Introduction of philosophy

Introduction of philosophy

Introduction of philosophy

Political PhilosophyPolitical Philosophy

Everyone is interested in politics and everyone has own philosophySo, many political theories in worldwidePolitics and Philosophy came from Greek word : polis (city state)Political philosophy can be defined as philosophical reflection on how best to arrange our collective life - our political institutions and our social practices, such as our economic system and our pattern of family life

Political Philosophy in Greek

Socrates lived between 469 and 399 BC, Plato between 427 and 347 BC, and Aristotle between 384 and 322 BC. they all had in common was a thirst for knowledge. Three good regimes being monarchy, aristocracy, and a moderate form of democracyJustice, then, depended on treating equals equally, and only the equals as full citizens., not for slave and women

SocratesWidely considered the founder of Western political philosophy, via his spoken influence on Athenian contemporaries; since Socrates never wrote anything, much of what we know about him and his teachings comes through his most famous student, Plato.

Socrates wanted his students to arrive at the truth by answering a stream of questions., through deductive reasoning, arrive at the truth.Socrates felt that a man who admitted he was ignorant was very wise and said, The only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing.He also said, The unexamined life is not worth living.He felt that most people never reach their full potential and that to be happy a person must keep his soul, his central core, healthy. That was done by self-examination and gaining wisdom.democracy was an unwise form of government, . he thought that the electing of the people was unfair justice.

PlatoPlato wrote down many of the dialogues Socrates had with his students, which was really important because Socrates didnt commit his ideas to paperPlato believed that there was a higher world where perfect ideas existed and if you knew them then you knew the truth.Politically, he did not trust democracy and felt that philosophers should rule and that there needed to be a blend of philosophy and politics. To him aristocracy was a perfect form of government, He believed that government should only have rulers who had the intelligence and education appropriate for the matter. His thoughts were that a job should be done only by those who are best suited for it. Platos most enduring and influential work is the bookThe RepublicPlatos RepublicTimocracy: Socrates defines aas a government ruled by people who love honor and are selected according to the degree of honor they hold in society, where only property owners may participate in government. Oligarchy: These people could be distinguished by royalty, wealth, family ties, education, corporate, or military control. Such states are often controlled by a few prominent families who pass their influence from one generation to the next.Socrates suggests that wealth will not help a pilot to navigate his ship. This injustice divides the rich and the poor, thus creating an environment for criminals and beggars to emerge. The rich are constantly plotting against the poor and vice versa.Democracy: As this socioeconomic divide grows, so do tensions between social classes. From the conflicts arising out of such tensions, democracyreplaces the oligarchy preceding it. The poor overthrow the inexperienced oligarchs and soon grant liberties and freedoms to citizens. Tyranny: A government in which a single ruler is vested with absolute power. The excessive freedoms granted to the citizens of a democracy ultimately leads to a tyranny, the furthest regressed type of government.

AristotleWhile Plato was more abstract, Aristotle was more logical. Aristotle was brilliant and wrote about many diverse subjects, including mathematics, government, metaphysics, and science.He was practical and realistic in his approach to knowledge.As far as politics go, he felt the best form of government was a constitutional one. His opinion toward life was that all people should live a fair and happy life. Aristotle's political science encompasses the two fields which modern philosophers distinguish as ethics and political philosophy.he had his own theories towards his belief of the "right government". He wanted his results to show happiness among the people. believe that a perfect government could be formed only by those who have a middle class.

Political systemDemocracyRepublicMonarchyCommunismDictatorshipTotalitarianTheocracyParliamentaryRevolutionaryOligarchy/Plutocracy

Democracyall citizens have an equal opportunity to express their opinion Most popular one is parliamentary democracyThe term comes from Greek word demokratia (rule of the people)Essential of democracy include freedom of speech, press, political expression, human right, civil societyRepresentative democracy involves the selection of government officials by the people being represented. Parliamentary democracy is also representative democracy where government is appointed by parliament. Presidential democracy is a system where the public elects the president free and fair elections. Semi-presidential system in which the government includes both prime minister and president. Deliberative democracy is based on the notion that democracy is government by discussion.

