INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS QUESTION BANK FYBMM 2013 1 Chapter 1: HARDWARE 1. Define I. Data – A Data can be defined as unprocessed information. II. Information – An Information can be defined as a processed data. 2. Mention several i/p devices. I. Keyboard – most common input device used to input text, numbers & instructions into the computer. Most of the use QWERTY layout. II. Numeric Keypad – Telephones and ATMs [Automatic Teller Machines] use numeric keypad to enter data allowing entry of numbers only. III. Mouse – is actually an example of pointing device usually having two buttons where left button is used to select something by double clicking it & the right button brings up drop-down menus. IV. Touchpad – used in many laptop computers as a pointing device usually controlled by the user moving their finger or gently tapping it to simulate the left/right button of the mouse. V. Tracker ball – similar to a mouse except that the ball is on the top of the device & the user controls the pointer on the screen by rotating the ball with the hand. VI. Remote control – used to control the operation of other devices remotely by using infra red signals. Most home entertainment devices such as television, satellite systems, DVD player, hifi systems have remote controls. VII. Joystick – has similar functions to mice and tracker balls. By gripping this stick, a pointer on the screen can be controlled & buttons are used for selections. Often they have another button on the top of the stick that is used for gaming purposes. VIII. Touch screen – With the system of touch screen, the user can choose an option by simply touching the button/icon on the screen. E.g.: PDAs [Personal Digital Assistants], mobile phones, etc.. IX. Smart Card Reader – used to read information stored on a chip (Smart Card). E.g.: ID cards, Loyalty cards, etc. X. Scanner – used to enter information on hard copy into a computer. The most common scanner is the flat-bed which is made up of a glass panel and lid. XI. Barcode reader – used to read information in the form of a bar code. It is used as a safety function in many companies to ensure that electrical equipment is checked on a regular basis. XII. OMR [Optical Mark Recognition] – is a system which can read marks written in pen or pencil. It is used to read questionnaires, multiple choice examination papers & other forms where responses are registered in the form of lines or shaded areas. XIII. OCR [Optical Character Recognition] – is the name given to software that takes scanned text and converts it into a computer readable form. It is used while scanning documents so that they can be modified using a word processor or desktop publisher package. XIV. MICR [Magnetic Ink Character Recognition] – is a system which can read characters printed in a special ink [containing iron particles]. Only characters written in a standard font can be read. It is primarily used to process cheques in banking operations. XV. Digital Camera – is rapidly replacing traditional, film-based cameras. Once photographs are stored in memory, they are easily transferred to a computer using a Universal Serial Bus (USB) connection. Data Information Knowledge processed processed
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INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS QUESTION BANK FYBMM 2013
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Chapter 1: HARDWARE
1. Define
I. Data – A Data can be defined as unprocessed information.
II. Information – An Information can be defined as a processed data.
2. Mention several i/p devices.
I. Keyboard – most common input device used to input text, numbers & instructions into the computer.
Most of the use QWERTY layout.
II. Numeric Keypad – Telephones and ATMs [Automatic Teller Machines] use numeric keypad to enter
data allowing entry of numbers only.
III. Mouse – is actually an example of pointing device usually having two buttons where left button is
used to select something by double clicking it & the right button brings up drop-down menus.
IV. Touchpad – used in many laptop computers as a pointing device usually controlled by the user
moving their finger or gently tapping it to simulate the left/right button of the mouse.
V. Tracker ball – similar to a mouse except that the ball is on the top of the device & the user controls
the pointer on the screen by rotating the ball with the hand.
VI. Remote control – used to control the operation of other devices remotely by using infra red signals.
Most home entertainment devices such as television, satellite systems, DVD player, hifi systems have
remote controls.
VII. Joystick – has similar functions to mice and tracker balls. By gripping this stick, a pointer on the
screen can be controlled & buttons are used for selections. Often they have another button on the
top of the stick that is used for gaming purposes.
VIII. Touch screen – With the system of touch screen, the user can choose an option by simply touching
the button/icon on the screen. E.g.: PDAs [Personal Digital Assistants], mobile phones, etc..
IX. Smart Card Reader – used to read information stored on a chip (Smart Card). E.g.: ID cards, Loyalty
cards, etc.
