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Introduction to and the Introduction to and the Archaeological Applications Archaeological Applications of GIS of GIS Jo Dyson Jo Dyson GIS and Mapping Technician GIS and Mapping Technician Room MB 25 Room MB 25 [email protected] [email protected]
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Introduction To and Arcaeological Apps of GIS

Jan 14, 2015

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Page 1: Introduction To and Arcaeological Apps of GIS

Introduction to and the Introduction to and the Archaeological Applications Archaeological Applications

of GIS of GIS Jo Dyson Jo Dyson

GIS and Mapping Technician GIS and Mapping Technician Room MB 25 Room MB 25

[email protected]@worc.ac.uk

Page 2: Introduction To and Arcaeological Apps of GIS

Aims of Session Aims of Session

• What is GIS (Geographical Information Systems)?

• General Applications of GIS • Applications of GIS in Archaeology • GIS Software – ESRI ArcGIS 9.3 • Practical – making a map using GIS for

use on site and in your final excavation/survey report

Page 3: Introduction To and Arcaeological Apps of GIS

GIS - Geographic Information System

In GIS the term “Geographic” (relating to geography) means that it deals with….

Locations, interactions and distributionof people, places and/or things.

Page 4: Introduction To and Arcaeological Apps of GIS

GIS - Geographic Information System

In a GIS the term “Information” usually means a data base.

Lists of people, places, or things. This information can come from….

SpreadsheetsDatabasesAir Photos

Satellite imagesGPS units

Internet searches

Page 5: Introduction To and Arcaeological Apps of GIS

GIS - Geographic Information System

In a GIS the term “System” refers to the GIS Operator, the computer, the data, and the software working together.

.

Page 6: Introduction To and Arcaeological Apps of GIS

GIS isGIS is……a Map! a Map!

Page 7: Introduction To and Arcaeological Apps of GIS

GIS isGIS is……able to display elevation able to display elevation datadata

Page 8: Introduction To and Arcaeological Apps of GIS

GIS isGIS is……able to analyst data able to analyst data

Page 9: Introduction To and Arcaeological Apps of GIS

GIS isGIS is……able to display aerial able to display aerial imagery and geophysical dataimagery and geophysical data

Page 10: Introduction To and Arcaeological Apps of GIS

GIS isGIS is……able to do 3D (actually it is able to do 3D (actually it is 2.5D)2.5D)

Page 11: Introduction To and Arcaeological Apps of GIS

General GIS Applications General GIS Applications • Local Authorities – LLPG (Local Land and Property

Gazetteer), planning applications and ecological record• Retail/Business – working out where your

customers/competitors are to find store locations and delivery route planning

• Environment – flood mapping, climate change mapping and monitoring animal movement

• Police – crime location mapping and geographical profiling of suspects

• Other applications: Satellite Navigation Systems, computer gaming, Multimap and Google Earth

Page 12: Introduction To and Arcaeological Apps of GIS

General GIS Applications: Store General GIS Applications: Store Location Analysis Location Analysis

Page 13: Introduction To and Arcaeological Apps of GIS

General GIS Applications: Route General GIS Applications: Route Planning Planning

Page 14: Introduction To and Arcaeological Apps of GIS

General GIS Applications: General GIS Applications: Environmental Mapping Environmental Mapping

Page 15: Introduction To and Arcaeological Apps of GIS

General GIS Applications: General GIS Applications: Environmental MappingEnvironmental Mapping

Page 16: Introduction To and Arcaeological Apps of GIS

General GIS Applications: Crime General GIS Applications: Crime and Forensics and Forensics

Page 17: Introduction To and Arcaeological Apps of GIS

Archaeological Applications of GIS Archaeological Applications of GIS Introduction

• GIS offers archaeologists an exciting and powerful research tool

• The data is both spatial and temporal and is therefore suited to the basic principles of GIS

• Main applications• Cultural Resource Management• Historic Environment Record (HER) • Landscape Analysis

