Israel border 1300bc - 1949ad

13th century 13th century Exodus from Egypt: Moses leads Israelites from Egypt, followed by 40 years of Exodus from Egypt: Moses leads Israelites from Egypt, followed by 40 years of wandering in the desert. wandering in the desert. Torah, including the Ten Commandments, received at Torah, including the Ten Commandments, received at Mount Sinai.Mount Sinai.

13th-12th centuries13th-12th centuries Israelites settle in the Land of Israel Israelites settle in the Land of Israel

1020 1020 Jewish Monarchy established; Saul, first king.Jewish Monarchy established; Saul, first king.

c.1000 c.1000 Jerusalem made capital of David's kingdom.Jerusalem made capital of David's kingdom.

c.960 c.960 First Temple, the national and spiritual center of the Jewish people, built in First Temple, the national and spiritual center of the Jewish people, built in Jerusalem by King SolomonJerusalem by King Solomon

c. 930c. 930 Divided kingdom: Judah and Israel Divided kingdom: Judah and Israel

722-720722-720 Israel crushed by Assyrians; 10 tribes exiled (Ten Lost Tribes).Israel crushed by Assyrians; 10 tribes exiled (Ten Lost Tribes).

First a “short” Time - Line

586 586 Judah conquered by Babylonia; Jerusalem and First Temple destroyed; most Judah conquered by Babylonia; Jerusalem and First Temple destroyed; most Jews exiled to BabyloniaJews exiled to Babylonia

538-515 538-515 Many Jews return from Babylonia; Temple rebuilt.Many Jews return from Babylonia; Temple rebuilt.

332332 Land conquered by Alexander the Great; Hellenistic rule.Land conquered by Alexander the Great; Hellenistic rule.

166-160166-160 Maccabean (Hasmonean) revolt against restrictions on practice of Judaism and Maccabean (Hasmonean) revolt against restrictions on practice of Judaism and desecration of the Templedesecration of the Temple

142-129 142-129 Jewish independence under Hasmonean monarchy.Jewish independence under Hasmonean monarchy.

63 63 Jerusalem captured by Roman general, Pompey.Jerusalem captured by Roman general, Pompey.

63 BCE - 4 CE63 BCE - 4 CE Herod, Roman vassal king, rules the Land of Israel; Temple in Jerusalem Herod, Roman vassal king, rules the Land of Israel; Temple in Jerusalem refurbishedrefurbished

Time Line

c. 20-33c. 20-33 Ministry of Jesus of NazarethMinistry of Jesus of Nazareth

6666 Jewish revolt against the RomansJewish revolt against the Romans

70 70 Destruction of Jerusalem and Second Temple.Destruction of Jerusalem and Second Temple.

73 73 Last stand of Jews at Masada.Last stand of Jews at Masada.

132-135132-135 Bar Kokhba uprising against Rome.Bar Kokhba uprising against Rome.

c. 210c. 210 Codification of Jewish oral law (Codification of Jewish oral law (MishnahMishnah) completed.) completed.

c. 390 c. 390 Commentary on the Commentary on the MishnahMishnah (Jerusalem (Jerusalem TalmudTalmud) completed.) completed.

614 614 Arab invasion Arab invasion

Time Line

691 691 On site of First and Second Temples in Jerusalem, Dome of the Rock built by On site of First and Second Temples in Jerusalem, Dome of the Rock built by Caliph Abd el-Malik.Caliph Abd el-Malik.

1099-1291 1099-1291 Crusader domination (Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem) Crusader domination (Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem)

1291-15161291-1516 Mamluk RuleMamluk Rule

1517-19171517-1917 Ottoman RuleOttoman Rule

1882-19031882-1903 First First AliyahAliyah (large-scale immigration), mainly from Russia. (large-scale immigration), mainly from Russia.

1897 1897 First Zionist Congress convened by Theodor Herzl in Basel, Switzerland; Zionist First Zionist Congress convened by Theodor Herzl in Basel, Switzerland; Zionist Organization founded.Organization founded.

