Internet History

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Definition: Internet

A vast network that connects many independent networks spanning over 170

countries in the world

It links computers of many different types, sizes, and operating systems, and of course, the many people of those countries that use

the Internet to communicate.

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Internet Usage for a two week period

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Number of Internet Users (millions)

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Americans Online by Age

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Internet Users by Continent

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Parental Attitudes Toward the Internet

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Internet Use Among Parents of Teenagers

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What can I do on the Internet? Get Information Send and receive email and chat Join discussion groups and message boards Get or exchange software and files Explore the World Wide Web Publish your own material on the web

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Who Owns the Internet?

No organization, corporation, or government owns or runs the Internet.

Organizations work together to oversee and standardize what happens on the internet

The equipment, the computers, cables, routers, and so on, are owned by government and private organizations.

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The Internet didn’t just happen…Other inventions in our history had to

happen in order for the Internet to be created. Telegraph Radio Telephone Television

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The Development of the Telegraph The idea for the telegraph—

sending electronic signals across wires—originated in the 1700s.

Samuel Morse, a New York University professor, presented his version of the telegraph to Congress in 1838.

Morse built the first telegraph system in 1843 from Washington, D.C. to Baltimore.

Western Union was the first company to build a transcontinental telegraph line in 1861.

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World Changes due to the Telegraph Before the telegraph, it took days, weeks,

and even months for messages to be sent to a far-flung location.

After the telegraph cable stretched across the US in the 1850s, a message could be sent in a matter of minutes.

Politics used to be isolated toregions; with the telegraph, information seemed to flow like water.

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Past Predictions about the Telegraph In the 1850s, it was predicted that the

telegraph would: Alter business and politics. Make the world smaller Erase national rivalries Contribute to the establishment

of world peace Make newspapers obsolete

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Past Predictions about the Telegraph In 1838, Morse wrote in a

letter, “This mode of instantaneous communication must inevitable become an instrument of immense

power, to be wielded for good or for evil, as it shall be properly or improperly directed.”

In 1858, President Buchanan and Queen Victoria exchanged messages: “Tomorrow the hearts of the civilized world will beat in a single pulse, and from that time forth forevermore the continental divisions of the

earth will, in a measure,

lose those conditions of time and distance which now mark their

relations.”

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Let’s see (hear) how the telegraph works

Telegraph video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pi-9LVjzONY&feature=channel

Click on image above to start video. If video does not start, you may view it by clicking the link below.

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Let’s try it!!

See if you can translate the Morse Code…listen VERY closely!!

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The Development of the Radio

Guglielmo Marconi first developed the idea of a radio, or a wireless telegraph, in the 1890s.

In 1895, he was able to send a wireless message to a source more than 1 km away.

In 1897, he received the official British patent for the radio.

By 1900, there were four competing wireless systems.

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Development of the Radio More sophisticated messages Radio waves transmitted

thousands of miles by 1914 Initially developed for military

use in WWI 1930s called the “Golden Era of

Radio” Nearly 80% of Americans

owned a radio by 1939

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World Changes due to the Radio Businesses and social

structures had to adapt when people rushed to buy radios.

Radio-based classes from universities

Church services broadcasted

Newspapers worked with radio

“Government will be a living thing to its citizens instead of an abstract and unseen force.” Radio Broadcast, 1922

Entertainment became the rule

Lifeline of information during WWII

Audio file location: http://www.otr.com/murrow.shtml

You may listen to the audio by clicking on the speaker image above. If the sound file does not start, you may hear it by clicking the link below.

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Past Predictions About the Future of Radio “Well-informed people know it is impossible to transmit the voice

over wires and that were it possible to do so, the thing would be of no practical value.” A Boston Post editorial from 1865

“All the nations of the earth would be put upon terms of intimacy and men would be stunned by the tremendous volume of news and information that would ceaselessly pour in upon them.” A May 7, 1899 review in the New York Times headlined “Future of Wireless Telegraphy”

“I have anticipated radio’s complete disappeared…confident that the unfortunate people, who must now subdue themselves to listening in, will soon find a better pastime for their leisure.” H.G. Wells wrote in “The Way the World is Going” in 1925.