X. Scanner – used to enter information on hard copy into a computer. The most common scanner is
the flat-bed which is made up of a glass panel and lid.
XI. Barcode reader – used to read information in the form of a bar code. It is used as a safety function
in many companies to ensure that electrical equipment is checked on a regular basis.
XII. OMR [Optical Mark Recognition] – is a system which can read marks written in pen or pencil. It is
used to read questionnaires, multiple choice examination papers & other forms where responses are
registered in the form of lines or shaded areas.
XIII. OCR [Optical Character Recognition] – is the name given to software that takes scanned text and
converts it into a computer readable form. It is used while scanning documents so that they can be
modified using a word processor or desktop publisher package.
XIV. MICR [Magnetic Ink Character Recognition] – is a system which can read characters printed in a
special ink [containing iron particles]. Only characters written in a standard font can be read. It is
primarily used to process cheques in banking operations.
XV. Digital Camera – is rapidly replacing traditional, film-based cameras. Once photographs are stored
in memory, they are easily transferred to a computer using a Universal Serial Bus (USB) connection.
Data Information Knowledgeprocessed processed
INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS QUESTION BANK FYBMM 2013
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XVI. Webcam – is similar to digital video camera, however it is connected directly to the computer and
do not have a memory. Many computers have webcams built into the top of their monitors as
standard equipment used to enable video-conferencing.
XVII. Microphone – can be connected directly to a computer. Sounds can be inputted and manipulated. It
is used in voice recognition software which can have a number of purposes such as conversion of
speech into text that can be used in word processor & for recognition commands.
XVIII. Sensor – is a device which inputs data to a computer where the data is a measurement of some
physical quantity which is continuously changing, such as temperature, light, moisture, etc..
XIX. Graphic tablet – used with a stylus to produce freehand drawings as in Computer Aided Design
(CAD) work.
XX. Light pen – contain sensors that sends signals to a computer whenever light changes are detected.
They are also used for drawing onscreen.
3. Mention several o/p devices.
I. CRT [Cathode Ray Tube] Monitor – least expensive type of monitors, although they are
becoming increasingly rare as TFT monitors are now taking over. It uses an electron gun to
fire against a phosphor screen, which creates a picture that is made up of tiny dots.
II. TFT [Thin-Film Transistor] Monitor – The screen us made up of thousands of tiny pixels,
which are made up of transistors controlled by a microprocessor.
III. Laser Printer – produces very high-quality hard copy output. The print rate per page is very
high if a number of pages are being printed.
IV. Inkjet Printer – produces good quality hard copies. Although the quality is not as quite as
good as that from the laser printer, it is far better than that from dot matrix printers.
V. Dot-matrix Printer – is a type of impact printer, where a print-head (made up of matrix of
pins) presses against an inked ribbon. It tends to be slow, noisy and the output is not of a
good quality.
VI. Plotter – produces hard copies, but operates in a different way to printers. It is not limited to
normal printer paper size but is capable of producing highly accurate, very large drawing and
posters.
VII. Speaker – can be connected directly to a computer or is built into the monitor or casing
Digital data from the computer is converted into analogue, using a Digital to Analogue
Converter (DAC).
VIII. Multimedia Projector – receive signals that can either be analogue or digital, although the
most modern projectors only work with digital inputs. The signal source is usually from a
computer, television or DVD player.
IX. Terminal - is used for entering data into, and displaying data from, a computer or
a computing system.
4. Mention several Storage devices.
I. Magnetic
i. Fixed hard disk – has read/write heads that allows data to be written to or read from the
disk surface.
INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS QUESTION BANK FYBMM 2013
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ii. Portable hard disk – usually connected to the computer via a Universal Serial Bus (USB) port
and can be disconnected and used on different computers.
iii. Floppy disk drive – used on some computers consisting thin disk of plastic which is housed
in a plastic case with a window where the disk can be assessed.
iv. Magnetic tape – is a very thin strip of plastic coated in a magnetic layer read and written by
a read/write head.
