International Pittsburgh Coal Conference 24tthh Annual ...toc.proceedings.com/02268webtoc.pdf · International Pittsburgh Coal Conference ... Catalytic Steam Gasification of HyperCoals

International Pittsburgh Coal Conference

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September 10-14, 2007 Johannesburg, South Africa

Volume 1 of 4

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Pittsburgh Coal Conference (PCC) 1249 Benedum Hall

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International Pittsburgh Coal Conference

24th Annual International Pittsburgh Coal Conference 2007

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Volume 1

SESSION 1: GASIFICATION TECHNOLOGIES: APPLICATIONS AND ECONOMICS I Major Factors and Trends Affecting the Growth and Development of the Gasification Industry (Manuscript not available)............................................................................. 1

Chuck McConnell

1-2 - Status of Global Coal and Petroleum Coke Gasification Projects ...................................... 20Tim Cornitius

Entrained-Flow Gasifier Fuel Blending Studies at Pilot-Scale ..................................................... 27A. Cousins

Progress Update for Commercial Plants of Air Blown IGCC (Manuscript not available) .......... 53Takao Hashimoto

Gasification Polygeneration - Valuing Optionality (Manuscript not available)........................... 54Gary Leatherman

SESSION 2: COAL PRODUCTION AND PREPARATION – 1: DRY PROCESSING OF COAL Dry Coal Cleaning Using the FFX Separator .................................................................................. 55

Rick Q. Honaker

Development of Coal Dry Beneficiation Technology in China ..................................................... 69Jin Lei

Development of a Process for Dry Fine Coal Processing (Manuscript not available)............... 75B.K. Parekh

Aspects of Using the Electromagnetic Mill in Coal Energetic Technology Development...................................................................................................................................... 76

Ryszard Sosinski

Possibilities of Dry Cleaning of Coal in the Czech Republic and Poland ................................... 89Hlavata M.

SESSION 3: COMBUSTION TECHNOLOGIES – 1; PULVERIZED COAL PLANTS AND CO 2 CAPTURE Site Specific Considerations for Investments in New Coal-Fired Power Plants with CO2 Capture ....................................................................................................................................... 95

Hannah Chalmers, Jon Gibbins

Progressing Pulverized Coal Plants to Near-Zero Emissions Performance (Manuscript not available).............................................................................................................. 114

John Wheeldon

Technical and Economical Analysis of a Zero-Emissions Power Generation Plant Integrated With a Sub-Bituminous Coal Mine in South-West Sardinia ..................................... 115

Alberto Pettinau

Developments in Post-Combustion CO2 Capture Technology (Manuscript not available) .......................................................................................................................................... 129

John Wheeldon

Advancement in Coal-Fired Power Plants: Higher Efficiency and Better Environmental Performance .......................................................................................................... 130

G.-N. Stamatelopoulos

SESSION 4: ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES I: MERCURY SPECIATION Theoretical Kinetics of Oxidized Hg (Manuscript not available) ................................................ 145

Terumi Hisano

Mercury Speciation and Transformation in Flue Gas of a 600MW Coal-Fired Power Plant in China ...................................................................................................................... 146

Yufeng Duan

Direct Measurements of Oxidized Hg From Simulated Combustion Flue Gas (Manuscript not available).............................................................................................................. 156

Bihter Padak

Progressing Pulverized Coal Plants to Near-Zero Emissions Performance............................. 157Wayne Seames

SESSION 5: SYNTHESIS OF LIQUID FUELS, CHEMICALS, MATERIALS & OTHER NON-FUEL USES OF COAL - 1 Upgrading Coal Tar Pitch by Delayed Coking at Sasol............................................................... 171

Frans Wolters

Low Grade Coals for Non-Recovery Coke Making ...................................................................... 177Naas Pieters

Effect of Maceral Properties of Coking Coal on the Quality of Metallurgical Coke (Manuscript not available).............................................................................................................. 190

Dailin-Zhang

The Effect of Ageing Coal on the Extracts as Detected by Size Exclusion Chromatography, Mass Spectrometry, UV-F and Proximate Analyses .................................... 191

Virgil V. Corbeanu

Co-Pyrolysis of Waste Plastics and Brown Coal Upgraded Under Hydrothermal Condition ......................................................................................................................................... 212

Ryuichi Ashida

SESSION 6: HYDROGEN FROM COAL – 1: PRODUCTION The Sotacarbo Coal Gasification Pilot Plant for Hydrogen Production and CO2 Removal ........................................................................................................................................... 226

Alberto Pettinau

Optimising Hydrogen and Chemicals Production From the Transport Gasifier™ .................. 237John Abughazaleh

Catalytic Steam Gasification of HyperCoals From Lignites and Sub-Bituminous Coals at Less Than 650°C for H2 Production ............................................................................... 244

Atul Sharma

Membrane-Water-Gas-Shift Reactor for Hydrogen Separation From Coal-Derived Synthesis Gas (Manuscript not available).................................................................................... 252

Gokhan Alptekin

SESSION 7: GASIFICATION TECHNOLOGIES: APPLICATIONS AND ECONOMICS - 2 The Siemens Entrained Flow Gasification Process: Present Status and Future Developments.................................................................................................................................. 254

Christiane Schmid

GTI’s Flex-Fuel Test Facility - Current Capabilities and Ongoing Upgrades in Support of Advanced Gasification Technology Development ................................................... 266

Bruce Bryan

The Promotion of Gasification Technology Applied to Industrial Parks in Taiwan ................. 292Pin-Chao Hsu

Evaluation Process for Determining Coal Feedstock Quality and Compatibility for CTL, CTG, and IGCC (Manuscript not available) ......................................................................... 299

William Mark Hart

Overview of Gasification Research for the Australian Market (Manuscript not available) .......................................................................................................................................... 300

