Introduction to Embedded Sysytem By Shubham Barange

LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY

CASE STUDY

ECE131: BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERNG

TOPIC NAME:

Basic Embedded System Appliance in Daily Life.

Name : Shubham- Barange

Reg No:11401640

Section : E1404 Roll No : B36

Date of submission : 03/04/2015

Submitted to : Arvinder Pal Singh Kalsi

S.no Table of Content Page No.

1.1. Introduction to Embedded system

1.1Definition1.2Embedded system1.3Basic component of embedded system1.4Constraints of embedded system

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2. 2. Development in Electronics2.1Sophisticated embedded system characteristics

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3. 3. Classification Of Embedded system3.1Small Scale Embedded System3.2Medium Scale Embedded System3.3Sophisticated Embedded System

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4. 4. Types of processor4.1Microcontroller4.2Embedded processor4.3Digital signal processor4.4Application Specific System Processor (ASSP)

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5. 5. Moore’s Law 8

6. 6. Applications Of Embedded System in Daily Life

6.1Turnstile gate

6.1.1Product6.2University Turnstile 6.2.1Working 6.2.2Specification 6.2.3Function6.3Challenges of turnstile gate in LPU

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7. 7. Some common daily appliances

7.1Embedded systems are actually everywhere. Here’s some applications

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8. 8. Conclusion 15

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List Of Figure Page No

1.1.1 ATMEGA 16 Microcontroller

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2.5.1Increasein number of transistors w.r.t years.

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3.5.2Market demands on embedded appliances

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4.6.3.1More day to day life embedded appliances.

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1. INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSYTEM

1.1Definition: A way of working, organizing or performing one or many tasks according to a fixed set of rules, programme or plan.

It’s also an arrangement in which all its units assemble and work together according to a plan or programme.

Example of Embedded Systems can be

i. Time Display System – A watch.ii. Automatic cloth washing system – A washing machine.

And many more….

1.2Embedded System

i. “An embedded system is a systemthat has software embedded intocomputer-hardware, which makes a system dedicated for an applications,or specific part of an application orproduct or part of a larger system.”

ii. “An embedded system is one that has a dedicated purpose softwareembedded in a computerhardware.”

iii. “It is a dedicated computer based system for anapplication(s) or product. It may be an independent system or apart of large system. Itssoftware usually embeds into aROM (Read Only Memory) orflash.”

iv. “It is any device that includes a programmable computer but it’s not itself intended to

be ageneral purpose computer.”v. “Embedded Systems are theelectronic systems that contain microprocessor or

amicrocontroller, but we do notthink of them as computers– thecomputer is hidden or embedded in the system.”

1.3Basic Component Of Embedded System

The three basic component of Embedded System are:-I. Hardware: Embeds hardware to give computerlike functionalities.

II. Application of Software:Embeds main application softwaregenerally into flash or ROM and theapplication software performsconcurrently the number of tasks.

III. Real Time Operating Systems (RTOS): Embeds a real time operating system (RTOS), which supervises theapplication software tasks running onthe hardware and organizes the accesses to system resource according to priorities and timingconstraints of tasks in the system.

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IV. Multi Rate Operations: Different operations may take place at different rates .For example –the audio-video network data, stream and video and events have the different rate and time constraints to finish associated process.

1.4 Constraints Of An Embedded System Design

i. Available system-memory.ii. Available processor speed.

iii. Limited power dissipation when running the system continuously cycles of thesystem start, wait for event, wake-up andrun, sleep and stop.

iv. Performance, power.v. Size, non-recurring design cost, and manufacturing costs.

What makes EMBEDDED SYSTEM (Appliances) different? Real time operations. Size, cost. Reliability. Safety, energy and security.

2. DEVELOPMENT IN ELECTRONICS

The world first microcontroller was built in 1971. It was [INTEL- 4004]. If automobile speed has increased similarly,over the same period we could now derive

from San Francisco to New York in about 13 seconds. If we compare –

INTEL 4004 – 108 khz-2,300 transistors in it.Intel Pentium-1.5Ghz-42 million transistors in it.