II. Optical
i. CD-ROM & DVD-ROM – are Read Only Memory (ROM) which means they cannot be written
over and can only be read.
ii. CD-R & DVD-R – are the disk which are recordable only once and then it becomes a CR-
ROM or DVD-ROM. The letter ‘R’ here means the disk is recordable only once.
iii. CD-RW & DVD-RW – The ‘RW’ means these disks are re-writable media and can be written
over several times. Unlike CD-R/DVD-R they do not become ROMs.
iv. DVD-RAM – is a recent addition to the optical media group. Unlike the CD and DVD formats,
DVD-RAMs have several discrete concentric tracks giving them the advantage that writing
and reading can occur at the same time.
v. Blu-ray disk – has the largest capacity of all the optical media available and go up to 100 GB
at present.
III. Solid State
i. Memory sticks / Pen drives – it can store several GBs of data and use the solid state technology
usually connected through the USB port and power to operate it is drawn from the host
computer.
ii. Flash memory card – is a form of Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory
[EEPROM]. It is used to store photos in digital cameras. Mobile phones use them as memory
cards.
5. Describe in brief the Generation of Computers.
First Generation (1940-1956) : Vacuum Tubes The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory, and were often enormous, taking up entire rooms. They were very expensive to operate and in addition to using a great deal of electricity, generated a lot of heat, which was often the cause of malfunctions. First generation computers relied on machine language, the lowest-level programming language understood by computers, to perform operations, and they could only solve one problem at a time. Input was based on punched cards and paper tape, and output was displayed on printouts. The UNIVAC and ENIAC computers are examples of first-generation computing devices. The UNIVAC was the first commercial computer delivered to a business client, the U.S. Census Bureau in 1951.
Second Generation (1956-1963) : Transistors Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second generation of computers. The transistor was invented in 1947 but did not see widespread use in computers until the late 1950s. The transistor was far superior to the vacuum tube, allowing computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper, more
INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS QUESTION BANK FYBMM 2013
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energy-efficient and more reliable than their first-generation predecessors. Though the transistor still generated a great deal of heat that subjected the computer to damage, it was a vast improvement over the vacuum tube. Second-generation computers still relied on punched cards for input and printouts for output. Second-generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine language to symbolic, or assembly, languages, which allowed programmers to specify instructions in words. High-level programming languages were also being developed at this time, such as early versions of COBOL and FORTRAN. These were also the first computers that stored their instructions in their memory, which moved from a magnetic drum to magnetic core technology. The first computers of this generation were developed for the atomic energy industry.
Third Generation (1964-1971) : Integrated Circuits The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of computers. Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, called semiconductors, which drastically increased the speed and efficiency of computers. Instead of punched cards and printouts, users interacted with third generation computers through keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an operating system, which allowed the device to run many different applications at one time with a central program that monitored the memory. Computers for the first time became accessible to a mass audience because they were smaller and cheaper than their predecessors.
Fourth Generation (1971-Present) : Microprocessors The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers. Unlike the first generation computers which filled an entire room could now fit in the palm of the hand. The Intel 4004 chip, developed in 1971, located all the components of the computer—from the central processing unit and memory to input/output controls—on a single chip. In 1981 IBM introduced its first computer for the home user, and in 1984 Apple introduced the Macintosh. Microprocessors also moved out of the realm of desktop computers and into many areas of life as more and more everyday products began to use microprocessors. As these small computers became more powerful, they could be linked together to form networks, which eventually led to the development of the Internet. Fourth generation computers also saw the development of GUIs, the mouse and handheld devices.
Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond) : Artificial Intelligence Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence, are still in development, though there are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used today. The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a reality. Quantum computation and molecular and nanotechnology will radically change the face of computers in years to come. The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organization.
6. Describe in brief several types of computers.
I. Desktop - most common type of personal computer that is designed to sit on or under a desk or
table commonly used in schools, offices and home.
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II. Workstation – a specialized, single-user computer that typically has more power and features than
a standard desktop PC popular among scientists, engineers and animators who need a system with
greater than average speed and the power to perform sophisticated tasks.
III. Laptops – Notebook computers as their name implies, approximate the shape of an 8.5 by 11 inch
notebook and easily fit inside a briefcase. Several notebook systems are designed to be plugged
into a docking station, which may include a large monitor, a full size keyboard and mouse or other
devices.
IV. Tablet PCs – newest development in portable, full featured computers offering all the functionality
of a notebook PC & are lighter and can accept input from a special pen called a stylus or digital
pen that is used to tap or write directly on the screen.
