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DATE LECTURER 3/5/2013 Aaron Pascal Mauck MA, PhD Internationalism and Health Lecture: productive Health in the Interwar Period
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Internationalism and Health

Feb 22, 2016

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Internationalism and Health. Lecture:. Reproductive Health in the Interwar Period. Aaron Pascal Mauck MA, PhD. 3/5/2013. DATE. LECTURER. Reproductive Health before the War Margaret Sanger and Birth Control Eugenics and Reproduction WWI and Pronatalism - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Page 1: Internationalism and Health

DATE LECTURER3/5/2013 Aaron Pascal Mauck MA, PhD

Internationalism and Health

Lecture:

Reproductive Health in the Interwar Period

Page 2: Internationalism and Health

I. Reproductive Health before the War

II. Margaret Sanger and Birth Control

III.Eugenics and Reproduction

IV. WWI and Pronatalism

V. Population Control and Internationalism

Page 3: Internationalism and Health

Reproductive Health before the WarInterest in Infant Mortality coincidesWith the rise of statistics in the Middle of the nineteenth century. Mortality becomes an index of Progress

Focus centers on maternal behaviorAnd the socioeconomic conditionsEncountered by the infant/child

State & Private Welfare AgenciesStress maternal responsibility

Maternity and childbirth become central objects of Progressive politics, integratingA platform of behavior modification and social change as the means to reducingInfant mortality

Maternal Health goals increasingly align with the Suffrage Movement and otherClaims for women’s independence

Maternal health discourse functions for both the political Left and political Right

Page 4: Internationalism and Health

Margaret Sanger’s Interest in Birth Control DerivedFrom her experience as a nurse working at theHenry Street Settlement and witnessing the destructive economic and physical effects of Pregnancy.

Birth Control linked to multiple progressive socialcauses: suffrage, socialism, equal pay, and sexual freedom.

Sanger became the most vocal advocate of birth Control, seeking alliances with a wide variety of Movements consistent with this political goal.

By the twenties, the birth control movement becameGlobal in scope, with efforts centered on Europe andThe US, but extending especially to Japan, China,and India.

Sanger increasingly cultivates connections with theEugenics movement, which shares some (thoughnot all) of her goals.

Page 5: Internationalism and Health

Eugenics & ReproductionThe term “eugenics” and its basic principlesDeveloped by Francis Galton in 1883. RefererredLoosely to the promotion of positive geneticQualities. Linked to the rise of population researchAnd genetics in the late nineteenth century

From the beginning, there was nothing like a Singe eugenics movement, but early advocatesOf eugenics tended to be highly racialist and Concerned with processes of social and Biological degeneration caused by modernity

Many eugenicists advocated selective reproduction as a means of counteringModern trends, either by promoting certain births (pronatalism) or by restricting Births through a variety of social policies, including forced sterilization

Eugenics strove for scientific legitimacy from its inception, but its professionalizationWas limited by a lack of shared scientific foundation or social principles.

Page 6: Internationalism and Health

Poster from Second International Eugenics Conference, 1921

Page 7: Internationalism and Health

WWI revolutionizes new anti-personnel techniques aimed at indiscriminate death of military and Non-military alike: aerial bombing,Blockade, forced labor.

Total Casualties from WWI ~ 37 Million. ~17 Million deaths, Including ~ 7 Million Civilian deaths

Many war conscripts show signs of disability, suggesting the need forimproved nutrition/public health

New war realities underscore theImportance of populationManagement as a form ofnational defense

General Eric Ludendorff: “Worse than the losses through the war is the decline in the figure of our population owing to the falling birth rate”

WWI and Pronatalism

Page 8: Internationalism and Health

WWI and PronatalismFollowing WWI, several nations developStrongly pronatalist policies as a means ofRebuilding their populations.

Pronatalist policies linked to a renewed interestOn nutrition and maternal health as the Foundation of effective population promotion

Opposition to birth control becomes widespreadIn Europe and the United States (“race suicide”),encouraging Sanger and other advocates to reframe their mission in international terms

Increasing alignment takes place betweenBirth control advocates and eugenicists,Largely linked to population control in the Global South and among the dysgenic in the GlobalNorth

Page 9: Internationalism and Health

Population Control and Internationalism

The Janus-Face of population management:Pronatalism versus antinatalism

Challenges of technology: How to actuallyControl births?

Homegrown eugenics: India, China, & Japan

Challenges of International coordinationAnd cooperation