International Energy Agency (IEA) PVPS Task 12: Environment, Health and Safety Vasilis Fthenakis Brookhaven National Laboratory www.pv.bnl.gov Columbia University www.clca.columbia.edu with contributions from: Erik Alsema, Utrecht U. Mariska de Wild-Scholten, ECN Karsten Wambach, SolarWorld European Industry Association PV Industry Forum 22 nd EUPVSEC, Milan, Italy, Sept. 5, 2007
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International Energy Agency (IEA) PVPS Task 12: Environment, Health and Safety
Vasilis Fthenakis Brookhaven National Laboratory
www.pv.bnl.govColumbia University
www.clca.columbia.edu
with contributions from:Erik Alsema, Utrecht U.
Mariska de Wild-Scholten, ECNKarsten Wambach, SolarWorld
European Industry Association PV Industry Forum22nd EUPVSEC, Milan, Italy, Sept. 5, 2007
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MotivationMotivation
Promote international collaboration on EH&S and sustainabilityFacilitate a common understanding of technical and perceived EH&S issuesDisseminate knowledge to stake holders and
energy-policy decision makers
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JustificationJustificationThe growth of PV is based on the promise of environmentally friendly energy generation and is sustained by the support of the environmentally conscious public Competitive interests try to undermine PV environmental benefits and prospectsWe need to be proactive, ahead of environmental regulationsInternational collaboration is needed as “we are all partners in safety”
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Task 12 Objectives Task 12 Objectives
Quantify the EH&S profiles of PV in comparison to other energy technologiesDefine and address EH&S and sustainability issues that are important for market growth
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Task 12 Technical Experts/Contributors (committed during kick-off meeting, March 16/07, Brussels)
Task 12 Technical Experts/Contributors (committed during kick-off meeting, March 16/07, Brussels)
ECNThe NetherlandsMariskade Wild-Scholten
Deutsche SolarGermanyKarstenWambach
ELKEM SolarNorwayRonnyGlockner
ZSWGermanyOliverSalomon
LBP Stuttgart UniversityGermanyMaiyaShibasaki
Umweltbundesamt GmbHAustriaWernerPolz
ESU-servicesSwitzerlandNielsJungbluth
LBR Stuttgart UniversityGermanyMichaelHeld
Brookhaven National Laboratory
USAVasilisFthenakis
EPIABelgiumEleniDespotou
Utrecht UniversityThe NetherlandsErikAlsema
Company/Organization
CountryFirst NameName
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Task 12 OrganisationTask 12 Organisation
Sub-task 1: Recycling of manufacturing waste and spent modules
Sub task 2: Life cycle assessment
Sub-task 3: EH&S in Manufacturing Facilities
Sub-task 4: Information Dissemination
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Activities /Expertise in Europe (partial list)Activities /Expertise in Europe (partial list)
1. Utrecht/ECN: Energy analyses, risk assessments and LCA’s for PV technology, since 1990;
2. Crystal Clear project – Sustainability and recycling (2004-2008);• crystalline silicon technology – existing and future• up-to-date LCI data collected, published and
analysed3. RESOLVED project – recycling of thin film
modules: LCA study
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Activities /Expertise in Europe (partial list)Activities /Expertise in Europe (partial list)
4. PV CYCLE Aims in:• Supporting recycling research projects,• Defining a voluntary take back and recovery system
for PV modules,• Supporting education and information programs for
owners of PV modules,• Promoting industry-leading sustainable product life
cycle management.
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Planned and Proposed Activities in EuropePlanned and Proposed Activities in Europe
1. Further work within CrystalClear (c-Si) :• Evaluation of new processes• Update of LCI industrial production (-> status 2008)• Use & abatement of fluorinated gases
2. Proposed FP6/FP7 projects• Concentrators• Dye sensitized cells • CdTe• All major cell technologies -Updates
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Activities /Expertise in the United StatesActivities /Expertise in the United StatesLife Cycle Analysis• Greenhouse Gas Emissions• Energy Payback Times (EPBT)• Toxic Emissions
Recycling (Collection Infrastructure, Recovery of Cd, Te, Se, In) Silane SafetyRisk AnalysisComparisons of PV with other energy technologiesSolar energy potential to satisfy all the US energy needs
Updated Energy Payback TimesUpdated Energy Payback Times
-Alsema & de Wild, Material Research Society, Symposium vol. 895, 73, 2006-deWild & Alsema, Material Research Society, Symposium vol. 895, 59, 2006-Fthenakis & Kim, Material Research Society, Symposium vol. 895, 83, 2006-Fthenakis & Alsema, Progress in Photovoltaics, 14, 275, 2006
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
Ribbon-Si11.5% roof-
top,Europeanproduction
Multi-Si13.2% roof-
top, Europeanproduction
Mono-Si14.0% roof-
top,Europeanproduction
CdTe 8%roof-top,Europeanproduction
CdTe 9%ground-mount,
U.S.production
EPB
T (Y
ears
)
BOS
Frame
Frameless Module
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Man-days lost/ MWyr
0.1
1
10
100
1000
10000
OilNucl
earNatu
ral gas Hydr
o
WindMeth
anol
Solar T
hermal PV
PV Risks: Studies by OthersPV Risks: Studies by Others“Solar energy systems have greater material requirements .., so public risks from emissions will be greater”(Inhaber, Science, 1979)
“Commercial nuclear power is 10-15 times less risky than PV” (Bezdek, Energy, 1993)
Maximum fatalities/accident
110
1001000
10000100000
Lignite
Hard coal Oil
Natural GasNuclear
HydroWind PV
IER Stuttgart, Voβ, 2006
Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Hirschberg et al., 2004)
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PV Risks –BNL UpdatePV Risks –BNL Update
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Maximum Consequences per Accident: BNL UpdatePresented at the California Energy Commission Nuclear Issues Workshop,
Sacramento, CA, June 28, 2007
Maximum Consequences per Accident: BNL UpdatePresented at the California Energy Commission Nuclear Issues Workshop,