ISA 3200 NETWORK SECURITY Chapter 1: Introduction to Information Security
Dec 18, 2015
Learning Objectives
ISA 3200---Summer 2010
Upon completion of this chapter, you should be able to: Explain the relationship among the component parts of information
security, especially network security Define the key terms and critical concepts of information and
network security Describe the organizational roles of information and network
security professionals Understand the business need for information and network security Identify the threats posed to information and network security, as
well as the common attacks associated with those threats Differentiate threats to information within systems from attacks
against information within systems
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Introduction
ISA 3200---Summer 2010
Firewalls and network security are critical components in securing day-to-day operations of nearly every organization in business today
Before learning to plan, design, and implement firewalls and network security, it is important to understand the larger topic of information security and how these two components fit into it
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What Is Information Security?
ISA 3200---Summer 2010
Information security (InfoSec) is defined by standards published by CNSS as the protection of information and its critical elements, including the systems and hardware that use, store, and transmit that information
To protect information and related systems, organizations must implement policy, awareness training and education, and technology
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What is Information Security? (continued)
ISA 3200---Summer 2010
C.I.A. triangle consists of Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability
List of characteristics has expanded over time, but these three remain central
Successful organization maintains multiple layers of security: Network security Physical security Personal security Operations security Communications security
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Critical Characteristics of Information
ISA 3200---Summer 2010
Availability enables authorized users to access information without interference or obstruction and to receive it in required format
Accuracy means information is free from error and has the value the end user expects
Authenticity is quality or state of being genuine or original, rather than reproduced or fabricated; information is authentic when it is what was originally created, placed, stored, or transferred
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Critical Characteristics of Information (continued)
ISA 3200---Summer 2010
Confidentiality is when information is protected from exposure to unauthorized entities
Integrity is when information remains whole, complete, and uncorrupted
Utility of information is quality or state of having value for some end purpose; information must be in a format meaningful to end user
Possession is ownership or control of some object or item; information is in one’s possession if one obtains it, independent of format or other characteristics
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Securing Components
ISA 3200---Summer 2010
When computer is subject of an attack, it is used as active tool to conduct attack
When computer is object of an attack, it is entity being attacked
Direct attack is when hacker uses a computer to break into a system
Indirect attack is when a system is compromised and used to attack other systems, such as a botnet or other distributed denial-of-service attack
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Figure 1-3 Computer as the Subject and Object of an Attack
ISA 3200---Summer 2010
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Balancing Information Access and Security
ISA 3200---Summer 2010
Information security cannot be an absolute; it is a process, not a goal
Information security should balance protection and availability
To achieve balance—to operate information system to satisfaction of users and security professionals—level of security must allow reasonable access, yet protect against threats
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Business Needs First
ISA 3200---Summer 2010
Information security performs four important organizational functions:
Protects organization’s ability to function Enables safe operation of applications
implemented on organization’s IT systems Protects data the organization collects and
uses Safeguards technology assets in use at the
organization
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Security Professionals and the Organization
ISA 3200---Summer 2010
Chief Information Officer Senior technology officer Primarily responsible for advising senior
executive(s) for strategic planning Chief Information Security Officer
Individual primarily responsible for assessment, management, and implementation of securing information in the organization
May also be referred to as Manager for Security, Security Administrator, or a similar title
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Security Professionals and the Organization (continued)
ISA 3200---Summer 2010
Information security project team should consist of individuals experienced in one or more facets of vast array of technical and nontechnical areas:ChampionTeam leaderSecurity policy developersRisk assessment specialistsSecurity professionals System, network, and storage administratorsEnd users
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Data Ownership
ISA 3200---Summer 2010
Data owner: responsible for the security and use of a particular set of information
Data custodian: responsible for the storage, maintenance, and protection of the information
Data users: the end systems users who work with the information to perform their daily jobs supporting the mission of the organization
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Threats
ISA 3200---Summer 2010
Sun Tzu Wu: “If you know the enemy and know yourself,
you need not fear the result of a hundred battles.