V. PDA [Personal Digital Assistant] – handheld personal computers small enough to fit in your hand.
Many PDAs let the user access the Internet through a wireless connection.
VI. Smart phones – Some cellular phones double as miniature PCs because they offer advanced
features not typically found in cellular phone. So they are called as Smart Phones. The advanced
features include Web and e-mail access, special software such as personal organizers or special
hardware such as digital cameras or music players. Some models even break in half to reveal a
miniature keyboard.
VII. Network Server – In most organizations, individual users have their own desktop computers which
are connected to one or more centralized computers called network servers. A network server is
usually a powerful computer with special software and equipment that enable it to function as
the primary computer in the network.
VIII. Mainframe – used in large organizations such as insurance companies and banks where many
people frequently need to use the same data. In a traditional mainframe environment, each user
accesses the mainframe’s resources through a device called a terminal.
IX. Minicomputers – are small sized computers as compared to other computers of the day. The
capabilities of a minicomputer are often called as midrange computers.
X. Supercomputer – is the most powerful computer made and physically they are some of the largest.
They can process huge amounts of data and the fastest supercomputers can perform more than
ONE TRILLION calculations per second.
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Chapter 2: Networking Basics
7. What is a Network? What are its types?
A Network is defined as group of computers connected together to share the resources (hardware
and software) with two principle benefits: the ability to communicate and the ability to share.
LAN [Local Area Network]: supplies networking capability to a group of computers in close proximity
to each other such as in an office building, a school or a room. It is useful for sharing resources like
files, printers, games or other applications.
WAN [Wide Area Network]: spans a large geographical area such as a state, province o country. The
world’s most popular WAN is the Internet.
MAN [Metropolitan Area Network]: spans a physical area larger than a LAN but smaller than a WAN,
such as a city.
CAN [Campus Area Network]: spans multiple LANs but smaller than a MAN, such as on a university
or college campus.
PAN [Personal Area Network]: set up for personal/non-commercial usage.
SAN [Storage Area Network]: connects servers to data storage devices.
HAN [Home Area Network]: set up at home to connect multiple devices.
WLAN [Wireless LAN]: a LAN based on Wi-Fi or wireless network technology.
8. What is meant by network topology? What are its types?
Network Topology refers to the arrangement or physical layout of computers, cables and other
components on the network.
Typ
es o
f N
etw
orks
BasicLAN
WAN
Advanced
MAN
CAN
PAN
SAN
HAN
WLAN
Network Topologies
Bus Ring Star Mesh Hybrid
Local Area Network
Wide Area Network
Metropolitan Area Network
Campus Area Network
Personal Area Network
Storage Area Network
Home Area Network
Wireless LAN
INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS QUESTION BANK FYBMM 2013
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Refer your handwritten notes for details of every topology. Mention details in your answer.
9. State the advantages and disadvantages of computer networks.
Advantages:
a. File Sharing
b. Resource Sharing
c. Increased Storage Capacity
d. Increased Cost Efficiency
Disadvantages:
a. Security Issues
b. Rapid Spread of Computer Viruses
c. Expensive Setup
d. Dependency on Main File Server
Refer your handwritten notes for details of every advantage & disadvantage. Mention details in your
answer.
INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS QUESTION BANK FYBMM 2013
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Chapter 3: Introduction to Internet
10. Define
a. Internet: is defined as network of networks.
b. WWW: also known as ‘world wide web’ or ‘w3c’ or simply ‘the web’ refers to all of the publicly
accessible websites in the world, in addition to other information sources that web browsers can
access.
c. Website: is a collection of webpages maintained by a single person or organization that are linked
with each other to form a single body of information.
d. Webpage: is a single file of a website containing text, graphic, audio or video.
e. Web server: is a computer on internet containing one or more websites.
11. What is e-commerce? What are its types?
Electronic commerce or e-commerce is a type of industry where the buying and selling of
products or services is conducted over electronic systems such as the Internet and other computer
networks.
TYPES OF E-COMMERCE
1. B2B [Business to Business]: defined as e-commerce between companies dealing with relationships
between and among businesses. E.g. online tender notification and bidding.