Time Line

1904-141904-14 Second Second AliyahAliyah, mainly from Russia and Poland., mainly from Russia and Poland.

19171917 400 years of Ottoman rule ended by British conquest;400 years of Ottoman rule ended by British conquest;British Foreign Minister Balfour pledges support for establishment of a "Jewish British Foreign Minister Balfour pledges support for establishment of a "Jewish national home in Palestine".national home in Palestine".

1922 1922 Britain granted Mandate for Palestine (Land of Israel) by League of Nations.Britain granted Mandate for Palestine (Land of Israel) by League of Nations.

1924-321924-32 Fourth Aliyah, mainly from Poland.Fourth Aliyah, mainly from Poland.

1933-391933-39 Fifth Aliyah, mainly from Germany.Fifth Aliyah, mainly from Germany.

Time Line

19391939 Jewish immigration severely limited by British White Paper.Jewish immigration severely limited by British White Paper.

1939-451939-45 World War II; Holocaust in Europe. World War II; Holocaust in Europe.

1947 1947 UN proposes the establishment of Arab and Jewish states in the Land.UN proposes the establishment of Arab and Jewish states in the Land.

19481948 End of British Mandate (14 May). State of Israel proclaimed (14 May).End of British Mandate (14 May). State of Israel proclaimed (14 May).Israel invaded by five Arab states (15 May) War of Independence (May 1948-July Israel invaded by five Arab states (15 May) War of Independence (May 1948-July 1949) Israel Defence Forces (IDF) established1949) Israel Defence Forces (IDF) established

1949 1949 Armistice agreements signed with Egypt, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon. Jerusalem Armistice agreements signed with Egypt, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon. Jerusalem divided under Israeli and Jordanian rule. First Knesset (parliament) electeddivided under Israeli and Jordanian rule. First Knesset (parliament) elected. Israel Israel admitted to United Nations as 59th membrer. admitted to United Nations as 59th membrer.

Time Line

13th-12th 13th-12th centuriescenturies Israelites settle Israelites settle in the Land of in the Land of IsraelIsrael

Israel in the time Israel in the time of the Judgesof the Judges

Israel duringIsrael duringDavid´s KingdomDavid´s Kingdom

King SalomonKing SalomonKingdom Kingdom

722-720 722-720 Israel crushed by Assyrians; 10 tribes exiled (Ten Lost Tribes).Israel crushed by Assyrians; 10 tribes exiled (Ten Lost Tribes).

586 586 Judah conquered by Babylonia; Jerusalem and First Temple destroyed; Judah conquered by Babylonia; Jerusalem and First Temple destroyed; most Jews exiled to Babyloniamost Jews exiled to Babylonia

538-515 538-515 Many Jews return from Babylonia; Temple rebuilt.Many Jews return from Babylonia; Temple rebuilt.

In October 539 BCE, the Persian king Cyrus In October 539 BCE, the Persian king Cyrus took Babylon, the ancient capital of an took Babylon, the ancient capital of an oriental empire covering modern Iraq, Syria, oriental empire covering modern Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, and Israel. Lebanon, and Israel.

Since he was already lord of peripheral Since he was already lord of peripheral regions in modern Turkey and Iran, the regions in modern Turkey and Iran, the conquest of Babylonia meant the birth of a conquest of Babylonia meant the birth of a true world empire. true world empire.

Cyrus allowed the Jews (who were exiled in Cyrus allowed the Jews (who were exiled in Babylonia) to return home. Babylonia) to return home.

After two centuries of serving as a After two centuries of serving as a vassal state to Persia, Judah vassal state to Persia, Judah suddenly found itself the vassal state suddenly found itself the vassal state of Macedonia, a Greek state.of Macedonia, a Greek state.

Alexander the Great had conquered Alexander the Great had conquered Persia and had, in doing so, Persia and had, in doing so, conquered most of the world. conquered most of the world.