2.1Spophisticated Embedded System Characteristics

i. Dedicated functionsii. Dedicated complex algorithms

iii. Dedicated (GUIs) and other userinterfaces for the application.

iv. Real time operations— Defines the waysin which the system works, reacts to theevents and interrupts, schedules the systemfunctioning in real time and executes byfollowing a plan to control the latencies andto meet the deadlines. [Latency — Waiting interval between the instance which a need to run the codes arises for task (or interrupt service routine) following an event and instance of start executing the codes].

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3. CLASSIFICATION OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM

3.1Small Scale Embedded System:-Includes –1. Single 8 bit /16 bit Micro Controller.2. Little hardware and software complexity.3. It may be battery operated.4. Usually “C” is used for developing systems.5. Need to limit power dissipation when system runs continuously.

Tools: Editor, Assembler ,Cross Assembler.

3.2Medium Scale Embedded System:-

Includes –1. 16/32 bit Microcontroller or Digital Signal Processor (DSP)

Reduced instruction set computer.(RISC).

2. Both hardware and software complexity.Tools: RTOs , stimulator ,Debugger ,IDE( Integrated Development Environment).

3.3Sophisticated Embedded System:-

Discussed in previous section Tools : For these system may not be readily available at a reasonable cost of any may not be available at all .A compiler or retargetable compiler might have to developed for this S.E systems.

4. TYPES OF PROCESSOR

A processor is the heart of the embedded system. For an embedded system designer knowledge of microcontroller and microprocessor is must.

Various Kind of Processors:

1. Microprocessor 2. Microcontroller3. Embedded Processor4. Digital Signal Processor

We would discuss mainly the appliances which are used by the Microcontroller.

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Because for the basic appliances used in daily life , we used Microcontroller only.

4.1Microcontroller

Definition: A microcontroller is a functional computer on a chip .It contains a processor ,memory and programmable input /output peripherals .

Fig 4.1.1 ATMEGA 16 Microcontroller

It includes an integrated CPU, memory, small (RAM)and peripherals ,capable of input and output.

Various microcontroller are:INTEL -8031, 8051, 8052, 8751, 8752 etc.PIC- 8 bit PIC16, PIC18 16 bit DSPIC33/PIC24 PIC16 c7x Motorola –MC68HC11 etc.

The functional blocks are ALU, register, turnings and control unit . Rapid moments of code and data between external memory. Used for designing general purpose digital computer system.

4.2Embedded Processor

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Special Microprocessor /controller often called Embedded Processor. An Embedded Processor is used when fast processing fats content switching and atomic ALU operations are needed.

Examples: ARM 7, INTEL i960, AMD 29050.

4.3Digital Signal Processor

DSP and GPP is a single chip VLSI.

It completes compatibility of microprocessor and multiply and accumulate units. (MAC)

It used when signal processing functions are tube processed fast.

Examples : TM s32ocxx, SHARC , MOTOROLA, 5600xx.

4.4Application Specific System Processor (ASSP)

ASSP is dedicated to specific tasks and provides a faster solution.An ASSP is used as an addition processing unit for running the application in places of using Embedded software .

Examples : IIM7100,W3100A etc.

5.MOORE’s LAW

Statement: It describes a long term trend in the history of computing hardware

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Fig 5.1Increasein number of transistors w.r.t years.

Trend was observed in by INTEL cofounder Gordon E , Moore in 1965.Almost every measure of the capabilities of digital electronic devices is linked to Moore’s law : processing speed ,memory capacity.

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Fig5.2Market demands on embedded appliances

6.APPLICATION’S OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM IN DAILY LIFE

There are lots of examples of embedded system, but we will major and live/daily examples, which we see in our daily and used daily.

We would deal the application, mainly regarding with Turnstile Gate.As we see in LPU, every Hostel, library, Auditoriums has the Turnstile built for the entrance.

The Turnstile used in LPU are all “Biometric” and we would discuss it in detail in the following report.