If you know yourself but not the enemy, for every victory gained you will also suffer a defeat.
If you know neither the enemy nor yourself, you will succumb in every battle.”
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Threats (continued)
ISA 3200---Summer 2010
To make sound decisions about information security, management must be informed about the various threats facing the organization, its people, applications, data, and information systems—that is, the enemy
In the context of information security, a threat is an object, person, or other entity that represents a constant danger to an asset
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Human Error or Failure
ISA 3200---Summer 2010
Includes acts done without malicious intent Caused by: inexperience, improper training,
incorrect assumptions, and other circumstances
Employees are greatest threats to information security—closest to organizational data
Employee mistakes can easily lead to: Revelation of classified data Entry of erroneous data Accidental deletion or modification of data Storage of data in unprotected areas Failure to protect information
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ISA 3200---Summer 2010
Human Error or Failure (continued)
Many of these can be prevented with controls
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Compromises to Intellectual Property
ISA 3200---Summer 2010
Intellectual property is “the ownership of ideas and control over the tangible or virtual representation of those ideas”
Many organizations create intellectual property—trade secrets, copyrights, trademarks, patents
Most common IP breach is software piracy (??) Watchdog organizations that investigate include:
Software & Information Industry Association (SIIA) Business Software Alliance (BSA)
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ISA 3200---Summer 2010
Compromises to Intellectual Property (continued)
Copyright enforcement is attempted with technical security mechanisms and online registration
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Espionage or Trespass
ISA 3200---Summer 2010
Category of activities that breach confidentiality
Unauthorized accessing of information Competitive intelligence vs. espionage Shoulder surfing can occur any place a
person is accessing confidential information
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ISA 3200---Summer 2010
Espionage or Trespass (continued)
Controls are implemented to mark the boundaries of an organization’s virtual territory, giving notice to trespassers that they are encroaching on the organization’s cyberspace
Hackers use skill, guile, or fraud to steal the property of someone else
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Espionage or Trespass (continued)
ISA 3200---Summer 2010
Generally two skill levels among hackers: Expert hacker
Develops software scripts and codes exploits Usually a master of many skills Often creates attack software to share with others
Unskilled hackers (script kiddies) Hackers of limited skill Use expert-written software to exploit a system Do not usually fully understand systems they hack
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ISA 3200---Summer 2010
Espionage or Trespass (continued)
Other terms for system rule breakers: Cracker: “cracks” or removes protection designed
to prevent unauthorized duplication Phreaker: hacks the public telephone network
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Information Extortion
ISA 3200---Summer 2010
Information extortion is an attacker or formerly trusted insider stealing information from a computer system and demanding compensation for its return or non-use
Extortion found in credit card number theft
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Sabotage or Vandalism
ISA 3200---Summer 2010
Individual or group who wants to deliberately sabotage operations of a computer system or business or perform acts of vandalism to either destroy an asset or damage image of the organization
Threats can range from petty vandalism to organized sabotage
Organizations rely on image so Web defacing can lead to dropping consumer confidence and sales
Rising threat of hacktivist or cyber-activist operations; most extreme version is cyber-terrorism
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Theft
ISA 3200---Summer 2010
Illegal taking of another’s property—physical, electronic, or intellectual
Value of information suffers when it is copied and taken away without the owner’s knowledge
Physical theft can be controlled—wide variety of measures used from locked doors to guards or alarm systems (enforcement: University policy on locking classrooms)
Electronic theft is more complex problem to manage and control; organizations may not even know it has occurred (Perfect copies)
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Software Attacks
ISA 3200---Summer 2010
When an individual or group designs software to attack systems, they create malicious code called malware
Designed to damage, destroy, or deny service to target systems (Allow others to use the resources)
Includes: Virus (macro virus or boot virus ) Worms Trojan horses Back door or trap door Polymorphic Virus and worm “hoaxes”
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Forces of Nature
ISA 3200---Summer 2010
Forces of nature, force majeure, or acts of God are dangerous because they are unexpected and can occur with very little warning