For most of the world belonged to For most of the world belonged to Persia; in a blink of an eye, it now fell Persia; in a blink of an eye, it now fell to the Greeks. to the Greeks.

..

AlexanderAlexander332- 363 BC332- 363 BC

This great Greek empire would last no This great Greek empire would last no longer than Alexander's brief life; after longer than Alexander's brief life; after his death, altercations between his his death, altercations between his generals led to the division of his empire generals led to the division of his empire among three generals. among three generals.

One general, Antigonus and then later One general, Antigonus and then later Ptolemy, inherited Egypt; another, Ptolemy, inherited Egypt; another, Seleucus, inherited the Middle East and Seleucus, inherited the Middle East and Mesopotamia. Mesopotamia.

Judah conquered first by one, and then Judah conquered first by one, and then by the other, as it shifted from being a by the other, as it shifted from being a Seleucid vassal state to a Ptolemaic Seleucid vassal state to a Ptolemaic vassal state. Between 319 and 302 vassal state. Between 319 and 302 BCE, Jerusalem changed hands seven BCE, Jerusalem changed hands seven times. times.

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319 - 302 BCE319 - 302 BCE

The Seleucids kingThe Seleucids king Antiochus III defeated Antiochus III defeated the Egyptians and incorporated Judea into the Egyptians and incorporated Judea into his empire. his empire.

Antiochus backed down in the face of Jewish Antiochus backed down in the face of Jewish opposition to his effort to introduce idols in opposition to his effort to introduce idols in their temples.their temples.

His son, Antiochus IV, who inherited the His son, Antiochus IV, who inherited the throne in 176 B.C. resumed his father's throne in 176 B.C. resumed his father's original policy. original policy.

A brief Jewish rebellion only hardened his A brief Jewish rebellion only hardened his views and led him to outlaw central tenets of views and led him to outlaw central tenets of Judaism such as the Sabbath and Judaism such as the Sabbath and circumcision, and defile the holy Temple by circumcision, and defile the holy Temple by erecting an altar to the god Zeus, allowing erecting an altar to the god Zeus, allowing the sacrifice of pigs, and opening the shrine the sacrifice of pigs, and opening the shrine to non-Jews. to non-Jews.

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198 B.C198 B.C

166-160166-160 B.CB.CMaccabean (Hasmonean) revolt against Maccabean (Hasmonean) revolt against restrictions on practice of Judaism and restrictions on practice of Judaism and desecration of the Templedesecration of the Temple

142-129 B.C142-129 B.CJewish independence under Hasmonean Jewish independence under Hasmonean monarchy.monarchy.

When the Romans replaced the When the Romans replaced the Seleucids as the great power in the Seleucids as the great power in the region, they granted the Hasmonean region, they granted the Hasmonean king, Hyrcanus II, limited authority king, Hyrcanus II, limited authority under the Roman governor of under the Roman governor of Damascus. Damascus.

The Jews were hostile to the new The Jews were hostile to the new regime, and the following years regime, and the following years witnessed frequent insurrections. witnessed frequent insurrections.

A last attempt to restore the former A last attempt to restore the former glory of the Hasmonean dynasty was glory of the Hasmonean dynasty was made by Mattathias Antigonus, whose made by Mattathias Antigonus, whose defeat and death brought Hasmonean defeat and death brought Hasmonean rule to an end (40 BCE), and the Land rule to an end (40 BCE), and the Land became a province of the Roman became a province of the Roman Empire. Empire.

..

63 - 40 63 - 40 B.CB.C

Herod was the pro-Roman king of the small Jewish Herod was the pro-Roman king of the small Jewish state in the last decades before the common era. state in the last decades before the common era.

He started his career as a general, but the Roman He started his career as a general, but the Roman statesman Mark Antony recognized him as the statesman Mark Antony recognized him as the Jewish national leader. Jewish national leader.

