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Intro to World Politics Chapter 1 PS130 World Politics Michael R. Baysdell
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Intro to World Politics Chapter 1 PS130 World Politics Michael R. Baysdell.

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Page 1: Intro to World Politics Chapter 1 PS130 World Politics Michael R. Baysdell.

Intro to World Politics Chapter 1

PS130 World PoliticsMichael R. Baysdell

Page 2: Intro to World Politics Chapter 1 PS130 World Politics Michael R. Baysdell.

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Previewing the Global Drama

• Global Actors: Meet the cast– States: possess sovereignty, legally equal, different in power United States, China, East Timor– Intergovernmental Organizations (IGOs)—made up of states European Union, United Nations, Organization of American

States– Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs) Doctors Without Borders, Red Cross, Save the Children

International– Multinational Corporations (MNCs) General Electric, Ford, Merck– Individuals Osama Bin-Laden, Kim Jong-il, US Presidents

Page 3: Intro to World Politics Chapter 1 PS130 World Politics Michael R. Baysdell.

Structure of Your Text

• Demonstrates choices between the competitive traditional path of world politics or an alternative path of greater cooperation

• Traditional methods of political organization include Nationalism, States, National Power and diplomacy, National Security, and National Economic Competition. Anarchical international system.

• Alternative methods include Globalization, International Law, International Security, and International Economic Competition. System continues to evolve.

Page 4: Intro to World Politics Chapter 1 PS130 World Politics Michael R. Baysdell.

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The Importance of Studying World Politics

• To Political Scientists: Description/Prediction/Prescription

• To YOU: Economic, Quality of Life

• Challenges in studying:• Blurring of the line between the global and the local

with intermestic issues such as:– Trade and capital flow– Defense spending (EU defense force?)– Terrorism and political violence (where to inspect

shipping containers?)– Disease (bird flu)– Global warming/climate change

Page 5: Intro to World Politics Chapter 1 PS130 World Politics Michael R. Baysdell.

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World Politics and Your Finances:

The Global Flow of Goods and Services

• Dependence of foreign sources for vital resources (i.e., crude oil prices)

• Jobs and trade–job gains and losses to cheap imports (outsourcing and insourcing)

• Foreign investment and international financial markets

• Imports lower prices but hurt GDP• Gross Domestic Product: Value of all final goods

and service produced within a country• Your taxes spent on national security (next slide)

Page 6: Intro to World Politics Chapter 1 PS130 World Politics Michael R. Baysdell.

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Domestic vs. Defense Spending

• Guns versus butter issue• More guns=less butter• U.S. currently spends about 15% of budget on defense

($400 Billion)—not including wars in Iraq and Afghanistan• U.S. actually outspends the world on defense—outsourcing

security to those countries that prefer to pay us for security.

• Defense sector in the domestic economy–Homeland Security expenses (“Osama Tax”)

• Could be used to fund other objectives (Health Care, Education, tax cuts) BUT

• Defense spending economically important to communities (and provides pork barrel projects that can be earmarked by incumbents)

Page 7: Intro to World Politics Chapter 1 PS130 World Politics Michael R. Baysdell.

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World Politics and Your Living Space: Sharing Air, Water and Land

• As population increases, resources deplete

• Pollution and environmental destruction– Corporations create negative externalities– Global warming could lead to flooding,

droughts, and other weather-related disasters– Deforestation and soil erosion– Desertification– Public health and disease control

Page 8: Intro to World Politics Chapter 1 PS130 World Politics Michael R. Baysdell.

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World Politics and Your Life: Threats From Disease and Political Violence

• CFCs were depleting ozone layer; skin cancer rates increasing--reversed after Montreal Protocol (1987)

• Increased human contact through advances in transportation technology– West Nile virus outbreak– Worsening AIDS epidemic in Africa– Influenza (H5N1/H1N1)

• War and international security threats– Grave threats of weapons of mass destruction (WMD)– Rise in civilian casualties– Terrorism–unconventional forms of violence– College students make up bulk of U.S. military – Role of women in warfare increasing

Page 9: Intro to World Politics Chapter 1 PS130 World Politics Michael R. Baysdell.

Can We Make a Difference?• 1st Q: Do we want to? (Most would at least preserve US

dominance, but what are consequences?)• Take direct action at all levels of society• Vote (elections have results)• Referenda: EU Constitution, Montenegro independence

vote• Get involved– Participate in issue-oriented groups– Protest and write Congress– Donate money– Demonstrations– Support consumer boycotts, investment boycotts

(South Africa apartheid boycott successful)– Work for IGO/NGO

Page 10: Intro to World Politics Chapter 1 PS130 World Politics Michael R. Baysdell.

