Introductory Physics PHYS101
IntroductoryPhysics
PHYS101
Dr RichardH.CyburtOfficeHoursAssistantProfessorofPhysics
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PHYS101
PHYS101:IntroductoryPhysicsLecture:8:00-9:15am,TRScienceBuilding400Lab1:3:00-4:50pm,FScienceBuilding304
Lab2:1:30-3:20pm,MScienceBuilding304
Lab3:3:30-5:20pm,MScienceBuilding304
Lab20:6:00-7:50pm,MScienceBuilding304
PHYS101
MasteringPhysicsOnlineGotoHYPERLINK"http://www.masteringphysics.com."www.masteringphysics.com.◦ UnderRegisterNow,selectStudent.◦ Confirmyouhavetheinformationneeded,thenselectOK!Registernow.
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PHYS101
Midterm3Thursday,Oct278:00-9:15amS400
Chapters8-11,onlywhatwehavecoveredinlecture
ReviewSession:Wednesday,Oct267:00-9:00pmS300
Bringquestions!!!(HW,Lab,EndofChapter,Workbook)
Allowedhalfsheetpaperofformulaandcalculator
PHYS101
IntroductoryPhysics
PHYS101
PHYS101
DouglasAdamsHitchhiker’sGuidetotheGalaxy
You’realreadyknowphysics!Youjustdon’tnecessarilyknowtheterminologyandlanguageweuse!!!
PhysicsofNASCARPhysicsofAngerBirds
PHYS101
FrommywifeandtheOEDshiok, int. and adj.[‘ Expressingadmirationorapproval:‘cool!’‘great!’’]
Pronunciation: Brit. /ˈʃiːɒk/, U.S. /ˈʃiɑk/, SingaporeandMalaysianEnglish /ʃok/
Origin:A borrowingfromMalay.Etymon:Malay syok.
Etymology: < Malay syok pleasing,attractive< Persian šoḵ cheerful,spirited,ultimately< Arabic(compare šawq desire,passion).
SingaporeEnglish. A.int. Expressingadmirationorapproval:‘cool!’‘great!’1977 NewNation(Singapore) 26May 19/2 Fantas.Ooh-la-la.Phew-whew.Wowie.Shiok.Jazzy,man.Beaut.
1992 StraitsTimes(Singapore)(Nexis) 15May, English-educatedSingaporeansknowthatthereisanAhKow withinthemdyingtoburstoutwithaproclamative wah shiok man!
1995 StraitsTimes(Singapore)(Nexis) 24Apr., Wah lau,ifgotsuchadictionary,damngood,y'know.Youread,surecanlaugh.Shiok man.
2006 Edge(Malaysia)(Nexis) 2Jan., Goldtaps,goldbathtub,golddinnertable...Wah shiok.
B.adj. 1. Offood,ameal,etc.:delicious,superb.1978 StraitsTimes(Singapore) 8July 16/1(advt.) Helppreservetheessenceof‘shiok’cooking!
PHYS101
Inclass!!
PHYS101
Thislecturewillhelpyouunderstand:Temperature,ThermalEnergyandHeatFirstLawofThermodynamicsHeatEnginesHeatPumps,Refrigerators,andAirConditionersEntropyandtheSecondLawofThermodynamicsSystems,EnergyandEntropy
PHYS101
Section11.3Temperature,ThermalEnergy,andHeat
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AnAtomicViewofThermalEnergyandTemperatureThethermalenergyofanidealgasisequaltothetotalkineticenergyofthemovingatomsinthegas.
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[InsertFigure11.8]
AnAtomicViewofThermalEnergyandTemperatureHeatingagascausestheatomstomovefaster,increasingthethermalenergyofthegas.
Heatingalsocausesanincreaseintemperature.
Thetemperatureofanidealgasisameasureoftheaveragekineticenergyoftheatomsthatmakeupthegas.
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QuickCheck11.6
Twocontainersofthesamegas(whichweassumetobeideal)havethefollowingmassesandtemperatures:
Whichboxhasthegaswiththelargestthermalenergy?
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AB
QuickCheck11.6
Twocontainersofthesamegas(whichweassumetobeideal)havethefollowingmassesandtemperatures:
Whichboxhasthegaswiththelargestthermalenergy?