Can disrupt not only the lives of individuals, but also the storage, transmission, and use of information
Include fire, flood, earthquake, and lightning as well as electrostatic discharge
Since it is not possible to avoid many of these threats, management must implement controls to limit damage and also prepare contingency plans for continued operations
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Deviations in Quality of Service
ISA 3200---Summer 2010
Situations of product or services not delivered as expected
Information system depends on many inter-dependent support systems
Service issues that dramatically affect the availability of information and systems include: Internet service Communications service Power irregularities
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Internet Service Issues
ISA 3200---Summer 2010
Loss of Internet service can lead to considerable loss in availability of information since organizations have customer sales staff and telecommuters working at remote locations
When an organization outsources its Web servers, outsourcer assumes responsibility for all Internet services as well as for hardware and operating system software used to operate the Web site (problem of defining service parameters)
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Communications and Other Service Provider Issues
ISA 3200---Summer 2010
Other utility services have potential impact Among these are:
Telephone Water & wastewater Trash pickup Cable television Natural or propane gas Custodial services
The threat of loss of services can lead to inability to function properly
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Power Irregularities
ISA 3200---Summer 2010
Power irregularities are common and lead to fluctuations such as: Spike: momentary increase Surge: prolonged increase Sag: momentary low voltage Brownout: prolonged drop Fault: momentary loss of power Blackout: prolonged loss communication
infrastructure Electronic equipment is susceptible to fluctuations;
controls can be applied to manage power quality
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Hardware Failures or Errors
ISA 3200---Summer 2010
Technical hardware failures or errors occur when manufacturer distributes to users equipment containing flaws
These defects can cause system to perform outside of expected parameters, resulting in unreliable service or lack of availability
Some errors are terminal, in that they result in unrecoverable loss of equipment; some errors are intermittent, in that they only periodically manifest, resulting in faults that are not easily repeated
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Software Failures or Errors
ISA 3200---Summer 2010
This category of threats comes from purchasing software with unrevealed faults
Large quantities of computer code are written, debugged, published, and sold only to determine that not all bugs were resolved
Sometimes, unique combinations of certain software and hardware reveal new bugs
Sometimes, these items aren’t errors, but are purposeful shortcuts left by programmers for honest or dishonest reasons
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Obsolescence
ISA 3200---Summer 2010
When infrastructure becomes antiquated or outdated, it leads to unreliable and untrustworthy systems
Management must recognize that when technology becomes outdated, there is a risk of loss of data integrity to threats and attacks
Ideally, proper planning by management should prevent risks from technology obsolesce, but when obsolescence is identified, management must take action
Physical equipment wears out
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Attacks
ISA 3200---Summer 2010
An attack is a deliberate act that exploits vulnerability
Accomplished by threat agent to damage or steal organization’s information or physical asset Exploit is a technique to compromise a system Vulnerability is an identified weakness of a
controlled system whose controls are not present or are no longer effective
Attack is the use of an exploit to achieve the compromise of a controlled system
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Malicious Code
ISA 3200---Summer 2010
This kind of attack includes the execution of viruses, worms, Trojan horses, and active Web scripts with the intent to destroy or steal information
The state of the art in attacking systems is the multi-vector worm using up to six attack vectors to exploit a variety of vulnerabilities in commonly found information system devices
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Attack Descriptions
ISA 3200---Summer 2010
“Hoaxes”: a more devious approach to attacking computer systems is transmission of a virus hoax, with a real virus attached
Back doors: using a known or previously unknown and newly discovered access mechanism, an attacker can gain access to a system or network resource
Password crack: attempting to reverse calculate a password
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Attack Descriptions (continued)
ISA 3200---Summer 2010
Brute force: the application of computing and network resources to try every possible combination of options of a password Discuss timing
Dictionary: the dictionary password attack narrows the field by selecting specific accounts to attack and uses a list of commonly used passwords (the dictionary) to guide guesses Compare dictionary size with brute force