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The Development of the Telephone Early inventors: Antonio Meucci (1849) and

Charles Bourseul (1854) Alexander Graham Bell received first

U.S. patent in 1876. 1st telephone line 1st switchboard 1st telephone exchange

By 1890, almost 49,000 telephones in use.

1877-1878

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The Development of the Telephone American Bell

Telephone Company was formed in 1880.

Its competitor, American Telegraph and Telephone Company (AT&T), was formed in 1885. Dominated tele-

phone commu- nications for next 100 years

Year

# of phones

1900 600,000

1905 2.2 million

1910 5.8 million

1948 30 million

1960 80 million

1980 175 million

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Development of the Telephone Telephone industry under government

regulation from 1934 to 1984. In 1984, government split AT&T into seven

smaller phone companies; AT&T became a long distance service company.

1st digital cellular network in 1993 By 1995, 25 million cellular phones Cellular service expected to replace

land-line phones for most customers by 2010

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World Change Due to the Telephone Within 50 yrs of its invention, the telephone became

an indispensable tool in the US. Many people debated the positive and negative

aspects of the telephoneHelp further democracy

Lead to advances in networked

communications

Cause the postal system to lose

business

Make the world smaller, fostering

world peace

Increase crime and aid criminals

Aid doctors, police, fire, and emergency

workers

Valuable tool for journalists

Bring people closer together

Bring a decline in the art of writing

Impact language patterns and

creation of new words

Lead to advanced form of the

transmission of intelligence

Alter the ways wars are fought

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World Changes Due to the Telephone Privacy a major concern.

First phones were public phones; eavesdropping happened frequently.

Switchboard operators often listened in on conversations

Early house-to-house lines were party-lines on which several families would receive calls & others were free to listen in

Today, sophisticated surveillance methods allow for listening to private conversations.

Privacy also interrupted by unwanted phone calls from telemarketers and such

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Past Predictions about the Telephone “That’s an amazing invention, but who would

ever want to use one of them?”—President Hayes in 1876

“While two persons, hundreds of miles apart, are talking together, they will actually see each other.”—reporter predicted in 1878

“We do not see that this device will be ever capable of sending recognizable speech over a distance of several miles.”—executives on buying the telephone patent from Bell

29Video Source: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uuw5NOPsc08

Click on box above to start video. If video does not start, you may view it by clicking the link below.

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The Development of Television Writers in the late 1800s wrote about the idea

of “seeing at a distance.” Scientists worked on the earliest concepts of

television for decades. Key breakthroughs came in the early 20th

century.

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The Development of Television Inventor Charles Francis Jenkins transmitted

pictures from Washington to Philadelphia by radio in 1923. In 1925, he demonstrated a mechanical television scanning

system using a revolving disk that synchronized transmission of silhouette pictures and sound.

He correctly predicted: “It will not be very long now before one may see on a small white screen in one’s home notable current events, like inaugural ceremonies, ball games, pageants, as well as pantomime performance broadcast from motion-picture film.”

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The Development of Television American Telephone & Telegraph also got

into the act in the early days of television, transmitting moving images over phone circuits in 1927.

In 1928, General Electric began broadcasting images from New York.

Many others from around the world worked on the concept of television, but none is seen as the true inventor.

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The Development of Television Philo Taylor Farnsworth developed what

he called the “image dissector,” the first working electronic camera tube, in San Francisco in 1927. His studies in molecular theory and electricity made his

invention possible. In the late 1920s, Vladimir Zworykin was sent by

RCA to visit Farnsworth’s lab. By 1933, Vladimir had perfected his “inconoscope,” an

invention almost identical to Farnsworth’s image dissector. A patent battle began and ended with RCA

agreeing to pay Farnsworth royalties.

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The Development of the Television In the 1930s, several broadcast stations

began producing television programming. Radio companies, such as NBC and CBS, built

stations in New York. WWII slowed down progress on the television;

people and resources were directed to the war. By the 1950s, television had replaced radio as the

dominant broadcast medium and took over home entertainment. In 1946, 8000 U.S. homes had televisions; by 1960, the

number increased to 45.7 million.

