Introduction to MIS1 Copyright © 1998-2002 by Jerry Post Introduction to MIS Chapter 12 Systems Development.

Introduction to MIS 1

Copyright © 1998-2002 by Jerry Post

Introduction to MIS

Chapter 12

Systems Development

Introduction to MIS 2

Systems Development

Operations

Tactics

Strategy

Ent

erpr

ise

info

rmat

ion

syst

emD

ecis

ion

supp

ort

syst

emT

rans

actio

npr

oces

sing

Systems development life cycle

End user development

Prototyping

Introduction to MIS 3

Outline Challenges in Building Information Systems Systems Development Lifecycle (SDLC) Alternatives to SDLC

Prototyping Teamwork Extreme Programming End-User Development

Analyzing Systems Process Analysis Object-Oriented Design Cases: Government Agencies Appendix: Visual Basic

Introduction to MIS 6

$

1998 2001

2002

Runaway Projects Technical measures

2 - 5 times over budget 2 - 5 times behind schedule Missing technical objectives

Design problems Duplication of efforts Incompatibilities User/designer conflicts

Introduction to MIS 7

Cafasso 1994

Success & Failure Reasons for Success

User Involvement Executive management

support Clear requirements Proper planning Realistic expectations

Reasons for Failure Lack of user input Incomplete requirements Changing requirements and

specifications Lack of executive support Lack of technical skills

Introduction to MIS 8

Existing System

Systems Maintenance: Incremental changes

Feasibility &Planning

SystemsAnalysis

SystemsDesign

SystemsImplementationProblems &

ImprovementsNew System

Proposal

Goals & plans

Business requirements

Technical Design

problemsrevisions problems revisions

Systems Development Life Cycle

Introduction to MIS 9

Blue Print/Planning

Development Controls Detailed work plan Performance targets Practices & procedures User input & control

Introduction to MIS 10

Customer Order Entry

Enter Salesperson Data

Enter/Change Customer Data

Enter Items Ordered

Review and Print Forms

Look up Item Numbers

Check Inventory Status

Special Orders

Customer Order Copy

Shipping List

Back Order List

Design Tools Visual Table of Contents

Introduction to MIS 11

Purpose, Classification, Object Orientation, Decomposition

Comparison of Diagrams Data Flow Diagram

Show process and flow of data.

Process No Increasingly detailed levels

of process. Structure Chart or VTOC

Show modules and usage flow.

Module structure No By program structure or

usage steps.

Entity Relationship Diagram Describe Data structures. Yes By entities or object

inheritance.

Introduction to MIS 12

Stage Procedure Approx. Pct. Of Effort

AnalysisFeasibilityRequirementsConceptual Design

5155

DesignPhysical DesignProgrammingProcedure Develop.

202510

Implementation Conversion 15

Maintenance & ReviewReviewMaintenance

5not included

G. Davis and M. Olson, Management Information Systems 1985.

SDLC Effort

Introduction to MIS 13

Education and training

ChangingBusiness operations

Systems Implementation Final testing Involve users Education and training Flexibility Recognize how the system

will affect the business Encourage users to change Implementation plans

Introduction to MIS 14

old new

old

new

newnewnew

new

Direct cutover

Parallel

Pilot

new

Phased

olddept or component 1

dept or component 2

dept or component 3

dept or component 4

store 1

store 2store 3

store 4

Implementation Options

Introduction to MIS 15

System Evaluation

Introduction to MIS 16

SDLC Advantages & Disadvantages Advantages

Control & targets Formality Financial controls User input Documentation Testing Ease of maintenance

Disadvantages Increased costs Increased time Hard for DSS Requires definitions up front Rigid

Introduction to MIS 17

Build Initial Prototype

Use Prototype

Modify PrototypeRequest changes

New Version

MIS Designer

Initial Interview

Process repeats until:

1) User is satisfied2) User and designer give up3) Formal system is built from prototype4) Need for application is removed5) Process never ends