Page 18: Introduction To and Arcaeological Apps of GIS

First Use of GIS in Archaeology First Use of GIS in Archaeology

• Gaffney and Stančič (1991) Work based on Island of Hvar, Croatia

• Created a DEM from topographic map at scale of 1:50,000

Page 19: Introduction To and Arcaeological Apps of GIS

First Use of GIS in ArchaeologyFirst Use of GIS in Archaeology• Used Site Catchment Analysis (SCA) on hillforts • Hillforts functioned as a central place for large numbers

of inhabitants due to location in landscape and labour required

• Hillforts were situated on hilltops and surrounded by large stone ramparts

Page 20: Introduction To and Arcaeological Apps of GIS

First Use of GIS in ArchaeologyFirst Use of GIS in Archaeology• Used Visibility Analysis on the

Greek Towers of Hvar • Built to allow town of Pharos to

be alerted of any danger approaching them

• Towers would have used fire or smoke signals to send message – assumes clear line of sight between them - can be tested with GIS

• Discovered that tower at Maslinovik would have been able to see tower at Tor and pass message back to Pharos

Page 21: Introduction To and Arcaeological Apps of GIS

Wroxeter Hinterland Project Wroxeter Hinterland Project

• Gaffney et al (2007)• First use of GIS in

archaeology as database for all information relating to project : geophysics, aerial imagery, field walking, OS mapping and find spots etc

Page 22: Introduction To and Arcaeological Apps of GIS

Wroxeter Hinterland ProjectWroxeter Hinterland Project

Page 23: Introduction To and Arcaeological Apps of GIS

Stonehenge Landscapes Stonehenge Landscapes • Exon et al (2000) • Aim of the project was to

digitally explore the relationships of the monuments around Stonehenge and how these relationships have changed over time

• Groundbreaking to the extent that the readers were able to see and question the data on a CD, provided with book

Page 24: Introduction To and Arcaeological Apps of GIS

Stonehenge LandscapesStonehenge Landscapes• Discovered that there was a

key relationship between the monuments and the topography

• First to study the Stonehenge landscape using GIS. It transformed archaeologist’s views on the Stonehenge landscape as the GIS showed the already well-studied area in a new light

• The project demonstrates GIS ability to interpret data as opposed to just a data storage tool

Page 25: Introduction To and Arcaeological Apps of GIS

Laxton Castle, NottinghamshireLaxton Castle, Nottinghamshire

• Combined use of GPS, GIS, Geophysics and historical mapping to understand castle and its environs

• C12th Motte and Bailey Castle

Page 26: Introduction To and Arcaeological Apps of GIS

Laxton Castle, NottinghamshireLaxton Castle, Nottinghamshire

Page 27: Introduction To and Arcaeological Apps of GIS

Tutbury Castle, StaffordshireTutbury Castle, Staffordshire• C11th Motte and

Bailey castle • Similar

techniques used as LaxtonCastle

Page 28: Introduction To and Arcaeological Apps of GIS

Tutbury Castle, StaffordshireTutbury Castle, Staffordshire

Page 29: Introduction To and Arcaeological Apps of GIS

King Edward I Castles in North King Edward I Castles in North Wales Wales

• My BA and MA dissertation work • BA: Viewshed (Visibility) Analysis and

Cost Surface Analysis (CSA) • MA: Sensuous Viewsheds or 3D Visibility

Analysis and used GIS in conjunction with Autodesk 3D Studio Max to create castle models

Page 30: Introduction To and Arcaeological Apps of GIS

King Edward I Castles in North King Edward I Castles in North WalesWales

Page 31: Introduction To and Arcaeological Apps of GIS

First you need to know the ‘cost’ over all types of terrain

What is CSA? What is CSA?