Political Theory

• Def’n: A set of ideas about why things happen and how events are related

• Advantages: Builds knowledge, better evaluation of policy

• Cautions: • No theory is comprehensive• Each theory has numerous variations and

counter-examples• Two such theories: REALISM and LIBERALISM

Page 11: Intro to World Politics Chapter 1 PS130 World Politics Michael R. Baysdell.

Realism vs. LiberalismREALISM

• Traditional path that emphasizes the centrality of the state on the world stage and the pursuit of national self-interest above all.

• Hobbesian influence• Largely pessimistic: Humans are

aggressive and self-serving, and they are unlikely to change. Conflict is inevitable!

• ‘Might makes right’• Emphasizes POWER and survival

of the most powerful.• Uses pragmatic, self-help policy

prescriptions• Power is a zero-sum game.• Seeks to maintain security for

the states that practice it• Neo-realism: Anarchical structure

LIBERALISM

• Alternative path--emphasizes a more cooperative, globalist approach & the important role of global institutions/regional organizations as actors on the world stage.

• Rousseau influence: Humans basically good. We join civil societies/cooperate to achieve mutual benefits. Conflict NOT inevitable.

• Right makes right’• Emphasizes PRINCIPLES• Based on cooperative & ethical standards.

Seeks to create policy norms of justice/peace.

• Do not, however, surrender sovereignty: States can learn to cooperate without fancy organizations

• Politics not always a zero-sum game.• Neoliberalism: Surrendering sovereignty

OK. Emphasize international organizations to build effective cooperation (also known as neoliberal institutionalism)

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Page 12: Intro to World Politics Chapter 1 PS130 World Politics Michael R. Baysdell.

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Prospects for Competition & Cooperation

Realism–realpolitik approach

• Place national interest first in international politics

• Practice balance-of-power politics

• Achieve peace through strength

• Do not waste power on peripheral issues

• Henry Kissinger- ’Playing the China Card’

Liberalism–globalist approach

• Power is not the essence of international relations

• Power politics is futile and destructive

• Peace is achieved through cooperative relations– Neoliberals: Willing to

surrender some sovereignty to international structures promoting cooperation

– Jimmy Carter’s treatment of the Shah, an ally

Page 13: Intro to World Politics Chapter 1 PS130 World Politics Michael R. Baysdell.

Assessing Reality: Realism and Liberalism

• Comparing the ability of realism or liberalism to explain world history (Congress of Vienna vs. Wilson’s 14 Points)

• Competition has dominated world history; Realpolitik is the order of the day—but both realism and liberalism influence current policy

• Liberals not averse to use of force—can be authorized by UNSC.• But John Kerry paid at the polls for his remark• ‘What should be’ and ‘What will be’ remain far more important

questions than ‘What is’ • Recent US Presidents:• Bill Clinton: criticized Bush 41, favored liberalism (Bosnia, Kosovo).

Later embraced realpolitik (China)• George W. Bush: mix of realism (Reagan-like, « Peace through

strength »  and liberalism (impose U.S. standards)• Bush often described as neo-conservative

Page 14: Intro to World Politics Chapter 1 PS130 World Politics Michael R. Baysdell.

Conservatism v. Neoconservatism

• Conservatism generally favors non-intervention (“A Republic, not an Empire”). Government that governs best governs least.

• Like conservatives, neocons are generally Republican party supporters—but they break away on a key point:

• Neocons support using American economic and military power to bring liberalism, democracy, and human rights to other countries. They reject realism.

• David Horowitz: Neoconservatives used to be former Democrats who embraced the welfare state but supported Ronald Reagan's Cold War policies against the Soviet bloc. Today, 'neo-conservatism' identifies those who believe in an aggressive policy against radical Islam and the global terrorists.

• But like realism and liberalism, both are consistent in that STATES still matter. Others disagree.

Page 15: Intro to World Politics Chapter 1 PS130 World Politics Michael R. Baysdell.

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Modernism and Postmodernism

(Broader than just politics)• Modernism: affirms the power of human beings to create,

improve, and reshape their environment, with the aid of practical experimentation, scientific knowledge or technology

• Modernism is slightly biased towards a state-centered view• Postmodernism: Political reality is not determined by states• It’s determined by how we consider, define, and

communicate concepts such as technological or scientific progress

• Political values are merely mental constructs.• Postmodernists criticize liberals, neoliberals, realists, and

conservatives/neoconservatives for “narrow thinking”• Postmodernists advocate an alternative path to peace that

emphasizes the creation and promotion of political identities other than nationalism

Page 16: Intro to World Politics Chapter 1 PS130 World Politics Michael R. Baysdell.