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AB
QuickCheck11.5
Twocontainersofthesamegas(whichweassumetobeideal)havethefollowingmassesandtemperatures:
Whichboxhasthegaswiththelargestaveragekineticenergypermolecule?
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QuickCheck11.5
Twocontainersofthesamegas(whichweassumetobeideal)havethefollowingmassesandtemperatures:
Whichboxhasthegaswiththelargestaveragekineticenergypermolecule?
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QuickCheck11.10
100Jisaddedtoasampleofidealgasasheat.Thegasthenexpandsagainstapiston,doing70Jofwork.Duringthisprocess
◦ Thetemperatureofthegasincreases.◦ Thetemperatureofthegasdecreases.◦ Thetemperatureofthegasstaysthesame.
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QuickCheck11.10
100Jisaddedtoasampleofidealgasasheat.Thegasthenexpandsagainstapiston,doing70Jofwork.Duringthisprocess
◦ Thetemperatureofthegasincreases.◦ Thetemperatureofthegasdecreases.◦ Thetemperatureofthegasstaysthesame.
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QuickCheck11.7
Asteadyforcepushesinthepistonofawell-insulatedcylinder.Inthisprocess,thetemperatureofthegas
◦ Increases.◦ Staysthesame.◦ Decreases.◦ There’snotenoughinformationtotell.
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QuickCheck11.7
Asteadyforcepushesinthepistonofawell-insulatedcylinder.Inthisprocess,thetemperatureofthegas
◦ Increases.◦ Staysthesame.◦ Decreases.◦ There’snotenoughinformationtotell.
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First law: Q + W = ΔEth
No heat flows (well insulated) ...... but work is done on the gas.
Work increases the gas’s thermal energy and with it the temperature.
TemperatureScalesTheCelsiusscaleisdefinedsothatthefreezingpointofwateris0°C.TheFahrenheitscaleisrelatedtotheCelsiusscale:
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TemperatureScalesFortheKelvinscale,zerodegreesisthepointatwhichthekineticenergyoftheatomsiszero.Kineticenergyisalwayspositive,sozeroonthisscaleisanabsolutezero.AlltemperaturesontheKelvinscalearepositive,soitisoftencalledtheabsolutetemperaturescale.Theunitsare“kelvin”(K).
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TemperatureScalesThespacingbetweendivisionsontheKelvinscaleisthesameasthatontheCelsiusscale.
Absolutezerois–273°C:
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QuickCheck11.3
Whichisthelargestincreaseoftemperature?
◦ Anincreaseof1°F◦ Anincreaseof1°C◦ Anincreaseof1K◦ BothBandC,whicharethesameandlargerthanA◦ A,B,andCareallthesameincrease.
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QuickCheck11.3
Whichisthelargestincreaseoftemperature?
◦ Anincreaseof1°F◦ Anincreaseof1°C◦ Anincreaseof1K◦ BothBandC,whicharethesameandlargerthanA◦ A,B,andCareallthesameincrease.
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QuickCheck11.4
Whichisthecorrectrankingoftemperatures,fromhighesttolowest?
◦ 300°C>300K>300°F◦ 300°C>300°F>300K◦ 300K>300°F>300°C◦ 300K>300°C>300°F◦ 300°F>300K>300°C
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QuickCheck11.4
Whichisthecorrectrankingoftemperatures,fromhighesttolowest?
◦ 300°C>300K>300°F◦ 300°C>300°F>300K◦ 300K>300°F>300°C◦ 300K>300°C>300°F◦ 300°F>300K>300°C
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WhatIsHeat?Thermodynamicsisthestudyofthermalenergyandheatandtheirrelationshipstootherformsofenergyandenergytransfer.Heatisenergytransferredbetween twoobjectsbecauseofatemperaturedifferencebetweenthem.Heat(Q)alwaysflowsfromthehotterobjecttothecoolerone.
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[InsertFigure11.11.]
AnAtomicModelofHeatThermalenergyistransferredfromthefastermovingatomsonthewarmersidetotheslowermovingatomsonthecoolerside.
Thetransferwillcontinueuntilastablesituation,orthermalequilibrium,isreached.