During a war against the Parthians, Herod was During a war against the Parthians, Herod was removed from the scene, but the Roman Senate removed from the scene, but the Roman Senate made him king and gave him soldiers to seize the made him king and gave him soldiers to seize the the throne. the throne.

As 'friend and ally of the Romans' he was not a truly As 'friend and ally of the Romans' he was not a truly independent king; however, Rome allowed him a independent king; however, Rome allowed him a domestic policy of his own. domestic policy of his own.

Although Herod tried to respect the pious feeling of Although Herod tried to respect the pious feeling of his subjects, many of them were not content with his his subjects, many of them were not content with his rule, which ended in terror. He was succeeded by rule, which ended in terror. He was succeeded by his sons. his sons.

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Herod 73 bc - 4 adHerod 73 bc - 4 ad

70 AD70 ADDestruction of Jerusalem and Destruction of Jerusalem and Second Temple.Second Temple.

Titus lays siege to Jerusalem with Titus lays siege to Jerusalem with 80,000 soldiers. 80,000 soldiers.

He establishes his main camp He establishes his main camp opposite the northern outer wall opposite the northern outer wall and posts a legion on the Mount of and posts a legion on the Mount of Olives. Olives.

He plans to breach the outer wall, He plans to breach the outer wall, move rapidly through the defending move rapidly through the defending forces, move on to the first wall, forces, move on to the first wall, capture Herod's Palace and the capture Herod's Palace and the Upper city, and finish the siege in Upper city, and finish the siege in one stroke. one stroke.

Jerusalem is defended by 24,000 Jerusalem is defended by 24,000 experienced but unorganized experienced but unorganized fighters. fighters.

..

133 – 135133 – 135 Destruction Destruction followed by deportation followed by deportation

The complete destruction of Jerusalem, and the The complete destruction of Jerusalem, and the settlement of several Grecian and Roman settlement of several Grecian and Roman colonies in Judea, indicated the express colonies in Judea, indicated the express intention of the Roman government to prevent intention of the Roman government to prevent the political regeneration of the Jewish nation. the political regeneration of the Jewish nation.

Nevertheless, forty years later the Jews put Nevertheless, forty years later the Jews put forth efforts to recover their former freedom. forth efforts to recover their former freedom. These efforts, resolute but unwise attempt of These efforts, resolute but unwise attempt of the Jews of Palestine to regain their the Jews of Palestine to regain their independence (133-135). independence (133-135).

From this time on the Jews of Palestine, From this time on the Jews of Palestine, reduced in numbers, destitute, and crushed, reduced in numbers, destitute, and crushed, lost their preponderance in the Jewish world. lost their preponderance in the Jewish world.

Jerusalem had become, under the name "Ælia Jerusalem had become, under the name "Ælia Capitolina," a Roman colony, a city entirely Capitolina," a Roman colony, a city entirely pagan, to enter which was forbidden the Jews, pagan, to enter which was forbidden the Jews, under pain of death. under pain of death.

..

A city built by the emperor Hadrian A city built by the emperor Hadrian in the year 131, and occupied by a in the year 131, and occupied by a Roman colony, on the site of Roman colony, on the site of Jerusalem, Jerusalem,

Jews were forbidden to live in the Jews were forbidden to live in the city. Roman enforcement of this city. Roman enforcement of this prohibition continued through the prohibition continued through the fourth century. fourth century.

The urban plan of Aelia Capitolina The urban plan of Aelia Capitolina was that of a typical Roman town was that of a typical Roman town wherein main thoroughfares wherein main thoroughfares crisscrossed the urban grid crisscrossed the urban grid lengthwise and widthwise.lengthwise and widthwise.

The Hadrianic Cardo Maximus of The Hadrianic Cardo Maximus of Aelia terminated somewhere in the Aelia terminated somewhere in the area of the present David Street.area of the present David Street.

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131131 - Aelia Capitolina - Aelia Capitolina

Map of the Byzantine Empire (595) Map of the Byzantine Empire (595) The Roman emperor Constantine converted to The Roman emperor Constantine converted to Christianity. Christianity.

