WEEK 1 TOPIC 1: INTRODUCTION TO GRAMMAR TESL 2 / GROUP 6 Pavitthra a/p Arulchelvan Mohitraa Shakti a/p Sundrarajan Khairunajwa Binti Kasnan Beatrice Justina Teo Constance Chee TSL 3108
Aug 19, 2014
WEEK 1 TOPIC 1: INTRODUCTION TO
GRAMMAR
TESL 2 / GROUP 6Pavitthra a/p Arulchelvan
Mohitraa Shakti a/p SundrarajanKhairunajwa Binti Kasnan
Beatrice Justina TeoConstance Chee
TSL 3108
DEFINITON OF GRAMMAR Grammar may be defined as the rules of a language, governing the way in which words are put together to convey meaning in different contexts. (Nesamalar Chitravelu; Sararatha Sithamparam & The Soo Choon, 2005)
Grammar is generally a thought to be set of rules specifying the correct ordering of words at the sentence level (Nunan, 2003)
Grammar is a description of the rules that govern how a language’s sentences are formed (Thornbury, 2008)
FLUENCY VS ACCURACY
Accuracy• Accuracy is the ability to produce correct sentences using
correct grammar and vocabulary.
Fluency• Fluency is the ability to read, speak, or write easily,
smoothly, and expressively. • In other words, the speaker can read, understand and
respond in a language clearly and concisely while relating meaning and context.
Source; http://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/blogs/english12345/fluency-or-accuracy-speaking
Comparisons of Accuracy-oriented activities & Fluency-oriented activities
Accuracy acitivities Fluency activities
Purposes to help students achieve accurate perception and production of a target item which can be a sound, a word, or a sentence structure.
to help students practice language in listening, speaking, reading, and/or writing activities to so develop fluency in using the language in spontaneous communication.
Material the texts are usually composed of separate items: the target items are usually practiced out of context or situation;
the texts are usually whole pieces of discourses: conversation, stories, etc.; texts are usually authentic and used as they would be in real life.
Activities students' attention is focused on a particular target item; their output is usually predictable; their performance is assessed on how few language mistakes are made; students' errors are corrected; tasks do not usually simulate real-life situations.
students' attention is focused on communicating information and expressing ideas; their output may not always be predictable; their performance is assessed on how well ideas are expressed or understood; students' errors are not corrected unless it interferes with communication; tasks often simulate real-life situations.
Source; http://www.auburn.edu/~nunnath/engl6240/accuracy.html
SAMPLE OF ACTIVITIES
Accuracy : grammar presentations, gap-fill exercises, frame dialogues.
Fluency : role plays, speeches, communicative activities, games.
GRAMMAR OF YOUNG LEARNERS
Young Learners…..
Different kinds of grammatical knowledge at different learning stages.
Only understand rules to use them.Do not need to have conscious grammar
knowledge.
Kinds of grammar knowledge required for
young learners
1) Knowledge of Word Order
• Basic sentence patterns.• Position of word classes. (adjectives, adverbs,
prepositions & words like only, please and just.• Declarative – Abu is playing • Interrogative – Is Abu playing?• Imperative – Abu, play.• Exclamatory – Abu is playing!• Positive & Negative versions – Abu is not
playing. Isn’t Abu playing? Abu, don’t play!
2) Knowledge of Grammatical Facts & Rules
• Accepted and learnt as a whole collocation.• Articles ( a, an, the )• Inflection of verbs ( eat, eats, has eaten, ate )• Pluralization of nouns ( box-boxes, boy-boys )• Word derivation ( adjective- happy; adverb-
happily; noun-happiness )
3) Knowledge of Form & Function
• Functions of language – to communicate to persuade, to express agreement, thanks, appreciation & to ask for and give information.
• Forms – Words, phrases and sentences that are used to express those functions of language.
Knowledge of Form & FunctionLanguage function Language form
To introduce1) Jenny, meet my friend, Lim.2) Jenny, this is Lim.3) I would like you to meet my sister,
Amy.
To ask for directions
1) How do I get to the police station?2) Can you show me the way to the
police station?3) Do you mind telling me how to get
to the police station?
Knowledge of Form & FunctionForm Function
It is warm in here. 1) Expressing pleasure at being
out of cold.2) Indicating that someone
should do something. Example : switch on the fan or open the windows.
3) Just making a remark about the place as a means of starting up a conversation.
4) Knowledge of How to Link Ideas in Different Sentences – (Sentence combining)
• Linking ideas to make coherent and cohesive text.• Compound sentence – He is handsome but his
brother is not.• Complex sentence – The match went on although
it was raining. • Conjunctions – and, or, but • Logical connectors – so, unless, therefore• Pronouns – I, they, him, my, its
5) Knowledge of the Grammar of Spoken & Written Sentences
• Abbreviations in spoken language, but not allowed in formal writing – (I’m,that’ll,she’s)
• Forms within the same medium that are appropriate to some contexts and not in others. - Hi! ( when greeting a friend )
- How do you do? ( when greeting a stranger)
6) Knowledge of the meaning of different grammatical options
• Sentences formed to express the same content contain different forms which have different meanings.