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AnAtomicModelofHeatTwosystemsplacedinthermalcontactwilltransferthermalenergyfromhottocolduntiltheirfinaltemperaturesarethesame.
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QuickCheck11.2Consideryourbodyasasystem.Yourbodyis“burning”energyinfood,butstayingataconstanttemperature.Thismeansthat,foryourbody,
◦ Q >0◦ Q =0◦ Q <0
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QuickCheck11.2Consideryourbodyasasystem.Yourbodyis“burning”energyinfood,butstayingataconstanttemperature.Thismeansthat,foryourbody,
◦ Q >0◦ Q =0◦ Q <0
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QuickCheck11.9
AcylinderofgashasafrictionlessbuttightlysealedpistonofmassM.Smallmassesareplacedontothetopofthepiston,causingittoslowlymovedownward.Awaterbathkeepsthetemperatureconstant.Inthisprocess◦ Q >0◦ Q =0◦ Q <0◦ There’snotenoughinformationtosayanythingabouttheheat.
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QuickCheck11.9AcylinderofgashasafrictionlessbuttightlysealedpistonofmassM.Smallmassesareplacedontothetopofthepiston,causingittoslowlymovedownward.Awaterbathkeepsthetemperatureconstant.Inthisprocess◦ Q >0◦ Q =0◦ Q <0◦ There’snotenoughinformationtosayanythingabouttheheat.
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DEth = W + Q0 + –
No temperature change Energy flows out to the water to keep the temperature from changing
Section11.4TheFirstLawofThermodynamics
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TheFirstLawofThermodynamicsSystemsthatarenotmovingandarenotchangingchemically,butwhosetemperaturescanchange,aretheprovinceofthermodynamics.
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Example11.9EnergytransfersinablenderIfyoumixfoodinablender,theelectricmotordoesworkonthesystem,whichconsistsofthefoodinsidethecontainer.Thisworkcannoticeablywarmupthefood.Supposetheblendermotorrunsatapowerof250Wfor40s.Duringthistime,2000Jofheatflowfromthenow-warmerfoodtoitscoolersurroundings.Byhowmuchdoesthethermalenergyofthefoodincrease?
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Example11.9Energytransfersinablender(cont.)
PREPARE Onlythethermalenergyofthesystemchanges,sowecanusethefirstlawofthermodynamics,Equation11.8.Wecanfindtheworkdonebythemotorfromthepoweritgeneratesandthetimeitruns.
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Example11.9Energytransfersinablender(cont.)
SOLVE FromEquation10.22,theworkdoneisW =P ∆t =(250W)(40s)=10,000J.Becauseheatleaves thesystem,itssignisnegative,soQ =-2000J.Thenthefirstlawofthermo-dynamicsgives
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Example11.9Energytransfersinablender(cont.)
ASSESS Itseemsreasonablethattheworkdonebythepowerfulmotorrapidlyincreasesthethermalenergy,whilethermalenergyonlyslowlyleaksoutasheat.Theincreasedthermalenergyofthefoodimpliesanincreasedtemperature.Ifyourunablenderlongenough,thefoodcanactuallystarttosteam,asthephotoshows.
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Energy-TransferDiagramsAnenergyreservoir isanobjectorapartoftheenvironmentsolargethatitstemperaturedoesnotnoticeablychangewhenheatistransferredbetweenthesystemandthereservoir.
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Energy-TransferDiagramsAreservoirathighertemperaturesisahotreservoir(TH),andoneatlowertemperaturesisacoldreservoir(TC).
QH andQCaretheamountofheattransferredtoorfromahotandcoldreservoir,respectively.
Bydefinition,QH andQC arepositivequantities.
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QuickCheck11.11
Alarge–20°Cicecubeisdroppedintoasuper-insulatedcontainerholdingasmallamountof5°Cwater,thenthecontainerissealed.Tenminuteslater,isitpossiblethatthetemperatureoftheicecubewillbecolderthan–20°C?
◦ Yes◦ No◦ Maybe.Itwoulddependonotherfactors.
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QuickCheck11.11
Alarge–20°Cicecubeisdroppedintoasuper-insulatedcontainerholdingasmallamountof5°Cwater,thenthecontainerissealed.Tenminuteslater,isitpossiblethatthetemperatureoftheicecubewillbecolderthan–20°C?
