IPM Measurement Putting an Environmental Price To Pesticide Use Joe Kovach IPM Program Ohio State University.

IPM Measurement

Putting an Environmental PriceTo Pesticide Use

Joe KovachIPM Program

Ohio State University

• Background

• Method

• Application

Method to Put Environmental Price of Pesticides

1) New Jobs2) New Businesses3) Reduced Agricultural Production Costs4) Development of New Products5) Decrease in Pounds of Pesticide Use 6) Decrease Numbers of Pesticide Apps7) Lower Environ. Impacts of Pesticide Use8) Development of New and/or Improved

Pesticide Application Technology

Indicators of IPM Success We Have Used

9) Increased Communication/Partnership (Processors, Producers, and Retailers)10) Increases in Federal or State Funding11) Reduced no. of pesticide treated acres12) Shift in reliance to less-toxic pesticides 13) Creation of more IPM Options14) Biocontrol projects funded then and now 15) Changes in Producer IPM Knowledge, Opinions, Skills, and Aspirations

Indicators of IPM Success We Have Used

One recommendation:

"a related management shortcoming of the federal IPM initiative is that USDA has not devised a method for measuring the environmental or economic results of IPM implementation."

US General Accounting Office - 2001

Management Improvements Needed to Further Promote IPM

IPM Environ. Measurement Tool

Over 25 different groups used tool

Growers, Processors, Golf course supers

ScientistsCornell Univ. - many cropsProvince of Ontario - many cropsUniv. Guelph- many cropsTexas A&M - vegetablesWashington State - applesUniversity of Minnesota - fruit

A Method to Measure theEnvironmental Impact

of Pesticides (EIQ)1992

J. Kovach, C. Petzoldt and J. TetteIPM Program

Cornell UniversityNYS Ag. Exp. Sta.

Geneva, NY

http://www.nysipm.cornell.edu/publications/EIQ.html

13 Criteria Used

• Dermal Toxicity• Chronic Toxicity - Reproductive - Teratogenic - Mutagenic - Oncogenic • Fish Toxicity

• Bird Toxicity• Bee Toxicity• Beneficial Arthro.• Soil Persistence• Leaf Persistence• Runoff Potential• Leaching Potential

Over 200 pesticides evaluated(insecticides, fungicides, herbicide)

http://www.nysipm.cornell.edu/publications/EIQ.html

CHRONIC POTENTIAL(Reproductive, Teratogenic,

Mutagenic, Oncogenic)

Little or none = 1

Potential = 3

Definite = 5

http://www.nysipm.cornell.edu/publications/EIQ.html

EIQ Equation

EIQ =

{[C(DT*5)+(DT*P)]+

[(C*(S+P)/2*SY)+(L)]+

[(F*R)+(D*((S+P)/2)*3)+(Z*P*3)+(B*P*5)]}/3

Farmworker

Consumer

Ecological

http://www.nysipm.cornell.edu/publications/EIQ.html

FARMWORKER COMPONENT

Applicator + Picker

(CP * DT * 5) + (CP * DT * PSR)

Average ofReproductiveTeratogenicMutagenicOncogenic

Acute toxicity LD50 rabbits

Plant surface residue

EIQ VALUESPesticideBtorzalinphosmetcaptanglyphosatemyclobutanilazinphos-mthiophanate-mbenlateparathion

EIQ 13.5 17.7 23.9 28.6 32.4 41.2 43.1 51.5 69.5104.4

Field Use EIQ

• Inherent toxicity (EIQ value)

• % active ingredient in formulation

• rate (pints or pounds/acre)

