 4/5/09 PWD Aux: 11/26/08, 3/25/09 PWD Ambient: 1/2/09, 1/14/09, 1/21/09, 1/30/09, 3/18/09, 3/25/09, 4/2/09 PWD Hot: 12/12/08, 12/19/08, 12/29/08, 1/30/09, 3/23/09 WPA RIP: 11/22/08, 11/25/08, 11/26/08 (2), 12/8/08, 2/9/09, 2/27/09,

3/10/09, 3/25/09 (2), 4/2/09

→15 returned on STS-126/ULF2; 24 on STS-119/15A; 3 on Soyuz 17



SRV-K hot: 5/4/09, 7/22/09 SRV-K warm: 4/9/09, 7/7/09, 8/4/09 SVO-ZV: 4/9/09, 5/4/09, 7/7/09, 7/22/09, 8/4/09, 9/22/09 PWD Ambient: 4/15/09, 5/4/09, 6/16/09, 7/24/09, 8/4/09, 9/22/09 PWD Hot: 6/16/09, 7/24/09, 8/4/09, 9/22/09

→14 returned on STS-127/2JA; 4 on STS-128/17A; 3 on Soyuz 18

Sample Handling & Analysis

Samples returned on Soyuz were received by the Russian side and the U.S. portions flown back to Houston on a NASA jet using coolers with ice packs.

Samples returned on Shuttle were received by a Water and Food Analytical Laboratory (WAFAL) representative after the Shuttle landed, placed into coolers with ice packs, and hand-carried back to Houston on commercial airliners.

Chemical analyses were performed at Johnson Space Center’s WAFAL using a combination of standard and custom analytical methods

ParameterpH & conductivityTotal Dissolved SolidsTurbidityIodine & iodideFluorideInorganic anions & cationsMetals/Minerals

MethodPotentiometricGravimetricNephelometricLeuco crystal violet (LCV)Ion selective electrode (ISE)Ion chromatography (IC)Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP/MS)

Analytical Methods for Inorganics

Analytical Methods for Organics

ParameterTotal organic carbon (TOC)

Alcohols & glycols

Volatile organics

Semi-volatile organics

Organic acids & aminesUrea/Caprolactam

Formaldehyde

MethodUltraviolet or heated persulfate oxidationDirect Injection gas chromatography /mass spectrometry (GC/MS)GC/MS with purge & trap concentrator (EPA method 524.2)GC/MS after liquid/liquid extraction (modified EPA method 625)

Capillary electrophoresis (CE)Liquid chromatography (LC) with UV diode array detectorGC/MS after derivatization & extraction

Expeditions 16-20 SRV-K Sample Results(23 Samples)

Met all ISS MORD requirements except for manganese & total silver: Manganese: <1 to 139 μg/L (50 μg/L MORD)

Well below 1000-d SWEG of 300 μg/L

Total silver: 7 – 895 μg/L (500 μg/L MORD) High level in 1 sample is likely Rodnik water

TOC: 0.25 to 20.7 mg/L (20 mg/L MORD limit) All non-formate TOC levels below MORD

Formate: 4.36 to 61.8 mg/L (5 samples) Shuttle water used as makeup

Nickel: 8 to 101 μg/L (100 μg/L MORD)

Total & Non-Formate Organic Carbon in SRV-K Water Samples

TOC below MORD limit for Expeditions 16 through 20

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Con

c. m

g/L

Sample Collection Date

SRV-K TOC

SRV-K Non Formate TOC

SRV-K Formate TOCISS MORD Limit = 20 mg/L

E16 - E20

ISS Flight 4A to Soyuz 18

050

100150200250300350

Nic

kel (

µg/L

)



ISS MORD Limit = 100 µg/L

1000-day SWEG = 300 µg/L

E16 – E20

Nickel Levels in SRV-K Water Samples Nickel levels for E16 - E20 all below ISS MORD limit

Expeditions 16-20 SVO-ZV Sample Results(22 Samples)

Met all ISS MORD quality requirements except for turbidity, manganese, and total silver: Turbidity: 0.2 to 9.5 NTU (1.5 NTU MORD)

Elevated turbidity not a direct crew health risk

Manganese: 2 to 148 μg/L (50 μg/L MORD) Well below 1000-d SWEG of 300 μg/L

Total silver: 36 to 834 μg/L (500 μg/L MORD) High levels likely from Rodnik water as source

TOC: 0.32 – 22.9 mg/L (20 mg/L MORD limit) All non-formate TOC levels below MORD

Formate: 48.6 to 80.6 mg/L (9 samples) Shuttle water used as makeup

Turbidity, Formate, and Silver in SVO-ZV Water Samples

Some E16 - E20 results exceeded the ISS MORD Total Ag limit

Many results continued to exceed ISS turbidity limit but not considered a crew health risk