◦ Yes◦ No◦ Maybe.Itwoulddependonotherfactors.
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Energy-TransferDiagramsEnergy-transferdiagrams:Thehotreservoirisdrawnatthetop,thecoldatthebottom,andthesystem(thecopperbar)betweenthem.
The“pipes”connectthereservoirandsystemandshowtheenergytransfers.
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Energy-TransferDiagramsSpontaneoustransfersgoinonedirectiononly:fromhottocold.
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Energy-TransferDiagramsSpontaneoustransfersgoinonedirectiononly:fromhottocold.
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OnlytheFonz radiates“Coolness”!
ConceptualExample11.10EnergytransfersandthebodyWhy—inphysicsterms—isitmoretaxingonthebodytoexerciseinveryhotweather?REASON Yourbodycontinuouslyconvertschemicalenergytothermalenergy,aswehaveseen.Inordertomaintainaconstantbodytemperature,yourbodymustcontinuouslytransferheattotheenvironment.Thisisasimplematterincoolweatherwhenheatisspontaneouslytransferredtotheenvironment,butwhentheairtemperatureishigherthanyourbodytemperature,yourbodycannotcoolitselfthiswayandmustuseothermechanismstotransferthisenergy,suchasperspiring.Thesemechanismsrequireadditionalenergyexpenditure.ASSESS Strenuousexerciseinhotweathercaneasilyleadtoariseinbodytemperatureifthebodycannotexhaustheatquicklyenough.
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Section11.5HeatEngines
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HeatEnginesThermalenergyisnaturallytransferredfromahotreservoirtoacoldreservoir.
Aheatenginetakessomeoftheenergyasitistransferredandconvertsittootherforms.
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HeatEnginesTheheatenginetakesenergyasheatfromthehotreservoir,turnssomeintousefulwork,andexhauststhebalanceaswasteheatintothecoldreservoir.
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HeatEngines
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HeatEnginesMostoftheenergythatyouusedailycomesfromtheconversionofthatenergyintootherforms.
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Text:p.333
HeatEnginesMostoftheenergythatyouusedailycomesfromtheconversionofthatenergyintootherforms.
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Text:p.333
HeatEnginesTheworkextractedisequaltothedifferencebetweentheheatenergytransferredfromthehotreservoirandtheheatexhaustedintothecoldreservoir:
Wout =QH– QC
Theheatengine’sefficiencyis
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HeatEnginesNoheatenginecanoperatewithoutexhaustingsomefractionoftheheatintoacoldreservoir.
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HeatEnginesThemaximumefficiencyisfixedbythesecondlawofthermodynamics:
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QuickCheck11.14
Thefollowingpairsoftemperaturesrepresentthetemperaturesofhotandcoldreservoirsforheatengines.Whichheatenginehasthehighestpossibleefficiency?
◦ 300°C,30°C◦ 250°C,30°C◦ 200°C,20°C◦ 100°C,10°C◦ 90°C,0°C
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QuickCheck11.14
Thefollowingpairsoftemperaturesrepresentthetemperaturesofhotandcoldreservoirsforheatengines.Whichheatenginehasthehighestpossibleefficiency?
◦ 300°C,30°C◦ 250°C,30°C◦ 200°C,20°C◦ 100°C,10°C◦ 90°C,0°C
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QuickCheck11.12Theefficiencyofthisheatengineis
◦ 1.00◦ 0.60◦ 0.50◦ 0.40◦ 0.20
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QuickCheck11.12Theefficiencyofthisheatengineis
◦ 1.00◦ 0.60◦ 0.50◦ 0.40◦ 0.20
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Example11.11TheefficiencyofanuclearpowerplantEnergyfromnuclearreactionsinthecoreofanuclearreactorproduceshigh-pressuresteamatatemperatureof290°C.
Afterthesteamisusedtospinaturbine,itiscondensed(byusingcoolingwaterfromanearbyriver)backtowaterat20°C.
Theexcessheatisdepositedintheriver.
Thewateristhenreheated,andthecyclebeginsagain.