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World Changes due to the Television The pace of the development of

information technologies in America has been due to several factors: The competitive atmosphere of the free-market

system Laid-back role of the government as a watchdog

of monopolies The spirit of invention and entrepreneurship

prevalent in U.S. society.

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World Changes Due to the Television Because other countries usually

have some sort of government control on communications tech- nologies, they have not developed as much quality content for television over the decades.

Regulation stifled creativity and constrained production; U.S. television producers found themselves creating content for the entire world.

The worldwide success of film and television over the course of the 20th century has spread images of the American culture—both good and bad—to the most distant corners of the planet.

Entertainment has become one of the most lucrative and influential exports of the United State.

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Past Predictions about the Television Indianapolis Star, April 9, 1927: “Distance will be

annihilated for sound and sight and the world made immeasurably smaller for the purpose of communication.”

A 1939 New York Times review: “The problem with television is that people must sit and keep their eyes glued on a screen; the average family hasn’t time for it.”

Film mogul Darryl F. Zanuck of 20th Century Fox, 1946: “Television won’t be able to hold on to any market it captures after the first six months. People will soon get tired of staring at a plywood box every night.”

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The Development of the Internet The public internet came along after 40 years

of television dominance and decades of private internet use and development.

The key innovators were dozens of scientists whose work covers decades; The entrepreneurs were thousands of political

leaders, policy makers, technology administrators, government and commercial contractors, and even grassroots organizations.

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The Development of the Internet In the early 1960s, a group of scientists came

up with the ideas that allowed them to individually dream of and eventually come together and create a globally interconnected set of computers through which everyone could quickly and easily access data and programs from any site.

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Development of the Internet With the possibility of nuclear war with Russia on

the horizon, the United States began to focus attention to its vulnerable communications network.

A change from centralized networks (direct message routes) to decentralized networks (multiple route messaging) began to take place.

The Defense Advancement Research Project Agency was born in 1958 and began its work on developing ARPANET, a large scaled computer network in order to accelerate knowledge transfer and avoid doubling up of already existing research.

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Development of the Internet Three other concepts developed that were

fundamental to the development of the internet: The RAND Corporation—an American military

focused network The National Physical Laboratory in England—a

network focused on commercial use Cyclades—a French network that also focused on

scientific data

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Development of the World Wide Web In 1991, the World Wide Web was developed

by Tim Berners-Lee as a way for people to share information. The hyper-text format available through his Web

made the internet much easier to use because all documents could be seen easily on screen without downloading.

The first browser software—Mosaic—was introduced by Marc Andreesen in 1993, and it enabled more fluid use of images and graphics online and opened up a new world for internet users.

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Development of the Internet

Video Source: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9hIQjrMHTv4

Click on box above to start video. If video does not start, you may view it by clicking the link below.

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World Changes Due to the Internet After Tim Berners-Lee brought his “WWW” to life in

1990, and Andreesen launched Mosaic in 1993, the Internet had an estimated 16 million users by 1995.

Individuals all over the world began sharing their interests, hopes and dreams online, and the number of internet users is now nearing one billion.

The Internet has become a crazy-quilt mix of commercial sites, government information, and incredibly interesting pages built by individuals who want to share their insights.

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Past Predictions about the Internet John Perry Barlow, internet activist and co-founder

of the Electronic Frontier Foundation, in a 1994 essay for Wired magazine titled “The Economy of Ideas”: “We’re going to have to look at information as though we’d never seen the stuff before…The economy of the future will be based on relationship rather than possession. It will be continuous rather than sequential. And finally, in the years to come, most human exchange will be virtual rather than physical, consisting not of stuff but the stuff of which dreams are made. Our future business will be conducted in a world made more of verbs than nouns.”

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You may view this presentation online by

visiting:http://mylions.wikispaces.co

mClick on 8th Grade Notes.

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Resources Howe, Walt. What is the Internet? June 1998.

04 February 2009 <http://www.walthowe.com/navnet/faq/internet.html>

Jones, Sydney and Susannah Fox. Pew Internet Project Data Memo, RE: Generations Online in 2009. Pew Internet & American Life Project. 28 January 2009. Pew Research Center. 04 February 2009 http://www.pewinternet.org/pdfs/PIP_Generations_2009.pdf