Lila Gurba

SESSION 8: COAL PRODUCTION AND PREPARATION – 2; DEWATERING OF COAL Determination of Reactive Effects on Dewatering of Small Sized Coals on Vibration Screen by Data Analysis................................................................................................ 301

Firat Burat

The Effect of Thermal Drying on the Mechanical Strength of South African Coals ................ 312Marco le Roux

Energy Prep: Rotating Kiln Coal Drier (Manuscript not available) ............................................ 327Thomas Menditto

Fine Coal Dewatering Equipment Selection: A Greenfields Approach (Manuscript not available) ................................................................................................................................... 328

Leon van der Walt

SESSION 9: COMBUSTION TECHNOLOGIES – 2: OXY-FUEL PILOT PLANT ACTIVITIES Oxy-Coal Technology Opportunities (Manuscript not available)............................................... 329

Richard Victor

A Novel Process Integration Approach for Zero Emission Oxy-Fuel Power Plants Using Low Rank Coals ................................................................................................................... 330

Murlidhar Gupta

State of the Art of Oxy-Combustion Technology for CO2 Control From Coal-fired Boilers “Are We Ready for Commercial Installation ................................................................... 340

Pavol Pranda

Flame Aerodynamics Study on Air-Fired PF Burners Retrofitted to Oxy-Fuel on Pilot-Scale and Utility Scale Furnaces.......................................................................................... 361

Sameer Khare

Coal-Based Oxy-Fuel System Evaluation and Combustor Development ................................. 386Scott MacAdam

SESSION 10: ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES – 2: MERCURY CONTROL Emerging Control Strategies for Mercury - An International Review ........................................ 393

Lesley Sloss

Flight Sequestration of Elemental Mercury at High Temperatures by Mineral, Non-Carbon Based Sorbents............................................................................................................................... 400

Jost O. L. Wendt

Development of Sorbents for the Removal of Elemental Mercury in the Form of Mercury Sulfide From Coal Combustion Flue Gas ...................................................................... 416

Azhar Uddin

The Binding of Flue Gas Pollutants on Pd, Au and Their Alloy (Manuscript not available) .......................................................................................................................................... 428

Erdem Sasmaz

Long-Term Demonstration of Sorbent Enhancement Additive Technology for Mercury Control .............................................................................................................................. 429

Jason Laumb

SESSION 11: SYNTHESIS OF LIQUID FUELS, CHEMICALS, MATERIALS & OTHER NON-FUEL USES OF COAL -2 Coal to Liquid Development in China ........................................................................................... 438

Jerald J. Fletcher

Catalysts for Conversion of Synthesis Gas to Liquid Alcohol Fuels Prepared by Ethanol Induced Method ................................................................................................................ 447

Yunlai Su

Development of Highly Reactive Nanometer Fe-Based Catalysts for Coal Liquefaction..................................................................................................................................... 450

James A. Franz

Optimization of DME Synthesis Process: Simulation Study With Various Compositions of Coal Syngas ....................................................................................................... 456

Hyung-Taek Kim

Chemical Activation of Australian Coals for Advanced Energy Solutions............................... 467Sushil Gupta

SESSION 12: HYDROGEN FROM COAL – 2: HYDROGEN SEPARATION AND MINIMIZING CO 2 EMISSIONS Chemical Stability of Hydrogen Transport Membranes.............................................................. 485

Uthamalingam (Balu) Balachandran

Dense Hydrogen Transport Membranes for CO2 Capture in a FutureGen Plant ...................... 493Doug Jack

Development of a Hydrogasification Process for Co-Production of Substitute Natural Gas (SNG), Biofuel and Electric From Western Coal (Manuscript not available) .................... 506

Raymond Hobbs

THERMACT – A Multifunctional Coal Additive (Manuscript not available)............................... 507Swatantra Kumar

Ecological Fuels with Minimum Carbon Dioxide Emissions During the Burning Process..... 508Stefan Rãgãlie

SESSION 13: GASIFICATION TECHNOLOGIES: ADVANCED SYNTHESIS GAS CLEANUP - 1 The LINDE Rectisol® Process - Most Economic and Experienced Process for Removal of Acidgases from Coal Gasification Gas .................................................................... 512

Johannes Kauf

Development of a Warm Syngas Clean-Up Technology Platform Beyond Desulfurization (Manuscript not available)................................................................................... 530

Brian Turk

Comparison of a New Warm-Gas Desulfurization Process Versus Traditional Scrubbers for a Commercial IGCC Power Plant .......................................................................... 531

Jerry Schlather

Topsøe WSA Technology for Conversion of H2S From Coal Gasification to Sulphuric Acid ................................................................................................................................. 532

Helge Rosenberg

Two-Step Hot Coal Gas Desulphurization Process Integrated With Direct Production of Elemental Sulfur Using Iron-Based Sorbents: A Preliminary Study ................. 544

Jianglong Yu

SESSION 14: COAL PRODUCTION AND PREPARATION – 3: FROTH FLOTATION Adsorption Phenomena of Different Bridging Liquids Onto a Coal Surface in the Selective Oil Agglomeration Process ........................................................................................... 554

J.H.P. Van Heerden

Coal Spiral Automation for Process Improvement (Manuscript not available) ........................ 569Manoj Mohanty

Results of Classical and Column Flotation on a Variety of Bituminous Coal Samples .......... 570Peter Fecko

Evaluation of the Molecular Separation Technology (MST) for Fine Coal Classification (Manuscript not available) ..................................................................................... 577

Manoj Mohanty

Maceral Enrichment of South African Coal Using Froth Flotation ............................................ 578Vanessa Claassens

SESSION 15: COMBUSTION TECHNOLOGIES – 3: OXY-FUEL LABORATORY STUDIES - 1 Study on Ni-based Oxygen Carriers for Chemical Looping Combustion by Coal Char.......... 594

Haibo Zhao

Volume 2

Study on Changes in Pore Structure of Pulverized Coal Combustion in O2-CO2 Atmosphere ..................................................................................................................................... 615