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Feminist Theory• Argues that women have been excluded by men from the

international politics process and from the conceptualization of world politics

• More comprehensive concepts of peace and security represent examples of how women perceive international politics issues differently than men. Current view is biased.

• Negative peace not enough; positive peace needed to enforce justice and equality

• Seeks to forge a distinct political identity and heightened feminist consciousness for women living around the world

• Success rates vary by region (Nordic region most impressive; some countries like Mexico mandate that a certain # of political party candidates must be female.)

• Many prominent female leaders behave like men (Thatcher)

Page 17: Intro to World Politics Chapter 1 PS130 World Politics Michael R. Baysdell.

Women in National Parliaments

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Economic Theories

• Economic nationalism—closely connected to realism with its emphasis on using economic strength to increase national power and vice versa.

• Economic internationalism—closely related to liberalism with its belief that free economic interchange without political interference can bring prosperity to all nations

• Economic structuralism—holds that economics plays a fundamental, dominant role in determining world politics

• Marxism—holds that the primary determinant of history is economic struggle between classes (the proletariat and the bourgeoisie)

Page 19: Intro to World Politics Chapter 1 PS130 World Politics Michael R. Baysdell.

Constructivist Theory• Affirms that the exchange of ideas among individuals , groups, and

social structures, including states, produces global “structures” such as treaties, laws, and international organizations.

• These structures, in turn, shape the ideas of these individuals, groups, and social structures, including states identified collectively as “agents.”

• Rejects the view of realists and liberals that the agents and structures such as states and the international system are stable and unchanging.

• National political identities, like all political identities, are more subject to change and adaptation by citizens than generally assumed by liberals and realists

• Nonmaterial goals such as ideology, morality, and other culture outlooks and values motivate citizens, groups, and states in international politics.

• Results may depend on your method of analysis

Page 20: Intro to World Politics Chapter 1 PS130 World Politics Michael R. Baysdell.

Political Methods of Analysis

• Clinical Method—Controlled settings, operate within confinement (lab climate). Highly objective, very analytical, devoid of personal, emotional interference. Manipulate variables to shape experiment

• Statistical Method—Gather random data, look for correlation, hopefully diagnose causation

• Case Study—1 element. Good that it relates to that element only. (Study of French bureaucracy not effective in trying to understand U.S. bureaucracy)

• Comparative Method—Contains “old” and “new” methods, examines two case studies

• Scope has changed, broadened over time

Page 21: Intro to World Politics Chapter 1 PS130 World Politics Michael R. Baysdell.

3 Shifts in Scope of Analysis (more in Chapter 3)

• Originally, political scientists tried to develop overarching theories.

• Shift #1: In many cases, general theory is not helpful; limit research to a few cases and address middle range theory

• Shift #2: Methods• Used to use Deductive Method: General to specific• NOW: Inductive Method: Specifics to general

conclusion. Best method: case study• Shift #3: Cross-temporal analysis (analyze different

countries over time; Why has India developed differently than South Korea over the last 60 years?)

Page 22: Intro to World Politics Chapter 1 PS130 World Politics Michael R. Baysdell.

Comparative Approaches(David Apter)

• Institutionalist: look at institutions. (What makes a strong state? Military, economy, resources, legitimacy, adaptive power of states. Is regime Totalitarian, Authoritarian, Transitional, or Democratic?)

• Developmentalist: look at society, culture.• 2 types: Modernization and Dependency school• Must understand socioeconomic forces• Ethnic Composition plays a role• State aggression/frustration/identity• Institutionalist couldn’t explain Fascist Italy, Weimar

German failure (really due to Versailles, economic collapse)• Neo-institutionalist: state and society interact

Page 23: Intro to World Politics Chapter 1 PS130 World Politics Michael R. Baysdell.

Comparative Politics Approaches

• Traditional observations—look at cultures, study to learn similarities. Focus: formal institutions only

• Logic• Behaviorist Approach (Quantitative)—Feelings,

attitudes, functions as opposed to institutions. Shift to infrastructure. Use mass media, foreign policy, public opinions, ideology to analyze. Focus: cross-national, cross-cultural. Take a prescriptive approach and analyze data empirically.