Christianity became the official religion of the Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire.Roman Empire.

Jews were considered subversive for their Jews were considered subversive for their refusal to acknowledge Jesus as the Messiahrefusal to acknowledge Jesus as the Messiah

Constantine established a new capital in Constantine established a new capital in Byzantium (now İstanbul, Turkey), in the eastern Byzantium (now İstanbul, Turkey), in the eastern part of the Roman Empire. part of the Roman Empire.

After Rome fell to invaders in 476, the Roman After Rome fell to invaders in 476, the Roman Empire in the west collapsed, but the Roman Empire in the west collapsed, but the Roman Empire in the east, which came to be known as Empire in the east, which came to be known as the Byzantine Empire, remained strong. the Byzantine Empire, remained strong.

The Byzantine Empire had far more Jews under The Byzantine Empire had far more Jews under its rule than did states in the Western Roman its rule than did states in the Western Roman Empire, and it dealt more harshly with them. Empire, and it dealt more harshly with them.

Jews under Byzantine rule often had difficulty Jews under Byzantine rule often had difficulty making a living and, among other obstacles, they making a living and, among other obstacles, they were barred from building new were barred from building new synagoguessynagogues or or holding public office. holding public office.

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Map of the Byzantine Empire (668) Map of the Byzantine Empire (668)

614 - Arab invasion.614 - Arab invasion. 691 - On site of First and 691 - On site of First and Second Temples in Jerusalem, Second Temples in Jerusalem,

Dome of the Rock built byDome of the Rock built byCaliph Abd el-MalikCaliph Abd el-Malik

632 - Death of Muhammad632 - Death of MuhammadBy this time, by military and By this time, by military and diplomatic means, Islam had diplomatic means, Islam had spread to almost all western and spread to almost all western and central Arabiacentral Arabia

656 - Arab Empire west to Tripoli 656 - Arab Empire west to Tripoli (Libya), north to Taurus and Causaus (Libya), north to Taurus and Causaus mountians (Turkey and Georgia) and mountians (Turkey and Georgia) and east to Pakistan east to Pakistan

732 - Arabs entered Spain to the west 732 - Arabs entered Spain to the west (via North Africa) and crossed the (via North Africa) and crossed the Indus river in India. Indus river in India.

Defeat at Tours (France) marks Defeat at Tours (France) marks deepest inroad into Western Europe deepest inroad into Western Europe (via Spain) (via Spain)

1099-1291 1099-1291 Crusader domination Crusader domination (Latin Kingdom of (Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem)Jerusalem)

Salah Ad Din Salah Ad Din 1138 - 11931138 - 1193

Saladin united Arab forces and recaptured the city of Saladin united Arab forces and recaptured the city of Jerusalem from Christian Crusaders in the 12th century Jerusalem from Christian Crusaders in the 12th century A.D. A.D.

His conquest of Jerusalem in 1188 prompted the Third His conquest of Jerusalem in 1188 prompted the Third Crusade, led by Richard I of England; Richard's forces Crusade, led by Richard I of England; Richard's forces defeated Saladin in several battles, but could not retake defeated Saladin in several battles, but could not retake Jerusalem. Jerusalem.

Saladin and Richard signed an armistice in 1192, and Saladin and Richard signed an armistice in 1192, and the two are often linked in histories of the era.the two are often linked in histories of the era.

..Saladin's empire and its vassals shown in Saladin's empire and its vassals shown in redred; ;

Territory taken from the Crusader states 1187-Territory taken from the Crusader states 1187-1189 shown in 1189 shown in pinkpink. .

Light greenLight green indicates Crusader territories indicates Crusader territories surviving Saladin's death.surviving Saladin's death.