Whatisthemaximumpossibleefficiencythatthisplantcouldachieve?
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Example11.11Theefficiencyofanuclearpowerplant(cont.)PREPARE Anuclearpowerplantisaheatengine,withenergytransfersasillustratedinFigure11.18a.QH istheheatenergytransferredtothesteaminthereactorcore.TH isthetemperatureofthesteam,290°C.Thesteamiscooledandcondensed,andtheheatQC isexhaustedtotheriver.Theriveristhecoldreservoir,soTC is20°C.Inkelvin,thesetemperaturesare
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Example11.11Theefficiencyofanuclearpowerplant(cont.)SOLVEWeuseEquation11.10tocomputethemaximumpossibleefficiency:
ASSESS Thisisthemaximumpossibleefficiency.Therearepracticallimitationsaswellthatlimitrealpowerplants,whethernuclearorcoal- orgas-fired,toanefficiencye ≈0.35.Thismeansthat65%oftheenergyfromthefuelisexhaustedaswasteheatintoariverorlake,whereitmaycauseproblematicwarminginthelocalenvironment.
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Section11.6HeatPumps,Refrigerators,andAirConditioners
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HeatPumpsTransferringheatenergyfromacoldreservoirtoahotreservoiristhejobofaheatpump.
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HeatPumpsForheatpumps,insteadofefficiencywecomputethecoefficientofperformance(COP).
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HeatPumpsIfweusetheheatpumpforcooling,wedefineCOPas
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Ifweusetheheatpumpforheating,wedefineCOPas
Inbothcases,alargercoefficientofperformancemeansamoreefficientheatpump.
HeatPumps
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QuickCheck11.15
APeltier coolerisaheatpumpthatcanbesettoeithercoolorheatitscontents.Onesuchcooleruses100Wofinputpowerwhetherheatingorcooling.Whichisgreater,itscoefficientofperformanceforcoolingoritscoefficientofperformanceforheating?
◦ Cooling◦ Heating◦ Thetwocoefficientsarethesame.
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WinHeat!pump
QH
QC
100 J/s
QuickCheck11.15
APeltier coolerisaheatpumpthatcanbesettoeithercoolorheatitscontents.Onesuchcooleruses100Wofinputpowerwhetherheatingorcooling.Whichisgreater,itscoefficientofperformanceforcoolingoritscoefficientofperformanceforheating?
◦ Cooling◦ Heating◦ Thetwocoefficientsarethesame.
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WinHeat!pump
QH
QC
100 J/s
QuickCheck11.13
Thecoefficientofperformanceofthisrefrigeratoris
◦ 0.40◦ 0.60◦ 1.50◦ 1.67◦ 2.00
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QuickCheck11.13
Thecoefficientofperformanceofthisrefrigeratoris
◦ 0.40◦ 0.60◦ 1.50◦ 1.67◦ 2.00
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Example11.12CoefficientofperformanceofarefrigeratorTheinsideofyourrefrigeratorisapproximately0°C.Heatfromtheinsideofyourrefrigeratorisdepositedintotheairinyourkitchen,whichhasatemperatureofapproximately20°C.Attheseoperatingtemperatures,whatisthemaximumpossiblecoefficientofperformanceofyourrefrigerator?
PREPARE Thetemperaturesofthehotsideandthecoldsidemustbeexpressedinkelvin:
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Example11.12Coefficientofperformanceofarefrigerator(cont.)SOLVEWeuseEquation11.11tocomputethemaximumcoefficientofperformance:
ASSESS Acoefficientofperformanceof13.6meansthatwepump13.6Jofheatforanenergycostof1J.Duetopracticallimitations,thecoefficientofperformanceofanactualrefrigeratoristypically≈5.Otherfactorsaffecttheoverallefficiencyoftheappliance,includinghowwellinsulateditis.
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Section11.7EntropyandtheSecondLawofThermodynamics
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EntropyandtheSecondLawofThermodynamicsThespontaneoustransferofheatfromhottocoldisanirreversible process;itcanhappeninonlyonedirection.
Thesecondlawofthermodynamics preventsthespontaneoustransferofheatfromcoldtohot.
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ReversibleandIrreversibleProcessesAtthemicroscopiclevel,collisionsbetweenmoleculesarereversible.
