Introduction & history of computer

Introduction

Ms.Rukhsana A.KarimMSC.IT, M.Phil , B.ed

Sharif Medical City Jati Umra, City Road Lahore

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Lect:1 Topics CoversChapter: 1Introduction to computer What is computer? History of Computer

Abacus Napier’s Bones Pascal’s Pascaline Calculator Use of Punched Cards by Hollerith Charles Babbage Difference Engine Analytical Engine

Evolution of Computers First-Generation Computer (1940-1958) Second-Generation Computer (1959-1964) Third-Generation Computer(1964-1970) Fourth-Generation Computer ( 1971-present) Fifth-Generation Computer (1989-future)

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What is computer?

• What is computer?1: A computer is an electronic machine that is solved our

problem according to the instruction given to the computer.2: A computer is a machine made of devices that enable

you to Enter data(input), process it (CPU), store it (memory), and output the result (Output).

• Let us understand the meaning of input, processing, and output with a daily-life example of preparing a mango shake.

• Mango pulp+ Sugar + milk Churning by mixer Mango shake

– INPUTPROCESSING OUTPUT

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Early Calculating Devices

• Some of the early calculating devices were as follows:

1.Abacus• The abacus was probably the first calculating device.• Definition: An abacus is a wooden frame with beads

that slide on wires.• Use: The abacus was used to perform simple

calculations such as addition, subtracting, multiplication, and division.

• Note: the abacus is still used in several countries today.

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Abacus

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• 2.Napier’s Bones• In 1616, Sir John Napier made a calculating

devices and called it Napier's bones.• Definition: the device was called Napier’s

Bones because it had numbers carved on bones or on strips of wood.

• Use: it was used for addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, and to fined the square roots of numbers.

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Napier’s Bones

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3. Pascal’s Pascaline Calculator• In 1641, Blaise Pascal invented the Pascaline,

the first mechanical calculator.• Definition: the Pascaline first mechanical

calculator. It consisted of rectangular box with moveable wheels.

• Use: It was used for adding , subtracting, multiplying, and dividing numbers up to the hundreds and thousands.

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Pascaline

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• 4. Use of Punched Cards by Hollerith• In 1890, Herman Hollerith developed the first

electro mechanical punched card tabulator.• The tabulator could read information that had

been punched into cards.• Data were feed and results were produced on

punched cards.

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5.Charles Babbage Difference Engine (1822)In the nineteenth century, Charles Babbage invented a

machine called the difference engine to prepare mathematical tables.

Analytical Engine ( working next 10 years, 1833)

Charles Babbage also invented the first general-purpose computer known as the Analytical engine that had the same basic elements as the modern computer – input, output, and memory devices.

Note: Due to his ground- breaking contribution to computing, Charles Babbage is called the Father of modern computers.

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Difference Engine Analytical Engine

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Evolution of ComputersGeneration

Period Main Component

Characteristics Examples

First 1940-58 Vacuum Tubes

•Large size, comparatively small storage, slow speed•High power consumption•Large installation area•Difficult to program

EDSACEDVAC

Second 1959-64 Transistors •Smaller, faster, and cheaper•Contained all the components of modern-Day computers – printer, storage capacity, operating system, and so on.•Programming languages such as COBOL and FORTRAN came into use.

IBM1401RCA 501

Third 1964-70 Integrated circuits (chips)

•Smaller size•Increase storage capacity•Different programs could be run together

IBM 360Series and 370 series

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Fourth 1971-present

Micro-Processors

•Increased computing power•Enhanced storage capacity•Used improved storage devices that cost less•Could be linked together or networked

Modern-day PCs laptops, palmtops

Fifth 1989-fruture Artificial intelligence

•Very high speed and storage capacity•Ability to carry out sophisticated operations•Might overcome the lack of thinking ability

CRAY-1series

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Vacuum Tubes Transistors

ChipMicro Processor

Artificial Intelligence

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Lect:1 Assignment

• Topics:• Write Full Form • EDSAC• EDVAC• IBM 1401• RCA 501• Modern Day PCs, Laptop, Palmtops• CRAY-1 series etc.