Liqi zhang

Reaction Kinetics of High-Ash Char Particles Derived From Inertinite-Rich Coal Discards (Manuscript not available) ............................................................................................. 621

Raymond C. Everson

Investigations on the Fouling Behaviour of Rhenish Brown Coal ............................................ 622Annette Schimrosczyk

Oxy-Fuel Combustion for CO2 Capture from CFB Boilers (Manuscript not available) ............ 636Rick Victor

SESSION 16: ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES – 3: MULTIPOLLUTANT CONTROL Multi-Pollutants Removal by AOP/SDA and Hybrid Particulate Collector ................................ 637

Sihyun Lee

Trace Elements in Coal: Associations With Coal and Minerals and Their Behaviour During Coal Utilisation................................................................................................. 647

Rajender Gupta

Chromium Emission During Combustion of High-Chromium Coal From Shenbei Coalfield, China ............................................................................................................................... 668

Junying Zhang

Antimony’s Intriguing Partitioning Behavior ............................................................................... 679Wayne Seames

Removal of CO2 and H2S from Various Gas Streams by a Two-stage Process with Nanoporous-material-supported Polymer Sorbents ................................................................... 696

Xiaoliang Ma

SESSION 17: SYNTHESIS OF LIQUID FUELS, CHEMICALS, MATERIALS & OTHER NON-FUEL USES OF COAL - 3 Fractionation of Brown Coal by Sequential Solvent Extractions and Characterization of the Fractions .................................................................................................. 699

Ryuichi Ashida

Transalkylation of Coal-Derived Higher Methylphenols With Phenol to Produce Cresols and Xylenols...................................................................................................................... 713

Jack Fletcher

Characteristics of Semi-Coke Prepared From the Various Brown Coals and Their Use for Environmental Purpose .................................................................................................... 740

Lukas Andel

The Pyrolytic Behaviour of South African Coals at Atmospheric Pressure and 30 bar in a Wire-Mesh Reactor............................................................................................................ 750

Alan A. Herod

SESSION 18: COAL CHEMISTRY, GEOSCIENCES AND RESOURCES – 1: CLASSIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF COKE Formation of Silicon Carbide in Heat-Treated Cokes.................................................................. 757

Yusuf A. Badat

Chemical Activation of Petroleum Coke and Coke Produced From Co-Coking of Decant Oil With Different Rank Coals ........................................................................................... 769

Parvana Gafarova Aksoy

Characteristics of Ash Composition and Its Mineral Catalytic Index of Primary Coals for Cokemaking in China..................................................................................................... 777

Shizhuang Shi

An Approach to Blast Furnace Coke Quality Prediction ............................................................ 786Liang Yu

SESSION 19: GASIFICATION TECHNOLOGIES: ADVANCED SYNTHESIS GAS CLEANUP - 2 Advanced Mercury and Trace Metal Control with Monolith Traps ............................................ 792

Michael Swanson

Sorbents for High Temperature Removal of Trace Metal Contaminants From Coal-Derived Synthesis Gas (Manuscript not available) ..................................................................... 804

Gokhan Alptekin

Comparison of Sodium Chloride Removal Abilities of Kaolin Clay and Calcined Bauxite as Possible Alkali Sorbents for Gasification ................................................................ 805

Marika Nel

Multicontaminant Warm Gas Cleanup .......................................................................................... 815Girish Srinivas

Ash Formation and Behavior in Lignite and Subbituminous Coal-Fired Gasification Systems...................................................................................................................... 829

Steven Benson

SESSION 20: FISCHER-TROPSCH TECHNOLOGY – 1: CATALYSTS, PROMOTERS, SUPPORT, AND SURFACE CHEMISTRY FOR FISCHER-TROPSCH SYNTHESIS Silica as a Chemical Promoter in Fe-Based Catalysts ................................................................ 839

E.I. Mabaso

Effect of Mn Addition on Ru/Al2O3 Catalyst for Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis ............................ 845Mohammad Nurunnabi

Influence of Potassium on Silica-Supported Iron Catalysts for the Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis ......................................................................................................................................... 852

A. Blignaut

Cobalt Supported on Carbon Nanotubes: A Super Active Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalyst .......................................................................................................................... 858

Ahmad Tavasoli

Iron-Molybdenum Bifunctional Catalyst for Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis (Manuscript not available).............................................................................................................. 884

Liang Bai

SESSION 21: COMBUSTION TECHNOLOGIES – 4: OXY-FUEL LABORATORY STUDIES - 2 Evaluation of Oxygen Carriers for Chemical Looping Combustion of Coal and Solid Fuels ....................................................................................................................................... 885

Aurora Rubel

Oxy-Fuel Combustion: Effect of Recycled CO2 on Pyrolysis Behavior and Char Reactivity ......................................................................................................................................... 900

Sarma Pisupati

Effect of CO2 on Coal Char Combustion Rates in Oxy-Fuel Applications ................................ 910Christopher Shaddix

Thermodynamic Modeling of Ash Related Problems in the OXYCOAL-AC-Process .............. 917Christian Weber

Oxy-Combustion of High Rank Coals ........................................................................................... 927Rosa Menéndez

SESSION 22: ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES – 4: EMISSIONS CONTROL FOR GASIFICATION APPLICATIONS Modeling of Trace Element Behaviour in the SASOL-LURGI MK IV FBDB Gasifier - Part 1 (The Volatile Elements: Hg, As, Se, Cd and Pb) ............................................................... 935

John Bunt

A Study on the Reactivity of Ce-Zr-Based Catalysts and Catalytic Reaction Mechanism for Coal Gas Desulfurization ..................................................................................... 951

Si Ok Ryu

The Preparation of ZnO Nanostructures by Matrix Assisted Method and its Desulfurization Test for Cleanup of Hot Coal Gas ...................................................................... 960

Tae Jin Lee

Methods for the Sequestration of By-Product H2S From Coal Gasification (Manuscript not available).............................................................................................................. 967