PrototypingUser

Introduction to MIS 18

Prototyping Evaluation Advantages

Get a working system earlier User has more input Designed to be modified

Problems Need 4GL trained MIS staff Too many users Too many analysts Never finish "Loss" of management

control

Best uses Single user Reports Input screens Self-contained applications

Introduction to MIS 19

Object Orientation Properties Methods Inheritance Polymorphism

Business Objects and Processes

Object Orientation

Introduction to MIS 20

Object Classes

Customers

Name

Address

Phone

Change AddressAdd New Customer

Delete Customer

Commercial

Contact

Account Representative

Assign Account Rep Frequent

ContactAccount Representative

Year Started

Assign Account Rep

Individual

Object

Properties/Attributes

Methods/Functions

Object Example

Introduction to MIS 21

SDLC versus Object Oriented

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Requirements Analysis Design Implementation

% t

ime

SDLC

Object Oriented

SDLC v. Object Oriented

Introduction to MIS 22

Events Methods Objects

SaleRecord Sale

Update Inventory

Notify Customer Service

Transaction LogAccounts & LedgersInventoryCustomersEmployees (commissions)

InventoryOrder/JIT

Notify Suppliers

Schedule Payment

Accounts & LedgersSuppliersShipping/Receiving

Installation& Maintenance

Objects & Events

Introduction to MIS 25

End-user Development Advantages

Faster Cheaper Get what you want

Disadvantages/Problems Lack of documentation Individual/personal differences Pre-packaged software limitations Takes User time

Introduction to MIS 26

End-user DevelopmentWhen to Call for Help

Many people use the system PC versus central computer Need documentation Individual user differences Need to train users

Commercial software limits User time is expensive Mission critical application

Additional testing Many modifications Need security & control

Need to integrate Use corporate data Tie to existing software Connect to network

Database Integrity Avoid duplicate data Changes to corporate data

Introduction to MIS 27

Who Should Develop Systems? MIS

Size: Many users Complexity: Different

departments Long development time

SDLC large project controls Cost of user time

Critical Information Major changes to central

data base Formal testing

Expensive hardware Formal feasibility Compatibility

Specialized knowledge

End User One-time code Can purchase pre-packaged

solutions Highly trained users

How Can MIS Help? Easy access to

data/database Advice and help Testing & quality control Training & tutorials Support/Help Center

Introduction to MIS 28

SDLC RAD Objects JAD Prototyping End User

Control formal MIS standards joint user user

Time frame long short any medium short short

Users many few varies few one or two one

MIS staff many few split few one or two none

Trans./DSS Trans. both both DSS DSS DSS

Interface minimal minimal Windows crucial crucial crucial

Document.& Training vital limited in objects limited weak none

Integrity &Security vital vital in objects limited weak weak

Re-usability limited some vital limited weak none

Choosing Methodologies

Introduction to MIS 29

Basic Systems

Input Process Output

A Systems Approach to Process Analysis Systems

Input, Process, Output Divide and Conquer Goals and Objectives Control and Feedback Diagramming Systems Common Systems Problems

Introduction to MIS 30

System boundary: The Zoo

MembersDonorsVisitors

Other Zoos

EducationVisitor Counts

EducationalMaterials

BabyAnimals

Registration Papers

Health DataTheZoo

Money

SuppliersRequests& Comments

Animal FeedInvoices

Introduction to MIS 31

Subsystems: The Zoo

AnimalCare

Donor &Public

Relations

ManageFacilities

ProduceManagement

Reports

ManageHuman

Resources

Introduction to MIS 32

Goals and Feedback

FeedbackControl

Analyze

ProcessInput Output Goal

Introduction to MIS 33

Data Flow Diagram Objects

External Entity

Data Flow

Feedback and Control Data

External Entity

Process

Data Store (file)