Normally this means calculating cost from for example the slope grid… 4 miles/hr

3 miles/hr

2 miles/hr

Not forgetting the effect of slope distance

Slope distance

Distance shown on map

Page 32: Introduction To and Arcaeological Apps of GIS

King Edward I Castles in North King Edward I Castles in North WalesWales

Page 33: Introduction To and Arcaeological Apps of GIS

Historic Environment Record (HER) Historic Environment Record (HER)

• Gloucestershire County Council

• HER holds 24,000 records and is constantly updated

• Uses an Oracle database linked to ArcGIS

Page 34: Introduction To and Arcaeological Apps of GIS

Historic Landscape Historic Landscape Characterisation (HLC) Characterisation (HLC)

• HLC is concerned with mapping our entire historic landscape

• Work usually done by Local Authorities

• To build a HLC database, using a GIS and digital mapping, vector polygons are created to give a particular landscape type to a block of land

• A landscape type could be woodland, military, or residential

• Each type is given its own colour and displayed in the GIS as an additional layer. Changes to the landscape can be shown over time by switching the layers on and off

Page 35: Introduction To and Arcaeological Apps of GIS

Wolverhampton in 1880Wolverhampton in 1880

LegendBlue is ExtractivePink is SettlementRed is Commercial Yellow is Recreational

Page 36: Introduction To and Arcaeological Apps of GIS

Wolverhampton in 1910Wolverhampton in 1910

LegendBlue is ExtractivePink is SettlementRed is Commercial Yellow is Recreational

Page 37: Introduction To and Arcaeological Apps of GIS

Wolverhampton in 2000Wolverhampton in 2000

LegendBlue is ExtractivePink is Settlement Red is Commercial Yellow is Recreational

Page 38: Introduction To and Arcaeological Apps of GIS

Wolverhampton: Surviving Wolverhampton: Surviving Terrace HousesTerrace Houses

LegendGreen is Circa 1910Blue is Circa 1900Purple is Circa 1880 Green is

Wolverhampton City Boundary

Red is Main Roads (Modern Roads)

Page 39: Introduction To and Arcaeological Apps of GIS

First you need to know the ‘cost’ over all types of terrain

What is CSA? What is CSA?

Normally this means calculating cost from for example the slope grid… 4 miles/hr

3 miles/hr

2 miles/hr

Not forgetting the effect of slope distance

Slope distance

Distance shown on map

Page 40: Introduction To and Arcaeological Apps of GIS

Issues Surrounding the use of GISIssues Surrounding the use of GIS

• The information is only as good as the original data source and is dependent upon the expertise and experience of the researcher

• Bias to regional landscape based studies

• GIS is atemporal and only able to deal with spatial phenomena in a single instant of time –although this has been accommodated by use of time slices

Page 41: Introduction To and Arcaeological Apps of GIS

First you need to know the ‘cost’ over all types of terrain

What is CSA? What is CSA?

Normally this means calculating cost from for example the slope grid… 4 miles/hr

3 miles/hr

2 miles/hr

Not forgetting the effect of slope distance

Slope distance

Distance shown on map

Page 42: Introduction To and Arcaeological Apps of GIS

Issues Surrounding the use of GISIssues Surrounding the use of GIS

• The information is only as good as the original data source and is dependent upon the expertise and experience of the researcher

• Bias to regional landscape based studies

• GIS is atemporal and only able to deal with spatial phenomena in a single instant of time –although this has been accommodated by use of time slices

Page 43: Introduction To and Arcaeological Apps of GIS

Issues Surrounding the use of GISIssues Surrounding the use of GIS

• Gives ‘a picture of past landscapes which the inhabitant would hardly recognise’ (Thomas 1993)

• GIS has a positivist and scientific bias• Some data does not lend itself to digital capture (e.g. soil

types rarely change as abruptly as the lines demarking the distribution on a map will show)

• GIS does not take into account the seasonal variation of vegetation cover or how a landscape may have been vegetated

• GIS is ocular-centric – you only ‘see’ the landscape, not experience it in any other way

Is it just pretty pictures?

Page 44: Introduction To and Arcaeological Apps of GIS

SummarySummary

• know what a GIS is • Know GIS applications in real world • Know GIS applications in archaeology • Know problems with GIS in archaeology • Now it is time for the practical….