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Attack Descriptions (continued)
ISA 3200---Summer 2010
Denial-of-service (DoS): attacker sends a large number of connection or information requests to a target; so many requests are made that the target system cannot handle them successfully along with other, legitimate requests for service May result in a system crash or merely an inability to
perform ordinary functions Distributed denial-of-service (DDoS): attack in
which a coordinated stream of requests is launched against a target from many locations at the same time
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Attack Descriptions (continued)
ISA 3200---Summer 2010
Spoofing: technique used to gain unauthorized access whereby the intruder sends messages to a computer with an IP address indicating that the message is coming from a trusted host
Man-in-the-Middle: in this attack, an attacker sniffs packets from the network, modifies them, and inserts them back into the network; also called TCP hijacking
Spam: unsolicited commercial e-mail; while many consider spam a nuisance rather than an attack, it is emerging as a vector for some attacks
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Attack Descriptions (continued)
ISA 3200---Summer 2010
Mail-bombing: another form of e-mail attack that is also a DoS, in which an attacker routes large quantities of e-mail to the target
Sniffer: program and/or device that can monitor data traveling over a network; can be used for both legitimate network management and for stealing information from a network
Social engineering: within the context of information security, the process of using social skills to convince people to reveal access credentials or other valuable information
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Attack Descriptions (continued)
ISA 3200---Summer 2010
“People are the weakest link. You can have the best technology; firewalls, intrusion-detection systems, biometric devices ... and somebody can call an unsuspecting employee. That's all she wrote, baby. They got everything.” Zimbra login page, exam question from 2101
“Brick attack”: the best configured firewall in the world can’t stand up to a well-placed brick
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Attack Descriptions (continued)
ISA 3200---Summer 2010
Buffer overflow: application error occurs when more data is sent to buffer than it can handle; when buffer overflows, attacker can make target system execute instructions or attacker can take advantage of some other unintended consequence of the failure
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Attack Descriptions (continued)
ISA 3200---Summer 2010
Timing attack: relatively new, works by exploring contents of Web browser’s cache; can allow collection of information on access to password-protected sites Another attack by the same name involves
attempting to intercept cryptographic elements to determine keys and encryption algorithms
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Chapter Summary
ISA 3200---Summer 2010
Firewalls and network security are essential components for securing systems that businesses use to run day-to-day operations
Information security is protection of information and its critical elements, including systems and hardware that use, store, and transmit that data
C.I.A. triangle based on confidentiality, integrity, availability of info and systems that process it
CNSS Security model (McCumber Cube) provides graphical description of approach used in computer and information security
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Chapter Summary (continued)
ISA 3200---Summer 2010
Computer can be subject of attack or object of attack; two types of attacks: direct and indirect
Information security not an absolute: a process, not a goal; should balance reasonable access and availability while protecting against threats
Information security performs four functions: Protects organization’s ability to function Enables safe operation of applications implemented on
organization’s IT systems Protects data that organization collects and uses Safeguards technology assets of organization
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Chapter Summary (continued)
ISA 3200---Summer 2010
Requires wide range of professionals and skill sets to support information security program
Information security project team includes: team leader, security policy developers, risk assessment specialists, security professionals, systems, network and storage administrators, and end users
Three types of data ownership: data owner, data custodian, and data user
Threat is object, person, or other entity that represents a constant danger to assets
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Chapter Summary (continued)
ISA 3200---Summer 2010
Attack is deliberate act or action that takes advantage of vulnerability to compromise controlled system
Vulnerability is identified weakness in controlled system
Major types of attacks include: malicious code, “hoaxes” of malicious code, back doors, password cracking, DoS, DDoS, spoofing, man-in-the-middle, spam, mail bombing, sniffers, social engineering, buffer overflow, and timing attacks
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