Tim Rappold

SESSION 23: COAL AND SUSTAINABILITY Current Status on Clean Coal Technology Development in NEDO, Japan............................... 968

Shunichi Yanai

Economics of Bulk Capture and Sequestration of Carbon Dioxide .......................................... 973Ram G. Narula

The Use of Methanated Coal Gas for SOFC Hybrid Power Plants ............................................. 985John Bøgild Hansen

Study of the Effect of Additives on the Sulfur-Fixing Efficiency of Shanxi Coal ..................... 994Yang Qiaowen

SESSION 24: COAL CHEMISTRY, GEOSCIENCES AND RESOURCES – 2: CLASSIFICATION AND CHARACTERISATION OF COAL Estimation of Coal Calorific Value With Petrography, Ultimate Analysis, Moisture, RMax and Ash Using Regression and Artificial Neural Network Methods ............................. 1003

Esmaeil Jorjani

Structural-Chemical Indices as Classification Characteristics of Fossil Fuels ..................... 1016A.M. Gyulmaliev

Application of Automated Image Analysis by QEMSCAN in the Characterisation of Coal and Coal Utilisation By-Products................................................................................... 1018

David French

Studies of the Relationship Between Petrography and Grindability for Kentucky Coals Using Artificial Neural Network ........................................................................................ 1030

Amir-Hossein Bagherieh

SESSION 25: GASIFICATION: ADVANCEDTECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT - 1 PWR Dry Feed System Development for Compact Gasifiers ................................................... 1047

Kenneth M. Sprouse

ITM Oxygen: A Flexible, Low-Cost Oxygen-Supply Technology (Manuscript not available) ........................................................................................................................................ 1057

Phillip Armstrong

New Refractory Materials and Lining Systems for Coal Gasification (Manuscript not available) ................................................................................................................................. 1058

Christian His

Steam Hydrogasification of Carbonaceous Matter to Liquid Fuels......................................... 1079Chan Seung Park

Heat Treatment of Medium-Temperature SASOL-LURGI Gasifier Coal-Tar Pitch for Polymerizing to Higher Value Products...................................................................................... 1096

K. Mokoena, T.J. Van der Walt, T.J. Morgan, A.A Herod, R. Kandiyoti

SESSION 26: FISCHER-TROPSCH TECHNOLOGY – 2: CATALYSTS, PROMOTERS, SUPPORTS, AND SURFACE CHEMISTRY FOR FISCHER-TROPSCH SYNTHESIS Carbon Induced FCC-Cobalt Surface Reconstruction (Manuscript not available) ................ 1102

Ionel Ciobîcã

Activation Pressure Studies With an Iron-Based Catalyst for Slurry Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis (Manuscript not available).......................................................................................... 1104

Qing-Lan Hao

Activity of Novel Egg-Shell Fischer-Tropsch Cobalt Catalysts ............................................... 1105Y.Q. Zhuang

Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis of the UCG Product Gas ............................................................... 1117Sanjay M. Mahajani

SESSION 27: COMBUSION TECHNOLOGIES – 5: CFB AND CO-FIRING The CFB Users’ Experiences From Recent Polish Power Projects (Manuscript not available) ........................................................................................................................................ 1129

Robert Sekret

Combustion of Biofuels Based on Sludge and Coal ................................................................. 1130Pavel Kolat

Design and Performance Evaluation of an 81 MW CFBC Boiler for Assam (India) Coal ...... 1141D.N. Reddy

Design and Operation of a 28t DS/d Municipal Sewage Sludge Fluidized Bed Incinerator (Manuscript not available) ........................................................................................ 1152

Xiaoping Chen

Milestones for CFB And OTU Technology - The 460 MWe LAGISZA Supercritical Boiler Project Update.................................................................................................................... 1153

Ari Kettunen

SESSION 28: ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES – 5: GENERAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL Bypass Over Fire Air (BOFA) System for NOx Reduction - An Ideal System for High Ash Coals.............................................................................................................................. 1162

S. R. Kannan

Effect of Temperature on Coal Mercury Release ....................................................................... 1168Vladimir Strezov

Coal Biotechnology: Bio-Conversion of Different Rank Indian Coals for the Extraction of Liquid Fuel and Fertilizer (Manuscript not available)......................................... 1175

R. Banerjee

Development of an Efficient Coal-Fueled Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Power System Concept Equipped for CO2 Separation (Manuscript not available) ......................................... 1176

Joseph F. Pierre

SESSION 29: GASIFICATION: FUNDAMENTALS AND SIMULATIONS Simulation of Operating Scenarios for IGCC-Power Plants: An Approach for Optimized Plant Design and Operation for Enhanced Profitability (Manuscript not available) .............. 1177

Mathias Rieger

Thermodynamic Modelling of the BGL-Gasification Process With Particular Consideration of Alkali Metals..................................................................................................... 1178

Stefan Guhl

Flow Characteristics and Dynamic Behavior of Dense-Phase Pneumatic Conveying of Pulverized Coal With Variable Moisture Content at High Pressure ................. 1192

Changsui Zhao

Experiment Study on Staged Entrained Flow Coal Gasification ............................................. 1203Zhang Jiansheng

SESSION 30: COAL CHEMISTRY, GEOSCIENCES AND RESOURCES – 3: ANALYSIS OF COAL CHEMISTRY - 1 Effect of Various Atmospheres on Sulfur Transformation During Coal Pyrolysis by AP-TPR-MS ............................................................................................................................... 1209

Fenrong Liu

The Effect of Mineral Matter on Coal Structure and Its Pyrolysis Characteristics (Manuscript not available)............................................................................................................ 1222

Fangui Zeng

Volume 3

Effect of CoCl2 Catalyst on Pyrolysis of Lignite ........................................................................ 1223

Xianwu Zou

Coal Lump Devolatilization and the Resulting Char Structure and Properties ...................... 1238Victor Zymla