• Example of same basic idea : someone (Mary) bought someone else (Peter) a something (a pen) -
1) Mary bought a pen for Peter.2) It was Mary who bought Peter a pen.3) A pen is what Mary bought for Peter.4) It was Peter for whom Mary bought the pen.
The Place of Grammar in the
Primary ESL Classroom
KBSRSUKATAN PELAJARAN KURIKULUM BERSEPADU SEKOLAH RENDAH – BAHASA INGGERIS, 2001
Grammar also forms part of the language contents of the syllabus. These grammar items need to be taught in context and in a meaningful way so that they can be used both in speech and in writing. The grammar items can be reinforced and consolidated if learners are encounter the items often enough through the various tasks set. The grammar items should not be
taught in isolation but rather in the context of a topic.SOURCE : (http://www.moe.gov.my/bpk/sp_hsp/bi/kbsr/sp_bi_kbsr.pdf
)
KSSRDOKUMEN STANDARD
KURIKULUM SEKOLAH RENDAH – BAHASA INGGERIS TAHUN 1 & 2
Grammar Modular - The inclusion of the module on Grammar emphasizes the importance of having pupils develop a sound grasp of the language structures and grammar of Standard British English. KSSR Syllabus - Grammar is no longer part of the modules in KSSR syllabus for Year 1 and 2. The reason for this is because English is regarded as the second language of most pupils in schools. Therefore, the teaching of grammar can be delayed to the later stage, which is from Year 3 to Year 6.
SOURCE : http://www.moe.gov.my/bpk/kssr_docs/03%20Bahasa%20Inggeris/01%20DSK%20English%20Y1-%20SK.pdf
Why grammar is introduced from Year 3 onwards ?
English is the second language for pupils in schools. It is believed prudent and pedagogically sound to defer the learning of grammar to a later stage. Pupils should be
given the opportunity to develop an awareness of grammar in their first language and this awareness may then be exploited when English grammar is introduced in Year 3. This approach will reduce the load and stress of learning in the early years where the emphasis is on
learning through fun and play.
Source : (http://pbey4101.wordpress.com/2012/04/10/discussion-4-8/)
The Place of Grammar in the
Primary ESL Classroom
COMMUNICATIVE APPROACH
Use language to communicate efficiently.
• Develop both fluency and accuracy.• Include activities that combines both the
accuracy first model and communication first model.
• Accuracy first model – mastery of grammatical patterns, forms and functions.
• Communication first model – fluency in communication.
GROUP 6PAVIT THRA A/P ARULCHELVAN
KHAIRUNAJWA BT KASNANCONSTANCE CHEE
BEATRICE JUSTINA TEOMOHITRAA SHAKTI A/P SUNDRARAJAN
WEEK 2TOPIC 2 :
APPROACHES IN TEACHING GRAMMAR
DESCRIPTIVE VS PRESCRIPTIVE GRAMMAR
TYPES OF ENGLISH
GRAMMAR
PRESCRIPTIVE GRAMMAR
DESCRIPTIVE GRAMMAR
Prescriptive grammar is what speakers
should or shouldn't say.
Descriptive grammar is what speakers say, and when, why and
how they say it.Example:
The subject of a sentence must agree with the verb (subject-verb agreement)
The instructions are clear not the instructions is
clear.
Example:Some English speakers use
double negatives for negation
I don’t have nothing.
Prescribes a strict set of rules for language.Ex: when to use their/they’re/there and how to name parts of speech.
Describes spoken language used by native speakers. Linguists build a set of rule to model the same behavior.Pr
escri
ptive
gra
mmar
De
scri
ptive
gra
mmar
COVERT AND OVERT APPROACHES
COVERT VS OVERTCOVERT GRAMMAR TEACHING OVERT GRAMMAR TEACHING
The teacher gets the pupils involved in using the structure without drawing their attention to grammatical rules (grammatical facts hidden from the pupils)
The teacher explicitly explains the rules when presenting the new language (grammar rules provided and explained)
Pupils’ attention is focused on the activity and not grammar rules but they have ample opportunity to practice the question form(learn grammar rules through the activity)
APPROACHES:i. Deductive approach (rule-
driven learning)ii. Inductive approach (discovery
learning)
Activities: information gap activity or reading a text where new grammar is practiced or introduced.
Activities: get pupils to work with the language (rational cloze, objective questions, etc)
DEDUCTIVE APPROACH (RULE-DRIVEN LEARNING)
Starts with the presentation of a rule and is followed by examples in which the rule is applied.
EXAMPLE OF DEDUCTIVE APPROACH
SUBJECT AND OBJECT PRONOUNSThe subject is the person or thing doing the action:I left earlyShe went homeWe said goodbye
The object is the person or thing receiving the action:She telephoned meI hit himWe saw her
Examples of rule
Examples of rule
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGESIt gets straight to the point and can therefore be time saving. Allow more time on practices and application.
Starting the lesson with a grammar presentation may be off putting for some students. (do not have sufficient metalanguage- language used to talk about grammar terminology)
Acknowledges the role of cognitive processes in language acquisition.