6.1Turnstile Gate

A Turnstile, also called as a baffle gate, is a form of gate which allows one person to pass at a time. It can also be made so as to way traffic or people and in addition. It can also be

made so as to enforce one way traffic or people and in addition.

It allow the passage only to people who insert either a coin , ticket ,pass ,ID card etc.

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Thus a Turnstile can be used in the case of paid case (sometime called a fore gate when used for this purpose) .In public transport or a ticket barrier a pay ticket to restrict access

to authorized people for example in the lobby on a office building .

Turnstiles are used at widely variety or setting, including stadiums, amusements parks ,mass transport ,airport ski resorts and casinos .

Person with disabilities will have difficulties to access this. In this case generally a wide aisle gate or a manual gate may be provided. At some locations where luggage is excepted lot of turnstiles may be entirely formed or wide able gates.

Turnstiles were originally used, like other form of stile to allow human beings to pass while keeping sheep or livestock penned in. The used of its modern application has been credited to Clarence Saunden.

NOTE: In this case study we will mainly focus onTurnstile Gate used in Lovely Professional University. We would see the product used specification of the tools used, functioning of it, working and challenges.

The Turnstile, the product we used here has–

6.1.1Product

1. Easy to install. Open the machine door, place the machine to the anchor belts, then fix it and then tighten the screw.

2. The tripod turnstiles have very robust product,it able it to install inside and outside the building.

3. It can be integrated with magnetic card, barcode scanner, swallow machines, token acceptor and finger print machine by standard electrical interface.

4. It is very safety, to meet fire control passage requirements the tripod turnstile arms will drop down automatically when the power is off.

5. ISO 9001 Quality Assurance and CE Certification.

NOTE : The product used for the turnstile gate need to be very long lasting , made up of good quality steel , the more it is lighter , the more easily it can be activated or reinstall.

6.2University Turnstile

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In the university (LPU), Turnstile plays the tremendous role. In LPU every hostel including boys and girls (BH -1 to BH -6 and GH -1 to GH -6), Central Library, Main Gate entrance etc.

In university there are 250 turnstiles approximately which act as barrier in the places shown above. These are made not only for the students but for all the people, workers faculties to enter their desired place.

Each and every individual has its own unique ID card, which has all its needed data saved in that. More preciously a bar code which is different for everyone.

ID card – Every fresher in the university has to first record all its necessary detail.

He or she is provided with unique Id card which has a barcode in it and all necessary details. While making Id, also the fingerprints are taken of all fingers and they are permanently recorded .And this are permanently recorded. No other student can access the Id card of other student. Id card is mandatory to excess Turnstile.

6.2.1Working

Let us now discuss the working of Turnstile.

We would take with respect to the student. Every student has to follow the following steps in order to access the gate.

i. First the student need to put its Id card in the display.For going out of the hostel, no finger prints are required.Just by putting Id on it would unlock the gate.

ii. While the Id card is pressed to display, yellow color is shown and lock is opened.

iii. For entering in the Hostel, the student has to first press finger in the small display which are on its side. It will first detect the fingerprints of those who tries to enter.

If the fingerprint is detected by the gate, it will show the green-yellow light.

iv. After the light is seen then the user , put its Id card in the display Two types of display: a) Small to enter from outside.b) Bigger one to go outside.

v. Then the system detects both the fingerprints and scan the bar code, if both of them match it unlock the gate and allow the user to get inside.

vi. In the same way all the Turnstile of university acts in the same way.

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vii. For Hostel only the hostlers can move inside. Turnstile for library is made common for all. Every one including student, teacher, workers can access the turnstile to get in.