• number of applications

EIQ Field Use Rating

Material

Sevin

Thiodan

Guthion

EIQ

22.6

40.5

43.1

ai

.50

.50

.35

Rate

6.0

3.0

2.2

Frating

67.8

60.8

33.2

Material EIQ ai Dose Applic TotRubigan EC 27.3 0.12 0.6 4 8Captan 50WP 28.6 0.50 3.0 6 257Lorsban 50WP 52.8 0.50 3.0 2 158Thiodan 50WP 40.5 0.50 3.0 1 61Guthion 35WP 43.1 0.35 2.2 2 66Cygon 4E 74.0 0.43 2.0 3 191Omite 6EC 42.7 0.68 2.0 2 116Kelthane 35WP 29.9 0.35 4.5 1 47Sevin 50WP 22.6 0.50 1.0 3 34Total env impact 938

Material EIQ ai Dose Applications TotalNova 40WP 41.2 0.40 0.3 4 20Captan 50WP 28.6 0.50 3.0 1 43Dipel 2X 13.5 0.06 1.5 3 4Sevin 50WP 22.6 0.50 3.0 1 34Guthion 35WP 43.1 0.35 2.2 2 66Total environmental impact 167

NY Apple IPM Comparisons

NASS Data - APPLE

AZ OR WA PA NY VA GA MI SC NC0

1000

2000

3000

STATE

EIQ

National Crop EIQ

Blue Grape Rasp Straw OrangeApple Pear Peach

CROP

EIQ

If more biological/cultural control practices are used than less pesticides will be used

If better scouting or forecasting methods are implemented than less pesticides used

Ultimately, changes in IPM adoption behavior leads directly to changes in pesticide use patterns

Methods of Measuring IPM Adoption

Goal:

To develop a “common currency” to assess the environmental andeconomic impact of IPM programs that can be easily communicated.

Pesticide Price Model

Price = Raw materials

+ Capital

+ Production + Transportation

+ Profit

(+ Environmental Cost)

Greener is Cheaper

Pesticide Price Method

3 Components needed

1) Total environmental cost of pesticides used

2) Environmental risk rating for each pesticide

3) Total amount of pesticide used

Pesticide Price Method

Pimentel et al. (1992) estimated the social and environmental cost of pesticide use in the US to be $ 8.1 billion dollars.

Gianessi and Anderson (1995) estimated that 732 million pounds of ai of pesticides were used in the US in 1992.

Environmental cost = $ 8.1 billion / 732 mil lbs. $11.06 per pound of active ingredient of pesticide

How do you incorporate a fair environmental cost per pesticide?

If a pesticide is a leacher it should a have higher groundwater costs

If a pesticide kills bees it should have higher bee costs

Each pesticide should have a different cost for each environmental impact category

Estimated Environmental and Social Cost of Pesticides

Costs Millions $/yearPublic Health 787Loss of Natural Enemies 520Honeybee & Poll. Losses 320Fishery losses 24Bird losses 2,100Groundwater Cont. 1,800

From Pimentel et al. 1992

Pesticide Use in the USAin 1992

Class Mil. ai lbs EIQ’sInsecticides 149 98%Fungicides 129 98%Herbicides 454 89%Total 732 94%

Pesticide Price Method

• Used (94%) of Pimentel cost calculation (GW = $1.8M)

• Determined relative environmental impacts of each chemical for each category (modified EIQ’s - 1,10,100 - used Field Use EIQ)

•Calculated average cost/FUEIQ

• Determine $/lb ai

Environmental Price of aPound of ai of Atrazine

Category PriceGround H20 $10.02Aquatic 0.01Bird 0.14Bee 0.10Beneficials 0.38Applicator 0.00Consumer 0.07Total $10.72

Herbicides 2,4-D 2,4-DB Acifluorfen Alachlor Bentazon Chlorimuron-ethyl Clomazone Dimethenamid Ethalfluralin Fenoxaprop Fluazifop-P-butyl Flumetsulam Fomesafen Glyphosate Imazaquin Imazethapyr Lactofen Linuron Metolachlor Metribuzin Paraquat Pendimethalin Quizalofop-ethyl Sethoxydim Trifluralin