Parliamentary

In this system government in which ministers of the executive branch get their legitimacy from and are accountable to that parliament body. The origins of the modern concept of prime ministerial government go back to the Kingdom of Great Britain (17071800) and The Parliamentary System in Sweden (17211772), that coincided with each other.A Parliamentary System may consist of two styles ofchambers of parliamentone with two chambers (or houses): an elected lower house, and an upper house or Senate which may be appointed or elected by a different mechanism from the lower house. This style of two houses is called bicameral system. Legislatures with only one house are known asunicameral system.

Oligarchy

The meaning a few, ruled by small people. These people could be distinguished by royalty, wealth, family ties, corporate or military control.Few prominent families who pass their influence from one generation to the next.For example, communist country where only members of the Communist Party were allowed to vote. For example, in past South Africa, only white people were allowed to vote.Corporate oligarchy (Corporatocracy) is a form of power, where such power effectively rests with a small, elite group of inside individuals, sometimes from a small group of educational institutions, or influential economic entities or devices, such as banks, commercial entities,

PlutocracyPlutocracy meaning (ploutos: wealth and kratos power rule) is ruled by the wealthy.Wealthy minorities have always influence over the political arena. In modern times, the term is sometimes used to refer to societies rooted in state-corporate capitalism. It is fusion of money and government. Revolutionary

Arevolution(from the Latinrevolutio, "a turn around") is a fundamental changein power or organizational structures that takes place in a relatively short period of time.Aristotledescribed two types of political revolution: Complete change from one constitution to another, Modification of an existing constitution.Perhaps most often, the word "revolution" is employed to denote a change in socio-political institutions. Many such early studies of revolutions tended to concentrate on four classic casesfamous and uncontroversial examples that fit virtually all definitions of revolutions, like theGlorious Revolution(1688), theFrench Revolution(17891799), theRussian Revolution of 1917and theChinese Revolution(19271949).Totalitarianism

Stay in political power through propaganda campaign by controlling mass media, a single party and controlled economy.The concept was developed in 1920 in Italian fascists., it means total political power by state.Everything within the state, nothing outside the state, nothing against the state.

Theocracy

It is a form of government in which official policy is governed by religion or religion groups. From the perspective of the theocratic government, "God himself is recognized as the head" of the statethe termtheocracy, from the Greek"rule of God", Theocracy should be distinguished from other, secular, forms of government that have astate religion, or are merely influenced by theological or moral concepts Current , an Islamic stateis a state that has adopted Islam, , specifically Sharia, as its foundations for political institutions, or laws, exclusively, and has implemented the Islamic ruling system

Dictatorship

A dictatorship is defined as an autocratic form of government in which the government is ruled by an individual a dictator.Dictatorship is often defined simply as "not democracy", Dictatorships may be classified in a number of ways, such as: Military dictatorship, Single party state, Personal, or HybridDictators may attain power in a number of ways: family, military, constitutional, self-coup,

Monarchy

Amonarchyis a form of governmentin which sovereigntyis actually or nominally embodied in a single individual.Types of monarchy: absolute monarchy, constitutional monarchy, hereditary monarchy, elective monarchy , ceremonial monarchy, cultural monarchyCommunismCommunism(from Latincommunis- common, universal), Communismcomes from the Latin wordcommunis, which means "shared" or "belong to all".,It is a revolutionary socialmovement to create a classless, moneyless, stateless, common ownership of the means of production.Marxist theory contends that socialism is just a transitional stage on the road to communism. A communist society would have no governments, countries, or class divisions. In modern usage, the word "communism" is still often used to refer to the policies of self-declared socialist governments comprising one party stateswhich were single legal political party systems operating under centrally planned economies According to communist theory, the only way to abolish capitalist inequalities is to have the proletariat (working class), who are perpetually exploited and marginalised by thebourgeoisie(wealthy class), to overthrow the capitalist system. Like other socialists,Karl MarxandFriedrich Engelssought an end to capitalism and the systems which they perceived to be responsible for the exploitation of workers. The dominant forms of communism are based on Marxism, but non-Marxist versions of communism like Christian communism and anarchist communism also exist. Anarchist communism (also known as libertarian communism) is a theory ofanarchismwhich advocates the abolition of thestate,private property, andcapitalismin favour ofcommon ownershipof themeans of production,[58][59]direct democracyand a horizontal network ofvoluntary associationsandworkers' councilswith production and consumption based on the guiding principle: "from each according to his ability, to each according to his need". Anarcho-communism differs from marxism rejecting its view about the need for a State Socialism phase before building communism. Christian communismis a form of religious communism centred onChristianity. It is a theological and political theory based upon the view that theteachings of Jesus Christurge Christians to support communism as the idealsocial system.