Data Flow

Feedback and Control Data

Introduction to MIS 34

The Zoo: Level 0public/

zoo visitors donors

zoo boostermembers

1donor and

public relations

2produce

mgt. reports3

managehuman

resources

4animalcare

5managefacilities

other zoos& breeders

certificationagenciesmanagement

money &requests

PR datareceiptsetc.

public requests

needs & budgets animal requests

health research

maintenanceschedule

maint. &buildingrequest

specialist request

employeeschedule

specialist request

emp. schedule

emp. reports

employees

animal status

hours,benefits,etc.

pay data, requests

receipts

Usagereports

Managementreports

Introduction to MIS 35

The Zoo: Level 1public/zoo visitors

donorszoo boostermembers

1.2handledonor

requests

1.1produce PR & outreachprograms

1.3org. boosterservices &meetings

1.4track needsand donorprograms

1.5produce

accounting& reports

adopt an animalfiles

receipts

money &comments

PR datareceiptsetc.

money &requests

newsletternotices, etc.

money &suggestions

boosterrequests

needs &plans

public requests

needs & budgets

needs & plans

donorrequestsdonor

lists

expenses & budget

money, data,visitor statistics

accountingreports

public requestsanimalneeds

Introduction to MIS 36

Systems: Data Dictionary Processes

Animal Care Description Donor & Public Relations . . . Employee Relations . . .

Entities Certification Agencies . . . Donors . . .

Data Accounting Reports . . . Certification Reports . . .

Introduction to MIS 37

Data Dictionary

Introduction to MIS 38

System Problems

Do not include data flows between external entities. Drop the line or make one of the entities internal.

A process cannot invent data. It must have a data flow coming in to it.

A process cannot be a black hole--data must flow out of the process. Maybe it should be a file instead.

Manufacturer Customer

Sell ProductsInvoices sales receipt

orderspurchase orders

warranty registration

Modify Reports

weekly report

daily sales

Save Reports

Store reports

Inventory list

Introduction to MIS 39

Boundaries

DistributeEducational

Materials

CreateEducational

Materials

Visitors

Problem Boundary

Problem: Shortages of Educational Materials

Zoo system boundary

Introduction to MIS 40

Common Systems Problems

Defective subsystems Wrong Data Errors in Data Missing feedback and

control Not responding to

environment

ReceiveOrders

CheckCustomer

Credit

CheckOrders

for Errors

Introduction to MIS 41

IdentifyingCause

& Effect

donorszoo boostermembers

money &requests

public requests

needs & budgets

adopt an animalfiles

money &suggestions newsletter,

notices,etc.

donor listsdonor requests

needs &plans

needs &plans

booster requests

expenses & budget donor list &animal needsanimal needs

& plans

ProblemsSome animal budgets have excess $Some animal budgets have no money

1.2Handledonor

requests

1.3Booster

services &meetings

PR datareceiptsetc.

1.4Track needs

& donorprograms

Introduction to MIS 42

Object name:

Object attributes/properties:

Object functions/methods:

Interest RateMonthly Fees

Pay InterestCompute ChargesPrint Quarterly Statement

Number Beginning BalanceName Ending BalanceClient Current BalanceManager Interest RateDate Opened