Mechanism of the Coal Nature Prediction System and Its Application in Fengfeng Coalfield of China.......................................................................................................................... 1250

Yaqun He

SESSION 31: GASIFICATION: ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT - 2 HydroMax – Breakthrough Molten-Metal Coal Gasification Technology ................................ 1259

Phillip Brown

Advanced Unmixed Combustion/Gasification: Potential Long Term Technology for Production of H2 and Electricity From Coal With CO2 Capture (Manuscript not available) .. 1266

Parag Kulkarni

Catalytic Hydrothermal Gasification of Solubilized Brown Coal at Temperature Below 350°C................................................................................................................................... 1267

Nakorn Worasuwannarak

Soot Formation Pathways from a Coal Tar Surrogate Under Coal Gasification Conditions ..................................................................................................................................... 1279

R.J. Pugmire

Kinetic Study of the Gasification of Chinchilla Coal Char in Carbon Dioxide (Manuscript not available)............................................................................................................ 1280

Chetan R. Chodankar

SESSION 32: FISCHER-TROPSCH TECHNOLOGY – 3: LIQUEFACTION PROCESSES AND ECONOMICS Life Cycle Assessment of CTL Fuel Plants in Comparison to Conventional and Heavy Oil Derived Fuels ............................................................................................................... 1292

Robert L Freerks

RENTECH’S Coal-To-Liquid Process: An Overview.................................................................. 1308Belma Demirel

Development of Alternative Energy and Coal-To-Liquids in China ......................................... 1314Yu Zhufeng

Synthesis Gas and Liquid Fuels Production From Coal Gasification..................................... 1322Wolfgang Schellberg

SESSION 33: COMBUSTION TECHNOLOGIES – 6: CFD Research of Alternative Sorbents for Desulphurization - From the Laboratory to the Industrial-Scale ....................................................................................................................... 1334

Pavel Kolat

Modeling and Analysis of Coal/Air Balancing by Using CFD and Condition-Based Maintenance (CBM) for Coal Handling System at North Chennai Thermal Power Stations (Manuscript not available) ............................................................................................ 1347

R. Dhamodharan

The Combustion Study of SURALAYA Coal Fired Steam Power Plant (600 MW) by Using Computerized Fluid Dynamic (CFD)................................................................................. 1348

Tonny Sarief

Plasma Technology in Czech Power Stations ........................................................................... 1360Pavel Kolat

SESSION 34: GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE – 1: GHG: OVERVIEW OF GHG ISSUES AND COAL PROPERTIES Climate Change: Scientific Evidence, Potential Impacts and Responses .............................. 1370

Jason S. Ogola

Effect of Coal Properties on CO2 Sorption Capacity Under Supercritical Conditions........... 1386Richard Sakurovs

Analysis of Gas Sorption Behavior in AKABIRA Coal by Differential Heat of Adsorption ..................................................................................................................................... 1404

Sohei Shimada

Mild Gasification Process for the Production of Smokeless Coal, Coke, and Coal Liquids ........................................................................................................................................... 1412

Richard Wolfe

SESSION 35: GASIFICATION: UNDERGROUND GASIFICATION The Commercialization of ISE’s Proprietary Underground Coal Gasification Technology (Manuscript not available) ...................................................................................... 1437

Alan H. Singleton

A Novel Approach for Clean Power Generation Using Coal Liquids and the LPP Combustion Process in an Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) System ........................................................................................................................................... 1438

Leo Eskin

Experimental and Numerical Study of the Flow Characteristics of Opposed Multi-Burner Entrained-Flow Gasifier................................................................................................... 1451

Hai-Feng Liu

SESSION 36: COAL CHEMISTRY, GEOSCIENCES AND RESOURCES – 4: ANALYSIS OF COAL CHEMISTRY - 2 Comparison of Solvent-Soluble Fractions of a Petroleum Residue and Three Coal Tars by Size Exclusion Chromatography (Sec), UV-Fluorescence (UV-F) and Mass Spectrometry.. 1462

Alan A. Herod

Coal and Coal Extracts Compositional 13C and 1H Chemical Shifts via NMR Predictive Spectroscopy .............................................................................................................. 1477

P.P. Ndibewu, R.I. McCrindle, C.M. Nkambule, M Mujuru, B. Lefebvre

The Nature of Solvent Extracts From Vitrinite-Rich and Inertinite-Rich South African Bituminous Coals ............................................................................................................ 1497 Daniel Van Niekerk, Jonathan P. Mathews

Extraction of Coal in Various Solvents Under Microwave-Assisted Condition (Manuscript not available)............................................................................................................ 1507

Hong Chen

Characteristic and Application of Bituminous Coal Produced by China Shenhua Energy Company Limited............................................................................................................. 1508

Wenhui Zhang

SESSION 37: GASIFICATION FUNDAMENTAL STUDIES - 1 Gasification Kinetics: Modeling and Experimental Validation ................................................. 1511

Vladimir Zamansky

The Use of Wire Mesh Reactors to Provide an Improved Understanding of Large Scale Processes (Manuscript not available) .............................................................................. 1512

Rafael Kandiyoti

Slag-Refractory Interaction in Coal Gasifiers ............................................................................ 1513S. K. Sundaram

Effect of Slag Tap Size on Gasification Performance and Heat Losses in a Quench-Type Coal Gasifier .......................................................................................................... 1522

Ting Wang

Effect of Cooling Rate on Coal Slag Viscosity under a Reducing Atmosphere ..................... 1533Myongsook Oh

SESSION 38: FISCHER-TROPSCH TECHNOLOGY – 4: LIQUEFACTION PROCESSES AND ECONOMICS Coal Gas to Gasoline .................................................................................................................... 1543

Finn Joensen

Coal-To-SNG: The Methanation Process.................................................................................... 1551Christian Wix