1291-15161291-1516 Mamluk RuleMamluk Rule

Islamic rulers created this warrior caste by collecting Islamic rulers created this warrior caste by collecting non-Muslim slave boys and training them as cavalry non-Muslim slave boys and training them as cavalry soldiers especially loyal to their owner and each other. soldiers especially loyal to their owner and each other. They converted to Islam in the course of their training. They converted to Islam in the course of their training.

Slaves from Turkey, Slaves from Turkey, that held the that held the Egyptian throne from Egyptian throne from about 1250 until about 1250 until 1517 and remained 1517 and remained powerful until 1811. powerful until 1811.

He was a commander of the He was a commander of the MamluksMamluks in around in around 1250, when he defeated the Seventh Crusade of 1250, when he defeated the Seventh Crusade of Louis IX of France. Louis IX of France.

He continued what was to become a lifelong He continued what was to become a lifelong struggle against the Crusader kingdoms.struggle against the Crusader kingdoms.

In 1263 he attacked Acre, the capital of the In 1263 he attacked Acre, the capital of the remnant of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, but was remnant of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, but was unable to take it. unable to take it.

Nevertheless, he defeated the Crusaders in Nevertheless, he defeated the Crusaders in many other battles (Arsuf, Athlith, Haifa, Safad, many other battles (Arsuf, Athlith, Haifa, Safad, Jaffa, Ashkalon, Caesarea).Jaffa, Ashkalon, Caesarea).

Whenever possible he took prisoners who were Whenever possible he took prisoners who were members of the Knights Templar and Knights members of the Knights Templar and Knights Hospitaller, who were much hated in the Muslim Hospitaller, who were much hated in the Muslim world at the that time as they defended Christian world at the that time as they defended Christian castles and at the same time considered to be a castles and at the same time considered to be a great military threat.great military threat.

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Baybars Baybars 1223 - 12771223 - 1277

1517-19171517-1917 Ottoman Rule Ottoman Rule

1920 - 19461920 - 1946 The British MandateThe British Mandate

The Sykes-Picot The Sykes-Picot Agreement, reached Agreement, reached on 15-16 May 1916 by on 15-16 May 1916 by Sir Edward Grey and Sir Edward Grey and Paul Cambon, divided Paul Cambon, divided the Middle East into the Middle East into areas of influence for areas of influence for Britain and France.Britain and France.

16 May 191616 May 1916

Lord Earl Peel, former Secretary of State for India, Lord Earl Peel, former Secretary of State for India, headed the Commission.headed the Commission.

The Peel Report recommended the partition of The Peel Report recommended the partition of Palestine into two states, one Arab and the other Palestine into two states, one Arab and the other Jewish. The British Government accepted the Jewish. The British Government accepted the recommendations of the Peel Commission in recommendations of the Peel Commission in principle, but did not implement them due to principle, but did not implement them due to continued Arab rioting continued Arab rioting

the Royal Commission arrived in Jerusalem November 11, 1936.

11 November 193611 November 1936

November 1947

19481948 - - The Arab invasionThe Arab invasion

15 May -11 Juni 1948

Israel borderIsrael border

Attack by Arab forcesAttack by Arab forces

Israel borderIsrael border

Attack by Arab forcesAttack by Arab forces

11 June - 9 July

11 June - 9 July11 June - 9 July The First TruceThe First Truce

The bombed-out bridge later became known as Gesher Ad Halom (Until Here).

29 May 1948 : Egyptian Column Halted Near Ashdod29 May 1948 : Egyptian Column Halted Near Ashdod

32 km

Tel AvivTel Aviv

The 10 The 10 days: 9 July 1948 – 18 July 1948days: 9 July 1948 – 18 July 1948

Area taking by Israeli forcesArea taking by Israeli forcesArea taking by Arab forcesArea taking by Arab forces

22 December 1948 – 07 January 1949 Operation Horev22 December 1948 – 07 January 1949 Operation Horev

5 mars 1949 – 10 mars 49 Operation Ovda5 mars 1949 – 10 mars 49 Operation Ovda

Golani

Palamach

19491949 – Armistice agreement – Armistice agreement

19491949