Republic

Simplified definition of a republic is a government where the head of state is not a monarch. It is form of government in which the supreme power rests with people.Classical republic: Greek: Athens, Sparta, Roman Republic, India, Northen part of EuropeIn Europe new republics appeared in the late Middle ages, These were generally small, but wealthy, trading states, , in which the merchant class had risen to prominence. Protestant Reformation used as justification of establishing new republics. Most of theseEnlightenmentthinkers were far more interested in ideas ofconstitutional monarchythan in republics. Collapse of monarch due social or communist movement. Islamicpolitical philosophy has a long history of opposition to absolute monarchy, Types; parliamentary republic, Federal republic, Islamic republic, Socialist republic

Socialism The producing and distributing goods can be privately or collectively owned or dictated by a centralized government that often plans and controls the economy.Although socialism does not always co-exist with only communist or fascist governments, the implementation of socialism in many countries requires that a strong central government generally impose this philosophy on the people.Modern socialism originated from an 18th-century intellectual and working class political movement that criticised the effects of industrialization"We want to achieve a new and better order of society: in this new and better society there must be neither rich nor poor; all will have to work. Not a handful of rich people, but all the working people must enjoy the fruits of their common labour. Machines and other improvements must serve to ease the work of all and not to enable a few to grow rich at the expense of millions and tens of millions of people. This new and better society is calledsocialist society. The teachings about this society are calledsocialism." LeninIn the most influential of all socialist theories,Karl MarxandFriedrich Engelsbelieved the consciousness of those who earn a wage or salary (the "working class" in the broadest Marxist sense) would be moulded by their "conditions" of "wage-slavery", leading to a tendency to seek their freedom or "emancipation" by overthrowing ownership of the means of production by capitalists. For Marx and Engels, conditions determine consciousness and ending the role of the capitalist class leads eventually to a classless society in which the state would wither away.

capitalismCapitalismis an economic system in which themeans of production and distribution are privately or corporately ownedand development is proportionate to the accumulation and reinvestment of profits gained in a free market.Capitalism is a system that is based on private ownership of the means of production , competitative market, wage labor, capital accumulation etc.Product (capital or consumer): Capital goods (i.e., raw materials, tools, industrial machines, vehicles and factories) are used to produce consumer goods (e.g., televisions, cars, computers, houses) to be sold to others. The three inputs required for production are:labor,land (i.e., natural resources, which exist prior to human beings) and capital goods.Money was primarily a standardized medium of exchange, and final means of payment, that serves to measure the value of all goods and commodities in a standard of value.Types: Mercantilism holds that the wealth of a nation is increased through a positive balance of trade with other nations. Free market capitalism consists of a free-price system where supply and demand are allowed to reach their point of equilibrium without intervention by the government. A social market economy is a nominally free-market system where government intervention in price formation is kept to a minimum but the state provides significant social security, unemployment benefits and recognition of labor rights through national collective bargaining laws. State capitalismconsists of state ownership of the means of production within a state. Corporate capitalism is a free or mixed market characterized by the dominance of hierarchical, bureaucratic corporations, which are legally required to pursue profit. largely market-based economy consisting of both public ownership and private ownership of the means of production. Most capitalist economies are defined as "mixed economies" to some degree[although the balance between the public and private sectors may vary.