6.2.2Specification6.2.2.1Tabular Form

Item: Description:

Framework : 304 (Standard) / 316 grade stainless steel

Thickness of Ply : 1.2mm (Standard) / 1.5mm (optional)

Dimensions : (L) 1200 * (W)280 * (H)990 (mm)

Finishing : Brushed (Standard) / Fingerprint processing

Pass width : ≤510mm (Can be customized))

Weight : 60Kg

Operation direction : Single direction / Bidirection

Power Voltage : AC220V +/10V50Hz; AC110V +/10V

Work Environment : Indoor / Outdoor

Pass rate : 30 person/min (normal open); 20

Power Consumption : 20W/24V

Operating Temp : 15~ 60

Operating Humidity : 0 ~ 95% without concretion

Emergency : Automatic arm drop downInput 12v dry contact

6.2.3Function

*Electromagnet lock, photoelectric unlock, long service life, High operation dependability and fast response.

*The whole system runs smoothly, low noise, no mechanical impact. When power on system restoration automatic.

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* Working modes selectable: bi direction Id card reading;One direction card reading and another no reading;One direction card reading and another freely.Working modes can be set in the control panel.

*When power off, Tripod turnstile arms will drop automatically, to meet the special needs of users and fire safety DS103D Turnstile,Tripod turnstiles, Swing gate, Barrier gate – While power on later, arm should be lift by hand.

*Easy integrate with computer to control and manage hallway access.

*When connect the access control system, you can know how many person through the machine by computer directly.

*Passing direction will be shown by LED and passengers will know which direction is allowed to pass.

*Card reading memory or card reading without memory function can be set in the control panel menu according to your request.

*By software, the people who can pass through or not can be set to meet special request.

*Automatic reset function. When the machine receives an open single, but passenger do not pass through the hallway withina specific time (Default 5s), machine arm will lock again. Limit passing time can be set.

6.3Challenges Of Turnstile Gate In LPU

Although these gates are of much helpful, but still sometime these create problems.If a student lost his Id card or forgot anywhere he may get huge problem to enter the hostel. He may not be allowed to enter he hostel without his Id card .Turnstiles are not enough to judge who enter the place, it cannot recognize whether the person who get out of the hostel is the person with same Id card. Anyone can go out of the hostel with other person card. We need to carry ID cards with us all the time whenever we enter or go out anywhere. It’s not possible to take the card all the time with us.

Turnstiles are connected in series with each other. It takes a large space to occupy .There is always a need of security or someone to always look after that .We see that in university no turnstile is placed where there are no one to look after them.Many times the hostel turnstile is unable to access , it don’t opens in some cases like when the display is unable to detect the card ,fingerprints are not properly matched etc. The data is always recorded of students wherever they go and what time at what place they are is always get detected in the data of the student .

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7.SOME COMMON DAILY APPLIANCES

There are lots of examples of embedded appliances in our day to day life .The are the major and important parts of our life .Without them the life would not be as easy as it is now. “The growth or manufacturing of embedded appliances are 2,00,000 times faster than the non -embedded appliances.”Such as

1) Projector in classroom.2) Biometric in mess.3) ATM machines.4) Remote of Television.

Fig 6.3.1More day to day life embedded appliances.

7.1Embedded systems are actually everywhere. Here’s some applications:

Consumer electronics – Mobile phones, videogame consoles, printers, Blu-Ray

players, home entertainment systems, televisions, digital cameras, music players

Household appliances – Washing machines, microwave ovens, refrigerators,

dishwashers, air conditioners

Medical equipment – CT Scanners, Electrocardiogram (ECG), MRI Scanners, blood

pressure monitors, heartbeat monitors

Automobiles – Electronic fuel injection systems, anti lock braking systems, in-vehicle

entertainment systems, air-conditioner controls

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Industrial applications – Assembly lines, multiple parameter monitoring systems,

feedback systems, data collection systems

Aerospace – Navigation systems, guidance systems, GPS .

Communications – Routers, network hubs, satellite phones.

8.CONCLUSION

Just think about it, almost every advance made by humankind, every device or appliance that

helps us in our daily lives and even what creates those devices are embedded systems.

Without embedded systems, where would we be? Would it be possible for us to create

wonders like driverless cars, fully automated factories, adaptive home appliances and more?

Probably not. So if you’re thinking about studying about a subject that quite literally is

changing the future, look no further than embedded systems!

*** THE END ***

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