• Post-Behaviorism--reaction to precision and quantification

Page 24: Intro to World Politics Chapter 1 PS130 World Politics Michael R. Baysdell.

Political Culture—Building Civil Society

• Civil Society: A buffer between state and individual• AKA “linkage institutions”• Political Parties, Media, Interest groups, elections• Ex: Democratic/Republican parties, CNN/FOX,

NRA/Emily’s List• There are moral, legal, and economic concerns in

building civil society. Examine Russia’s challenges after 1991:

• Moral: Soviets had tradition of strong state crushing religion, had no morals under communism. Soviet people saw free market as “cheating.”

• Legal: Soviets had no experience with contracts, ownership, bankruptcy, judges taught to rule the way the party wanted them to. Need to re-educate.

• Economic: Soviets used command economy exclusively, no entrepreneurial knowledge

Page 25: Intro to World Politics Chapter 1 PS130 World Politics Michael R. Baysdell.

Evolution of the 1st World

• Modern industrial democracies• Concepts of “Second World” and “Third

World” from Cold War era• 1648: Treaty of Westphalia lays ground

for the modern state with the principles of territorial integrity and government

• All new states faced questions about the role of religion in politics, defense, etc.

• Industrial Revolution impacts countries, leads to social unrest/problems/basis for sociology

Page 26: Intro to World Politics Chapter 1 PS130 World Politics Michael R. Baysdell.

Industrial Democracies: Similarities and Differences

Similarities:

• Wealth: $15K-30K GNP/person). Charles Hauss ID’s wealth as reason for democracy

• Evolution similar• Stability-- Dall

(Yale): Polyarchy means different groups share power on different issues

• Post-industrial (Service economy)

• Post-materialist

Differences:

• Political systems• Economic systems range from

USA market capitalism protected capitalism in JPN socialism in SWE

• Culture (GER, ITY, FRA, JPN have penchant for strong “father state”. Samuel Huntington claims culture makes democracy—but if this is true, why are these countries different?

• Foreign Policy orientations (sanctions on Iraq)

Page 27: Intro to World Politics Chapter 1 PS130 World Politics Michael R. Baysdell.

Post-Materialism:(Ronald Inglehart, U-M)

In the world, there are 2 kinds of people:

• Materialist:

• Poor• Uneducated• Extreme old and

young• Concerned with

living from day to day

• Post-Materialist

• Wealthy, well educated UC/MC

• Not in danger of starvation

• Concerned with environment, feminism, consumer protection, civil liberties, support peace movements.

• They think about self-actualization

Page 28: Intro to World Politics Chapter 1 PS130 World Politics Michael R. Baysdell.

The Concept of “Regime”

• Different from mere “government”• Institutions and practices that typically

endure from government to government• 1997 UK election removed John Major’s

Government• 1979 Iranian Revolution removed a

regime—the Shah• Iraqi “government” and “regime” both

removed 2003 by war of various causes

Page 29: Intro to World Politics Chapter 1 PS130 World Politics Michael R. Baysdell.

Political Ideology

• Def’n: A coherent and consistent set of beliefs about who ought to rule, what principles rulers should obey, and what policies rulers ought to pursue

• Result in the United States from differences in how to interpret the Constitution—degree to which government should be involved

• People regularly have “inconsistent” opinions (ex: wanting to spend more on both national defense and welfare)

• Political Ideology activity and 2 major parties in the United States

Page 30: Intro to World Politics Chapter 1 PS130 World Politics Michael R. Baysdell.

Chapter Objectives: Checklist

After reading this chapter, students should be able to:

• 1. Identify the main actors in the international system and the effects that events taking place in one country have on other countries.

•  2. Describe some of the ways world economy affects individuals.•  3. Explain how global problems and challenges, such as population increases,

pollution, and resource depletion, affect individuals and their living space.•  4. Recognize the avenues available to individuals to affect world politics.•  5. Understand how theory can be used as a tool to organize and interpret world

events, including the limits of political theories.• 6. Summarize Classical Realism and Neorealism and understand the implications of

these theories for world politics. • 7. Summarize Classical Liberalism and Neoliberalism and understand the implications

of these theories for world politics.• 8. Summarize Postmodernism and understand the concept of metanarratives.• 9. Summarize feminism and understand the sources and implications of a masculine

conception of world politics.• 10. Summarize the various economic theories and how they approach poverty and

power.• 11. Summarize constructivism and understand the relationship between agents and

structure.• 12. Describe the concepts of regime and political ideology.