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

Con

c.(u

nits

in le

gend

)


ISS Flights 5A to Soyuz 18Turbidity (NTU)

Formate (mg/L)

Colloidal Ag (µg/L)

Total Ag (µg/L)

ISS MORD Total Ag limit = 500 µg/L

E16 – E20

050

100150200250300

Con

c. µ

g/L


ISS MORD Limit = 50

1000-day SWEG = 300

E16 – E20

Manganese in SVO-ZV Water Samples Many E16 – E20 samples exceeded ISS MORD limit Not a crew health risk since well below 300 µg/L SWEG


Expeditions 18-20 US Potable Water Samples(35 samples)

All ISS quality requirements met except for nickel, total iodine, and turbidity:

Nickel: 11 to 1690 μg/L (300 µg/L SSP 41000) High levels in 2 early RIP samples from stagnant pre-launch water

Total I (at PWD needle): <0.05 to 10.9 μg/L (0.2 mg/L SSP 41000) High levels from iodine flushing needed to recover microbial control

Turbidity: <0.1 to 1.3 NTU (1.0 NTU limit SSP 41000) Elevated turbidity not a direct health risk

TOC: 0.07 to 1.2 mg/L (3 mg/L SSP 41000) Iron: <5 to 261 μg/L (300 μg/L SSP 41000)

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

Conc

entr

atio

n (µ

g/L)


ISS Flights ULF2 to Soyuz 18

Nickel (RIP & Aux Port)

Nickel (PWD Hot)

Nickel (PWD Ambient)

SSP 41000 Nickel Limit = 300 µg/L

Nickel in US Potable Water Samples PWD Nickel levels for E16 - 20 all below SSP 41000 limit

High Ni in early RIP samples from stagnant pre-launch H2O

Total I and I2 in US Potable H2O Samples Performed 40 mg/L iodine flush of PWD lines on 3/17/09

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Conc

entr

atio

n (m

g/L)


ISS Flights ULF2 to Soyuz 18

Total I (RIP & Aux Port)

Iodine (RIP & Aux Port)

Total I (PWD Ambient)

Total I (PWD Hot)

SSP 41000 Total I Limit = 6.0 mg/L

SSP 41000 Total I Limit (at consumption) = 0.2mg/L

Total I = 10.9 mg/L at PWD Ambient

after 40 mg/L iodine flush

TOC in US Potable H2O Samples TOC levels for E16 - E20 samples were all below ISS limit

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

Conc

entr

atio

n (m

g/L)


ISS ULF2 to Soyuz 18

TOC (RIP & Aux Port)

TOC (PWD Ambient)

TOC (PWD Hot)SSP 41000 TOC Limit = 3.0 mg/L

Average US Lab Condensate

TOC = 194 mg/L

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

Conc

entr

atio

n (µ

g/L)


ISS ULF2 to Soyuz 18Iron (RIP & Aux Port)

Iron (PWD Hot)

Iron (PWD Ambient)

SSP 41000 Iron Limit = 300 µg/L

Iron in US Potable H2O Samples Iron levels for E16 - E20 samples were all below ISS limit

Conclusion

Chemical analysis results for Expeditions 16-20 archival water samples collected from SRV-K, SVO-ZV, RIP, and PWD indicate that all of the ISS potable water supplies were acceptable for crew consumption.

RecommendationsContinue discussions with Russian side to ensure that pre-launch Rodnik water silver levels are no higher than the limit of 500 μg/LContinue investigating cause of elevated turbidity in SVO-ZV water Turbidity is a measure of particulates Bacteria can attach to particulates shielding them from

disinfectants leading to increased risk of consuming contaminated water

Continue monitoring manganese, turbidity, total silver, and bacterial count in SVO-ZV, SRV-K, and Rodnik waterContinue to monitor total iodine, metals, and bacterial count in PWD water

Acknowledgments

Wyle Laboratories Analytical Chemists: Jim Alverson Mickie Benoit Lydia Ding Dawn Dungan Mike Kuo Esther Liu Jeff Rutz

NASA-JSC Technical Monitor: J. Torin McCoy

Russian Water Specialists: RSC-Energia – Peter Andreichuk & Elena Zapryagaylo Institute of Biomedical Problems – Yuri Sinyak and

Sergei Harin NIICHIMMASH – Leonid Bobe

ISS Expeditions 16 thru 20: Chemical Analysis Results for ... · ISS Expeditions 16 thru 20: Chemical Analysis Results for Potable Water. ... System Specification for ISS, ... (MORD)

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