Open Acct Accept DepositsClose Acct Withdrawal

Pay Interest

Lowest Balance in MonthBad Check ChargesAuthorized Signature

Print Monthly StatementSend Bad Check NoticePay InterestBudget Saver

Savings

Account

Checking

Money Market

Senior Citizen CD Fixed Fee

Student

Volume

Object-Oriented Design Encapsulation Object Hierarchies Inheritance Polymorphism

Introduction to MIS 43

Rolling Thunder Order Entry Process

Bicycle

BikeParts

BikeTubes

Components

Order EntryClerk

Customer

Retail Store

Retail data

Customer

Choices

BikeSizes

Est. si

zes

Pricing

Select

Select

New order

Introduction to MIS 44

Rolling Thunder Manufacturing Process

Bicycle

BikeParts

BikeTubes

Components

TubeMaterial

QOH

FrameAssembler Painter

Installer

Install

Build P

aint

Inst

all

QOH

Customer

CustomerTransaction

Ship

Introduction to MIS 45

Rolling Thunder Purchasing Process

PurchaseOrder

PurchaseItemsPurchase Order

Employee

Rec

eive

ComponentsQOH

Dock employeeManufacturer

ManufacturerTransaction

Payable

Introduction to MIS 46

Some Classes for Rolling ThunderCustomer

CustomerIDPhoneFirstNameLastNameAddressZIPCodeCityIDBalanceDue

CustomerBicycle

SerialNumberCustomerIDModelTypePaintIDFrameSizeOrderDateStartDateShipDateShipEmployeeFrameAssemblerPainterConstructionWaterBottle…CustomNameLetterStyleIDStoreIDEmployeeID…

CustomerBikeTubes

SerialNumberTubeNameTubeIDLength

BikeParts

SerialNumberComponentIDSubstituteIDLocationQuantity…

Manufacturer

ManufacturerIDManufacturerNameContactNamePhone…

Components

ComponentIDManufacturerIDProductNumberRoadCategoryLengthHeightWidthWeightDescriptionListPriceEstimatedCostQuantityOnHand

1

**

1

*

*1

1

1*

Introduction to MIS 47

Rolling Thunder Bicycle Class Diagram

Introduction to MIS 48

Cases: Government Agencies

Introduction to MIS 49

Cases: Federal Aviation AdministrationInternal Revenue Service

What is the company’s current status?

What is the Internet strategy?

How does the company use information technology?

What are the prospects for the industry?

www.faa.gov

www.irs.gov

Introduction to MIS 50

Appendix: Visual Basic Programming Logic

Computations Variables Internal functions

Conditions Loops Input Output

Math functionsAbs Absolute valueAtn Arc TangentCos CosineExp ExponentialFix Returns integer portionInt Converts to integerLog LogarithmRnd Random numberSgn Signum (-1, 0, 1)Sin SineSqr Square rootTan Tangent

String functionsStrComp Compare two stringsLCase, UCase Convert to lowercase or uppercaseLen Find length of a stringFormat Format a stringInStr, Left, LTrimMid, Right, RTrim, Trim Manipulate strings.

Introduction to MIS 51

VB: ConditionsIf (condition) Then

statements if true

Else

statements if false

End If

If (Sales > 1000) Then

Bonus = 100

Else

Bonus = 0

End If

Select Case Customer

Case Customer = ‘Corporate’

Discount = 0.05

Case Customer = ‘Government’

Discount = 0.10

Case Else

Discount = 0.01

End Select

Introduction to MIS 52

VB: Loops

total = 0For month = 1 To 12

total = total + SalesForMonth(month)Next month

month = 1sales = 0Do Until (sales > 100000)

sales = sales + SalesForMonth(month)month = month + 1

Loop

Introduction to MIS 53

VB: Input and OutputCould use: InputBox, MsgBox, and Printer object.

Generally just use data in the application.

In this example, the form collects the data and displays the result.

Introduction to MIS 54

VBA: Excel ExampleSub Macro1()' Keyboard Shortcut: Ctrl+Shift+U For Each c In Selection c.Value = PCase(c.Value) Next cEnd Sub

Function PCase(txt)' Convert a text value to proper case Dim i As Integer txt = LCase(txt) Mid(txt, 1, 1) = UCase(Mid(txt, 1, 1)) i = 2 Do While (i > 0) And (i < Len(txt)) i = InStr(i, txt, " ") If (i > 0) And (i < Len(txt)) Then Mid(txt, i + 1, 1) = UCase(Mid(txt, i + 1, 1)) i = i + 1 End If Loop PCase = txtEnd Function

ALTA 143SNOWBASIN 154BRIGHTON 113PARK CITY 115DEER PARK 120SOLITUDE 137

Alta 143Snowbasin 154Brighton 113Park City 115Deer Park 120Solitude 137