Total

lbs. Ai $ ENV/lb Total $ 2,802,000 2.73 7649460 24,000 0.83 19920 1,346,000 2.50 3365000 5,036,000 1.31 6597160 4,562,000 10.82 49360840 143,000 10.18 1455740 928,000 1.01 937280 320,000 1.41 451200 215,000 1.72 369800 246,000 139.38 34287480 342,000 0.23 78660 54,000 1.72 92880 716,000 3.06 2190960 8,687,000 0.63 5472810 688,000 18.19 12514720 1,229,000 10.04 12339160 335,000 1.35 452250 225,000 2.86 643500 4,221,000 1.14 4811940 1,460,000 11.32 16527200 340,000 12.54 426360013,810,000 1.84 25410400 190,000 9.10 1729000 1,158,000 1.42 164436010,008,000 1.98 19815840

56,122,000 $4.40 $228,100,000

National Soybean Pesticide Use

Environmental Costs of Ohio Commodities

Commodity Acres (x103) Tot. E.$ (mil) Env.$/ASoybean 4,100 15.9 4Corn 3,600 70.1 19Pumpkins 4 0.1 23Sw. Corn 12 0.4 31Strawberries 1 0.2 174Apples 9 2.4 265

Behavior Changes & IPM Implementation

• Negative IncentivesPesticide taxes

• Positive IncentivesIPM MarketingTrading Pesticide Credits

Study on Pesticide Reduction Incentives in Denmark

• subsidies of environmentally favorable practices are inefficient

• “polluter pays” taxes are best

- for a 40-45% reduction in pesticide use, cost should increase by 120%

Dubgaard 1991

Atrazine Environmental Price

Price of Atrazine 4L = $1.81/ lb

Environmental Price = $10.72/ lb ai 43% ai = $ 4.61

Atrazine 4L = $ 1.81 Environ. = 4.61Total Cost = $ 6.42 (357%)

Gallon of atrazine 4L was $14.48 now $51.36

IPM Adoption &Positive Incentives

IPM Marketing

Trading Pesticide Credits

Material aps ai rate env $/lb Total env.$Polyram 5 0.8 3.0 20.82 $249.84Rubigan 1 0.18 0.5 17.33 1.56Guthion 2 0.5 2.0 9.15 18.30Imidan 3 0.7 2.0 1.36 5.71Nova 2 0.4 0.4 1.27 0.41Captan 4 0.5 3.0 0.78 6.78Ziram 3 0.7 6.0 10.49 132.17

Total $414.76 / A

OH Apple grower #1

Material aps ai rate env $/lb Total env.$Polyram 3 0.8 3.0 20.82 $149.90Rubigan 2 0.18 0.5 17.33 3.12Guthion 2 0.5 2.0 9.15 18.30Imidan 2 0.7 2.0 1.36 3.80

Total $171.6 / Acre

OH Apple grower #2

Can grower #2 trade $50/A in pesticide credits with grower #1

Material aps ai rate env $/lb Total env.$Imidan 2 0.7 2.0 1.36 3.80Captan 2 0.5 4.0 1.29 5.16Topsin 2 0.7 1.01 4.91 20.87

Total $29.83 / A

OH Apple grower #3

Can grower #3 trade $50/A inpesticide credits with grower #1 or #2

Other Options

Can we develop a program of planting trees to defer environmental costs?

Using American Forest Climate Change Calculator Web Site www.americanforest.org

• 1,000 gal of diesel = 22,579 lbs of CO2 emissions = 33.8 trees needed• At $1.50/gal of diesel• Each tree =$44.38

Exchanging Tree Credits for Pesticides

Commodity Env.$/A #trees/A/yrSoybean 4 0.1Corn 19 0.4Pumpkins 23 0.5Sw. Corn 31 0.7Strawberries 174 3.9Apples 265 6.0

Summary

The Pesticide Price Method

• can be used to discuss stewardship issues with growers, policy makers, and the general public

• is one method to make comparison between commodities and growing practices

• can be used to measure IPM adoption rates using either positive or negative incentives

http://ipm.osu.edu