Progress in Synthetic Fuels From Coals (Manuscript not available) ...................................... 1561A.S. Maloletnev

Coal-to-Fuel Plant Simulation Studies for Optimal Performance and Carbon Management .................................................................................................................................. 1562

John Baardson

Coal-To–Liquid: An Environmental Friend or Foe? .................................................................. 1582Diane Hildebrandt

SESSION 39: MATERIALS, INSTRUMENTATION, AND CONTROLS The Advanced Monitoring Method to Improve Boiler Availability and Performance ............ 1598

Markku Orjala

Role of Thermocompositional Investigation in Early Detection of Spontaneous Heating/Fire for Safe Mining of Coal ........................................................................................... 1611

R. V. K. Singh

Coal Powder Measurement in Power Station by Means of Electrostatic Technique ............. 1624Shimin Wang

SESSION 40: GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE – 2: GHG: COAL BEHAVIOR AND GEOLOGICAL STORAGE Investment Implications of Climate Change: The Need for Clean Coal Technologies ................................................................................................................................. 1632

Nils Mellquist

A Study of CO2 Sequestration and Methane Recovery from Australian Coal Seams............ 1646Abouna Saghafi

The Plains CO2 Reduction (PCOR) Partnership: Activities Shaping the Future of CO2 Management .......................................................................................................................... 1660

Stephanie L. Wolfe

The Plains CO2 Reduction (PCOR) Partnership Geologic CO2 Sequestration Approach – Demonstrating the Technical and Commercial Viability of this Emerging Technology..... 1668

Edward N. Steadman

SESSION 41: COAL PRODUCTION AND PREPARATION – 4: COAL CLEANING (GENERAL) - 1 How Vibratory Machines Can Improve Coal Handling & Processing ...................................... 1677

George D. Dumbaugh

Statistical Methods Usability in Make-up of Coking Charges .................................................. 1695Miroslav Kaloc

Life Cycle Costing of Coal Pulverising Plant and the Influence of Coal Properties (Manuscript not available)............................................................................................................ 1701

Edgar Bradley

Beneficiation of Coal Fines From SOMA Coal Washing Plant Tailings .................................. 1702Güven Önal

Desulphurization of South African Coal Using Low Power Microwave Energy ..................... 1707Waseela Mohamed

SESSION 42: COAL CHEMISTRY, GEOSCIENCES AND RESOURCES – 5: ANALYSIS OF COAL CHEMISTRY - 3 Fundamental Understanding of the Influence of Physical Properties on the Thermal Fragmentation of Coal ................................................................................................... 1715

Bafana Hlatshwayo

Ash-Less Coal Preparation by Using Solvent Extraction ......................................................... 1724Sihyun Lee

Understanding the Process of Deposition in pf Furnaces: The Fundamental Role of both Coal Mineral Matter and Deposit Mineralogy................................................................ 1731

Robert A. Creelman

The Characterization of Heavy Hydrocarbons by Chromatographic and Mass Spectrometric Methods: An Overview ........................................................................................ 1743

Alan A. Herod

Thermally Altered and Oxidized Bituminous Coal .................................................................... 1754Zdenek Klika

SESSION 43: GASIFICATION FUNDAMENTAL STUDIES - 2 Investigation of the Influence of Mineral Composition on the Abrasiveness of Coal Gasification Ash ................................................................................................................... 1759

Bafana Hlatshwayo

Identification of the Reaction Zones Occurring in a Commercial-Scale SASOL-LURGI FBDB Gasifier ................................................................................................................................ 1771

John Bunt

Gasification of Lignite Coal Using Circulating Fluidized Bed Gasifier TIGAR ....................... 1786Toshiyuki Suda

Sulfur Behaviour in The Sasol-LURGI Fixed Bed Dry Bottom Gasification Process ............ 1797Pat Skhonde

A Study on the Coal Gasification With High Temperature Steam ........................................... 1819Seon Ah Roh

SESSION 44: FISCHER-TROPSCH TECHNOLOGY – 5: REACTOR DESIGN AND REACTION CONDITIONS FOR FISCHER-TROPSCH SYNTHESIS Tailored Fischer-Tropsch Product Distributions Using a Microstructured Reactor.............. 1824

Yong Wang

Volume 4

Gas Holdup in Large-Scale Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Reactor ............................................ 1833

Rongle Zhang

The Role of a Hydrocarbons in the Feed for the Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Under “Supercritical Conditions” ........................................................................................................... 1841

L.D. Biquiza

Investigation of Increasing Out Gas Products to Feed on Fischer -Tropsch Products Selectivity Over Fe-ZSM-5 Catalyst ............................................................................ 1845

Yahya Zamani

SESSION 45: COAL UTILIZATION BY-PRODUCTS - 1 Interaction of Coal Ash Leachate WithRock Strata for Mine Backfill Evaluation................... 1852

Colin Ward

Using Flue Gas Desulfurization Solids to Control Acid Mine Drainage: A Case Study ........ 1864Jennifer B. Fulton

Hydraulic and Transport Properties of Fly Ash (Manuscript not available) ........................... 1875Adolf G. October

An Effective and Economical Alternative for Acid Mine Drainage Treatment With Fly Ash Derived From Coal Fired Power Utilities (Manuscript not available)......................... 1876

Damini Surender

Full Scale Testing of CCP Pavement Sections Subjected to Repeated Wheel Loads (Manuscript not available) ................................................................................................ 1877

Tarunjit S. Butalia

SESSION 46: GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE – 3: GHG: CO 2 SCRUBBING PROCESS Kinetics of the Acid Digestion of Serpentine With Simultaneous Grinding for the Purposes of CO2 Sequestration................................................................................................... 1878

Dirk Van Essendelft

Second Year Operation Experience With a 1 t/hr CO2 Absorption Pilot Plant at ESBJERG Coal-Fired Power Station in Denmark ...................................................................... 1889

