iron and man

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Use of Iron in India

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 Technology of IronCharcoal is added to this iron ore and

heated to a high degree of temperature to

produce iron. This pure iron is beaten to make weapons

and tools.

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Characteristics of ironHardness-harder than copper and bronze

Availability- available in plenty comparison

with copperCheap-cheaper than other metals

Clear forest easily

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se of Iron in India!edic people settled in "orth western part of

India.

#iving by grazing cattle They migrated to the $angetic plain in the

east.

$agetic plain % rich in Iron deposits

se of Iron tools- cleared forest& ploughingfertile alluvial soil& started agriculture

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'ocial and cultural (elds of India!edic people inhabited the area of 'apta

'indhu-)#and of seven rivers- sindhu&saraswathy& *avi&+ias& 'atle,&Chinab&

 helamin the "orth western part of India.

'earching for new pastures & they migrated to$angetic plain in the east.

they advanced in iron weapons and chariotsdrawn by horses.

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$angetic /lain$angetic plain was densely forested area which

received heavy rainfall.

se of iron tools they cleared forest and started

farming

Agriculture is an activity which re0uired morelabour than cattle rearing.

1hen the vedic people move to $angetic plain

e2panded agriculture & they re0uire more workers. They met this need by con0uered the local people

and use them for agricultural labour.

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1ealthCattle were the real wealth& to get control

over this wealth& they often fought withweapons.

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3asas The +ronze age people were con0uered by

the Aryans and made them labourers

 The Aryans called them 4dasas56asters and 'ervants were formed

Aryans were white coloured people

3asas were black coloured people

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Crops+arley was main crops& laterpaddy and sugarcane started for

forming

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1orship!edic people worshipped forces ofnature during the pastoral phase.

Customs and *ituals becamestronger

$rains &milk& ghee& animals-re0uired for these rituals availablein plenty.

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calendarAgricultural calendar with si2

seasons evolved during this time.

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 Trade centres The traders in one locality ,oined

together in group called5 'renis5 andformed 4trade guilds5. The head of eachguild was known as 4'reshti5

Iron age civilization cities grew in tradecentres.

 The use of advanced techni0ues and

knowledge of forming method led toincrease in agricultural production.

 The people in the $angetic plaine2changed their surplus produce.

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 This led to the rise of a new set of people withtrade as their occupation.

 Trade centres are 6agadha& Anga& $andharaam.

7asi& chedi& 7osalam !atsam. The e2pansion of trade helped people of the

$angetic plain to establish relation with distantplaces.

 Te2tiles pottery& ivory etc were main items in trade$oods were given in e2change for goods

#ater coins used for e2change and trade.

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CoinsCoins were used fore2change and trade.

Coins with symbols

punched on them )punch-marked coins.

 The coins used in thosedays were called

87arshapana5Coins gave great thrust to

trade.

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