Students do not have much opportunity to get involve (teacher-centered)
Confirms students’ expectations about classroom learning particularly for students with analytical learning style.
Explanation is seldom memorable.
Allows teacher to deal with language points as they come up, rather than having to prepare for them in advance.
Encourages belief that learning a language is simply a case of knowing the rules.
INDUCTIVE APPROACH
(DISCOVERY LEARNING)
Starts with some
examples from which a
rule is inferred.Students are
given a sample and the teacher guides them in discovering the grammar rules
used in the sample.
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGESMake the rules more meaningful, memorable and serviceable.
May mislead students that the rule is the objective instead of the meaning.
Mental effort involved ensures a greater degree of cognitive depth (greater memorability)
Time consuming
Students are actively involved. Students may hypothesise wrong rule
An approach which favours pattern recognition and problem solving abilities.
Place heavy demands on teachers in planning a lesson.
Extra language practice (if problem solving is done collaboratively)
Frustrates students who prefer simply to be told the rules.
Self reliance.
GRAMMAR IN ISOLATION VS.
GRAMMAR IN CONTEXT
Grammar in isolationGrammar is taught as separate topic to make sure
the pupils recognize the rules and regulations of grammar.
E.g. : past tensePresent tenseIrregular verbs
Grammar in contextIntegrate grammar in everyday teaching
Also applicable while teaching other skills.
E.g. : listeningWriting
SpeakingAnd language arts
Grammar in context
Focus on form, meaning and usage.
Language learning
Requires a commitment to teach
M-U-F FRAMEWORK
MEANING USE FORM
MEANING
• For the first step, teachers introduce a new language to children in MEANINGFUL CONTEXT to help the children understand the meaning of the language that they are learning.
• Meaning can be created through situations that are related to children’s life.
WAYS TO CREATE MEANING
• Set situations or dialogues that are fun for children using dolls or other media. (puppet show).• Using stories.• Playing dramas.• Using Total Physical Response (TPR)• Using pictures.• Using children’s experiences as learning
materials.
USE
• After children are exposed to English language through the situations manipulated by teachers, they also need opportunities to use English to communicate with others. They may use the language to play or to act in plays.
SAMPLE OF ACTIVITIES
• Games• Information gap• Quiz• Plays• Giving and following instructions to do or making
something.• Creating funny rhythms or songs.
FORM
• Children are subconsciously notice form of language (grammar) and tend to use language naturally in accordance with their need.
• Thus, teachers have the responsibility to attract children’s attention to language forms during English lesson, which means that the teachers are making the children aware of accurate language use both orally and written.
• Children need certain conditions to make them understand meanings of English vocabularies and to use the language in natural context.
• This means that the teachers have to introduce the language form with meaningful context, which to make the children feel motivated to use English as well.
SOME STRATEGIES
• Games—children raise their right hands if teacher says singular animals, and their left hands if teacher says plural animals.
• Writing—completing sentences, arranging words into good sentences, or completing dialogues.
• Activities that increase students’ awareness on grammar—teacher asks “What is similar about these sentences?●He is talking●She is listening●They are eating at the restaurant
INTEGRATION WITH TEACHING OF LISTENING, SPEAKING, READING AND
WRITING SKILLS.
READING Teacher assigns a reading text, The students read the assigned text that
their teacher has chosen, The students answer the comprehension
or true/false questions which are already given below the text,
The teacher checks if the students have answered the questions correctly,
LISTENING Review new vocabulary.
Read the story one
time and ask students to raise their hands when they hear nouns.
Read the story 2 or 3 times.
Students answer Listening Comprehension Questions.
Review answers to Listening Comprehension Questions.
Read story one more time. Students listen and write down all of the proper nouns they hear.
Review answers
VOCABULARY
scared – scare quietly excited introduced–
introduce dream
discuss entered - enter asked – ask
SPEAKING
Activity: Describe a Picture Bring pictures of different people or animals to
the classroom. Students describe the picture using possessive
nouns. For example, they might say: The man’s blue shirt. The women’s green dress.
WRITING Activities: Grammar in Action
ISSUES IN TEACHING GRAMMAR
• Focus on discourse• Adapting the textbook
Focus On Discoursea. To be aware of discourse features of the
text and make student aware of themb. Discourse features • The way text is organized• Layout• Style of language
ADAPTING TEXTBOOKSOmission
Addition
Reduction
Extension
Rewriting
Replacement
Reordering
branching
References• Nesamalar Chitravelu; Sararatha Sithamparam & The
Soo Choon. (2005). ELT Methodology Principles & Practice. Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd.: Selangor.
• http://www.moe.gov.my/bpk/sp_hsp/bi/kbsr/sp_bi_kbsr.pdf
• http://www.moe.gov.my/bpk/kssr_docs/03%20Bahasa%20Inggeris/01%20DSK%20English%20Y1-%20SK.pdf
• http://www.auburn.edu/~nunnath/engl6240/accuracy.html
• http://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/blogs/english12345/fluency-or-accuracy-speaking
• http://pbey4101.wordpress.com/2012/04/10/discussion-4-8/