Jacob Knudsen

Simulation of CO2 Capture Using Ammonia Scrubbing: A Comparison With MEA Scrubbing ...................................................................................................................................... 1901

Shujuan Wang

Nano-Porous CO2 Molecular-Basket Sorbent for CO2 Capture From Flue Gas: Influence of Moisture on CO2 Separation by a Polyethylenimine-Modified Molecular Sieve MCM-41 .............................................................................................................. 1917

Chunshan Song

Organic-Ca Cyclic Calcination-Carbonation for CO2 Sequestration ....................................... 1920Changsui Zhao

SESSION 47: COAL PRODUCTION AND PREPARATION – 5: COAL CLEANING (GENERAL) - 2 Spontaneous Combustion of Coal: Gases and Solids Mobilized (Manuscript not available) ........................................................................................................................................ 1931

J. Denis N Pone

Evaluation of Grootegeluk Semi-Soft Coking Coal in Energy Recovery Coke Ovens .......... 1932Zelmia Oppel

Mechanism of Increase in Cokes Strength by Blending Hypercoal ........................................ 1949Toshimasa Takanohashi

Effect of Jharia Coal Mine Fire on Rhizosphere Soil Quality (Manuscript not available) ........................................................................................................................................ 1959

V.A. Selvi

Study of Reductive Desulphurization of Coal Under the H2 and CO Atmosphere ................. 1960Wei Zhao

SESSION 48: COAL CHEMISTRY, GEOSCIENCES, AND RESOURCES – 6: MACRO AND TRACE ELEMENTS IN COAL Coal is a Complex Heterogeneous Mixture of Organic and Inorganic Constituents of Allothigenic or Authigenic Origin (Manuscript not available).............................................. 1965

Guijian Liu

Chromium and Nickel Enrichments in Feed Coals From SEYITOMER Power Plant, KUTAHYA-Turkey (Manuscript not available) ............................................................................ 1967

Ali Ihsan Karayigit

Modes of Occurrence of Selenium in Coal................................................................................. 1968David French

Evaluation of Slurry Preparations for Multi-Element Determinations in Coal by ICP-OES ......................................................................................................................................... 1978

Munyaradzi Mujuru

Determination of Mineral Matter and Elemental Composition of Individual Macerals in Coals From HIGHVELD Mines................................................................................. 1995

R.H. Matjie

SESSION 49: GASIFICATION: FUNDAMENTAL STUDIES - 3 Investigation Into the Gasification Characteristics of South African Power Station Coals............................................................................................................................................... 2009

Andre Engelbrecht

Preliminary Selection of IGCC Candidate Coals in Korea for IGCC Applications ................. 2030Yongseung Yun

Gasification of Lignites to Produce Liquid Fuels, Hydrogen, and Power............................... 2043Michael Jones

Measurement of Coal Devolatization Rates in a Transport Reactor Operating on Powder River Basin Subbituminous Coal .................................................................................. 2059

Michael Swanson

Repowering Steam Plants With Mild Gasification IGCCS......................................................... 2071Alex Wormser

SESSION 50: FISCHER-TROPSCH TECHNOLOGY – 6: REACTION MODELS Effective Control of Carbon Number Distribution During Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Over Supported Cobalt Catalyst................................................................................ 2095

Kaoru Fujimoto

Optimization of the Fischer-Tropsch Process: Choice of Better Operating Regions for Reactor Design (Manuscript not available) ........................................................... 2108

Thierry Musanda Mukenz

Ordering Fischer-Tropsch Selectivity Fundamentally .............................................................. 2109Hans Schulz

Factors Influencing The WGS Reaction in Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Over Iron-based Catalysts ........................................................................................................................................ 2123

Chenghua Zhang

SESSION 51: COAL UTILIZATION BY-PRODUCTS - 2 Combustion Byproducts Recycling Consortium....................................................................... 2135

Jennifer B. Fulton

Mercury Emissions From Coal Fired Power Plants, South Africa: Analytical Developments (Manuscript not available) .................................................................................. 2164

Senzo Makhathini

Carbon Texture Comparison of Cokes Produced from Decant Oil and its Hydrotreated Version when Reacted with Coal ......................................................................... 2165

Maria Escallon

Organic Petrology Applied to Materials and Coal By-Products Characterization ................. 2178Rosa Menéndez

SESSION 52: GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE – 4: GHG: NEW PROCESSES FOR CO 2 REMOVAL CO2 Capture: Retrofit Issues for a Reference IGCC .................................................................. 2187

Christopher Higman

In Situ CO2 Capture Using CA-Based Sorbent Looping in Dual Fluidized Beds.................... 2198Dennis Lu

Carbon Dioxide Capture From Flue Gas of Coal-Fired Power Plant Using Dry Regenerable Alkali Metal Carbonate Sorbents (Manuscript not available) ............................ 2215

Chong Kul Ryu

CO2 Removal in Dry Sorbent CO2 Capture Systems With Two Interconnected Fluidized-Bed Reactors ................................................................................................................ 2216

Chang-Keun Yi

Testing of Lithium Silicate and Hydrotalcite as Sorbents for CO2 Removal From Coal Gasification........................................................................................................................... 2222

Michael D. Mann

SESSION 53: COAL PRODUCTION AND PREPARATION – 6: COAL PRODUCTION Investigation of Factors Effecting in Heave And Convergence in Galleries of TABAS Coal Mine (PARVADE 5) (Manuscript not available) .................................................... 2229

K. Shahriar

Development of a Competitive Strategy for African Based Coal Junior Miners (Manuscript not available)............................................................................................................ 2230

Mike Seeger

The Mechanism Analysis of Sand Inrush Disaster in Yu-Shen-Fu Mining Area’s Shallow Seam (Manuscript not available) .................................................................................. 2231

Jie Zhang

Advances in Blockcaving Longwall Technology in Thick Coal Seam Extraction at TASHAN Coal Mine in China (Manuscript not available) .......................................................... 2232