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ReversibleandIrreversibleProcessesAtthemacroscopiclevel,collisionsareusuallyirreversible.
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WhichWaytoEquilibrium?IfBox1hasmoreballsthanBox2,andyourandomlypickanyballtoswitchboxes,thereisahigherprobabilityyouwillpickaballfromBox1.
ThereisanetflowofballsmovingfromBox1toBox2untilequilibriumisreached.
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WhichWaytoEquilibrium?Theprocessisreversible(aballcanbemovedbacktoBox1).
ThestatisticsoflargenumbersmakeitoverwhelminglylikelythatthesystemwillevolvetowardastateinwhichN1≈N2.
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WhichWaytoEquilibrium?Systemsreachthermalequilibriumbecauseequilibriumisthemostprobablestateinwhichtobe.
Reversiblemicroscopiceventsleadtoirreversiblemacroscopicbehaviorbecausesomemacroscopicstatesarevastlymoreprobablethanothers.
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Order,Disorder,andEntropyEntropy quantifiestheprobabilitythatacertainstateofasystemwilloccur.
Entropyincreasesastwosystemswithinitiallydifferenttemperaturesmovetowardthermalequilibrium.
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Order,Disorder,andEntropy
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Order,Disorder,andEntropyThesecondlawofthermodynamicstellsusthatanisolatedsystemevolvessuchthat:◦ Orderturnsintodisorderandrandomness.◦ Informationislostratherthangained.◦ Thesystem“runsdown”asotherformsofenergyaretransformedintothermalenergy.
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EntropyandThermalEnergyInaverycold,movingbaseball,alloftheatomsaremovinginthesamedirectionandsamespeed.Ithaslowentropy.
Inastationaryheliumballoon,theatomsaredisorganizedandhaverandommotion(thermalenergy).Ithashighentropy.
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EntropyandThermalEnergyWhenanotherformofenergyisconvertedintothermalenergy,thereisanincreaseinentropy.
Thisiswhyconvertingthermalenergyintootherformscannotbedonewith100%efficiency.
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QuickCheck11.16
Alarge–20°Cicecubeisdroppedintoasuper-insulatedcontainerholdingasmallamountof5°Cwater,thenthecontainerissealed.Tenminuteslater,thetemperatureoftheice(andanywaterthathasmeltedfromtheice)willbewarmerthan–20°C.Thisisaconsequenceof
◦ Thefirstlawofthermodynamics.◦ Thesecondlawofthermodynamics.◦ Thethirdlawofthermodynamics.◦ Boththefirstandthesecondlaws.◦ Joule’slaw.
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QuickCheck11.16
Alarge–20°Cicecubeisdroppedintoasuper-insulatedcontainerholdingasmallamountof5°Cwater,thenthecontainerissealed.Tenminuteslater,thetemperatureoftheice(andanywaterthathasmeltedfromtheice)willbewarmerthan–20°C.Thisisaconsequenceof
◦ Thefirstlawofthermodynamics.◦ Thesecondlawofthermodynamics.◦ Thethirdlawofthermodynamics.◦ Boththefirstandthesecondlaws.◦ Joule’slaw.
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Section11.8Systems,Energy,andEntropy
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TheConservationofEnergyandEnergyConservationEnergycannotbecreatedordestroyed,butwhenenergyistransformed,someofitisconvertedtothermalenergy.Thechangeisirreversible.
To“conserveenergy”wemustconcentrateonefficiency.
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EntropyandLifeLifeseemstoviolatethesecondlawofthermodynamics:◦ Plantsgrowfromsimpleseedstocomplexentities.
◦ Single-celledfertilizedeggsgrowintocomplexadultorganisms.
◦ Overthelastbillionyears,lifehasevolvedfromunicellularorganismstocomplexforms.
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EntropyandLifeThesecondlawofthermo-dynamicsonlyappliestoisolatedsystems:systemsthatdonotexchangeenergywiththeirenvironment.
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EntropyandLifeYourbodyisnotanisolatedsystem.
Theentropyofyourbodyisapproximatelythesame,buttheentropyoftheenvironmentisincreasingduetothermalenergyfromyourbody.
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