Yuzhou Liu

SESSION 54: COAL CHEMISTRY, GEOSCIENCES, AND RESOURCES – 7: ALTERNATIVES OF COAL Synthesis of Zeolitic Material From Residue Resulting From the Neutralization of Acid Mine Drainage With Fly Ash Process and Their Potential for Toxic Element Removal (Manuscript not available)............................................................................................ 2233

Damini Surender

Influence of the Dissolved Products on Viscosity of Coal-Oil Slurry During Heating Stage (Manuscript not available)................................................................................... 2234

Dexiang Zhang

Study on the Emulsification Mechanism of Coal-Tar and Its Emulsion Model ...................... 2235Shizhuang Shi

Coal as a Reductant in the Carbothermal Production of Silicon Nitride Nanostructures..... 2250Anthony H Clemens

Characterization and Application of Cenospheres Generated in Pulverized Coal Fired Boilers (Manuscript not available)..................................................................................... 2257

Pradip Kumar Mandal

POSTER SESSIONS

POSTER SESSION 1: GASIFICATION TECHNOLOGIES Combustion Analysis on the Low-Btu Synthetic Gas Fuels Derived From Coal or Biomass Gasification for Gas Engine Application .................................................................... 2258

Chan Lee

Three-Stage Air/Steam Turbine, Externally Heated Cogenerative System Fed With Coal Powder, Coupled to a High Pressure, LURGI-Type, Coal-Gas Generator...................... 2266

Krzysztof J. Jesionek

A Phenomenological Study on Primary Atomization of Coaxial Two-Channels Air-Blast Burner in Combustion .................................................................................................................. 2274

Qinfeng Liang

Statistical Experimental Design and Robustness Study for Sustainable Gasifier (Manuscript not available)............................................................................................................ 2280

R.L.J. Coetzer

POSTER SESSION 2: COAL PREPARATION, CHEMISTRY, GEOSCIENCES, AND RESOURCES Proposed Methods to Study the Influence of Trace Metals on Sintering and Agglomeration of Different Coal Feeds (Manuscript not available) ........................................ 2281

Marika Nel

The World Coal Quality Inventory Project in Africa .................................................................. 2282Susan Tewalt

Metallurgical Fuel Production From Low-Metamorphism Coals After Their Chemical Treatment...................................................................................................................... 2291

Artem Madatov

The Effect of Aspect Ratio on the Stability of Coal-Water Slurries ......................................... 2298Gündüz Atesok

Potential Utilization of Fine-Grained Tailings From Hard Coal Drying.................................... 2310Miluše Hlavatá

Production of Activated Carbon Prepared by Pyrolysis of Waste Biomass in a Stream of Water Vapour ............................................................................................................... 2315

Pavla Holcová – Lièáková

Coal as a Base Material to Carbonaceous Membranes Preparation ....................................... 2322Petr Ševèík

The Valorisation of Selected Industrial Waste by Co-Pyrolysis With Coals........................... 2327Pavla Holcová – Lièáková

The Use of Eddy-Current Method in the Metal Separation (Manuscript not available) ......... 2335Shaohua Pang

Deterministic Pore-Scale Model for Different Porous Structures ............................................ 2336Sonia Woudberg

A Study of the Moisture Adsorption and Desorption Characteristics of South African Coal (Manuscript not available) ..................................................................................... 2346

Quentin Campbell

Behavior of Zinc in Cokemaking Process of Coal Blends with Scrap Tires Granulates ....... 2347Andrzej Koszorek

Lowering of Coals Caking Propensity (Manuscript not available) .......................................... 2358Etienne Schuin

POSTER SESSION 3: SYNTHESIS OF LIQUID FUELS, CHEMICALS, MATERIALS & OTHER NON-FUEL USES OF COAL Operational Experience With a New Type Additive Agent for a Combustion Gas Desulphurisation........................................................................................................................... 2359

Lubomir Chytka

Sustainability of Inland Ash Disposal Facilities as Salt Sinks (Manuscript not available) ........................................................................................................................................ 2364

Kelley Reynolds

Solvent Extraction of Coal Using a Low Volatile, Coal-Derived Solvent (Manuscript not available)............................................................................................................ 2365

E. Janse van Rensburg

Non-Fuel Uses of Lignite in Its Natural State ............................................................................. 2366Miloslav Pekar

Low-Pressure Methanol/Dimethyl Ether Synthesis from Syngas Over Gold-based Catalysts (Manuscript not available)........................................................................................... 2379

Arthur Mpela

The Influence of Scrap Tire Granulate Addition into Coal Blends on CRI and CSR of Coke Produced in Laboratory Scale....................................................................................... 2380

Andrzej Mianowski

Comparison of Direct and Indirect Coal Liquefaction Processes (Manuscript not available) ........................................................................................................................................ 2388

Jerald Fletcher

POSTER SESSION 4: OTHER TOPICS Utilization of Chosen Carbo-Chemical Precursors to Carbonaceous Membranes Preparation .................................................................................................................................... 2389

Ivan Koutník

A New Method of Production of Non-Explosive Stone Dusts .................................................. 2396Bronislaw Buczek

A Proposed Method to Investigate the Chemistry and Behaviour of Aluminum and Silicon During Coal Conversion Processes (Manuscript not available) ................................. 2405

Monica Raghoo

Systematic Hg Heterogeneous Oxidation Studies (Manuscript not available)....................... 2406Takahiro Yamada

Assessment of CO2 Reduction Processes in the Energy Industry.......................................... 2407Carmen Clemente

Adsorption of Carbon Dioxide by Different Coal Components................................................ 2415Nikki Wagner

Natural Gas Industry in Iran ......................................................................................................... 2421Hedayat Omidvar

Carbon Dioxide Sorption Studies on South African Coals (Manuscript not available) ......... 2427Rosalind Cox

Effect of Cobalt Particle Size on the Catalytic Properties in Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis..... 2428Ki-Won Jun

Author Index